近红外漫反射光谱法对阿莫西林胶囊的定性及定量分析

目的：采用近红外漫反射光谱分析技术对阿莫西林胶囊进行定性和定量分析。方法：按阿莫西林胶囊配方组成配制含主药阿莫西林浓度范围从5．91％-84．13％的32个实验室样品，并收集来源于9个厂家的41批工业样品，采集其近红外光谱。分别采用判别分析和偏最小二乘回归法建立定性和定量分析模型，将其用于对未知样品含量及生产厂家进行预测分析，并对定量分析方法的重现性和加样回收率进行考察。结果：定性分析模型对18个预测样品的判错数为0。定量分析模型对24个未知样品的预测均方差RMSEP为1．22％，预测值与真值的相关系数r为0．9983，加样平均回收率为99．75％，系统精密度RSD为0．3％，方法精密度RSD为0．6％。结论：用近红外光谱分析技术对阿莫西林胶囊进行定性和定量分析结果准确可靠，方法简便快速，不需预处理，可推广用于此类样品工业现场的原位和在线检测。     

近红外光谱法快速分析注射用头孢曲松钠及其水分的含量

目的：利用近红外漫反射光谱（NIRDRS）分析技术和化学计量学方法对注射用头孢曲松钠及其水分进行无损、快速定量分析。方法：以全国不同企业生产的注射用头孢曲松钠为分析对象，用光纤测定近红外漫反射光谱，采用偏最小二乘法（PLS）算法建立模型。结果：注射用头孢曲松钠定量分析模型由60个样品经内部交叉验证建立，85个样品用于外部验证，浓度范围为72．1％～90．6％，相关系数为0．9712，交叉验证均方差（RMSECV）为1．21，外部验证均方差（RMSEP）为1．07。注射用头孢曲松钠水分定量分析模型由56个样品经内部交叉验证建立，62张光谱用于外部验证，浓度范围为2．8％～9．9％，相关系数为0．9930，RMSECV为0．271，RMSEP为0．294。结论：2个模型结合可以按药典要求对注射用头孢曲松钠含量进行快速预测，方法快速、简便，可用于药品的现场快速分析。     

近红外漫反射光谱法快速测定头孢氨苄胶囊含量

目的：利用近红外漫反射光谱（NIRDRS）分析技术对头孢氨苄胶囊进行快速定量分析。方法：以22个企业的98批头孢氨苄胶囊为分析对象,用光纤探头测定近红外漫反射光谱;定量模型的预处理方法为一阶导数与矢量归一化,波长范围11995．6～6098．1cm,回归方法为偏最小二乘法（PLS）。结果：80个样品经内部交叉验证建立预测模型,浓度范围为42．46％～92．32％,内部交叉验证均方差（RMSECV）为1．53％,相关系数为0．9871。用18个样品进行外部验证,外部验证均方差（RMSEP）为1．18％,平均回收率为100．1％,RSD为1．79％。结论：该法快速、准确、简便、无损,可用于药品的快速检验。     

近红外漫反射光谱快速检测川贝母中浙贝母的掺入量

目的：应用近红外漫反射光谱技术和化学计量学方法，建立一种快速检测川贝母中浙贝母掺人量的新方法。方法：以含不同川贝母和浙贝母比例的41个样本建立校正集，采集其近红外漫反射光谱数据，通过偏最小二乘法进行回归，经内部交叉验证，建立校正模型，进而对预测集样品进行分析。结果：对6个预测集样本进行预测分析，得到近红外光谱预测值与真值的相关系数r=0．9997，样品回收率为97．96％-100．9％，RSD为0．81％。结论：本方法具有快速方便、结果准确的特点，可以应用于外观相似，化学成分相近的中药材的品质分析和质量控制。     

近红外光谱法测定盐酸吡格列酮片的含量

目的：利用近红外光谱建立快速测定盐酸吡格列酮片含量的方法。方法：用HPLC法测定100批盐酸吡格列酮片样品含量并采集各样品的近红外光谱数据,从中随机抽取80批样品组成校正集,另20批样品组成测试集,采用偏最小二乘法（PLS）建立定量模型,并预测测试集样品的盐酸吡格列酮含量。结果：所建立定量模型的交叉验证测定系数r^2为0．9903,交叉验证均方差（RMSPCV）为0．394;测试集样品的测定系数r^2为0．9875,预测均方差（RMSEP）为0．259,平均预测偏差0．18％。结论：本法操作简便、快速、环保,可用于盐酸吡格列酮片的快速定量分析。     

不同厂家生产的头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠注射用粉针剂通用性近红外定量模型的建立

用光纤和积分球测量的近红外漫反射光谱分别建立可以测定不同厂家生产的头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠注射用粉针剂的定量分析模型。建立这两个模型共使用了6批市场销售的样品和42批实验室自制样品，头孢哌酮钠的浓度范围是30％～70％，舒巴坦钠的浓度范围是60％～20％。型号为EQUINOX55型近红外光谱仪用于模型的建立。对于头孢哌酮钠，积分球模型的交叉验证均方根误差（RMSECV）和预测均方根误差（RMSEP）分别为1．79％和2．85％；光纤模型的结果是2．93％和2．92％。对于舒巴坦钠，积分球模型的RMSECV和RMSEP分别为1．86％和3．08％：光纤模型的结果是2．23％和3．01％。根据ICH的指导原则和参考文献12，从专属性、线性、准确度、精密度和粗放性以及模型传递等几个方面对模型进行了评价。我们的研究表明，建立非破坏性的通用性快速定量分析模型用以分析不同厂家生产的粉针剂样品是可行的。所以，近红外方法能被作为一种有效的方法快速、非破坏性的监督检查市场上流通的产品。     

近红外光谱法快速测定注射用乙酰谷酰胺水分

摘 要 目的：利用近红外光谱(NIR)技术结合化学计量学方法对注射用乙酰谷酰胺的水分进行快速定量分析。方法: 以51批注射用乙酰谷酰胺及7批加速引湿样本为分析对象,采用卡尔费休法测定样品水分;采集样品近红外光谱,选择建模谱段为5 419.1～4 993.1 cm-1,光谱预处理方法为一阶导数+多元散射校正,利用偏最小二乘法建立定量模型。结果: 建模样本水分值范围为0.8%～5.9%,交叉验证均方根误差为0.144,相关系数为0.982 4;外部验证均方根误差为0.155,相关系数为0.983 7。结论: 建立的模型能对注射用乙酰谷酰胺的水分进行快速定量分析,方法简单可靠,可用于药品的现场快速分析。     

近红外光谱法快速分析利巴韦林片剂的含量

目的：建立测定利巴韦林片剂含量的近红外光谱（NIR）快速分析方法。方法：以全国不同企业生产的43批利巴韦林片建立校正集，采集其近红外漫反射光谱；通过偏最小二乘法进行回归，经内部交叉验证，建立校正模型，进而对预测集的17批利巴韦林片样品进行分析。定量模型的预处理方法为一阶导数和矢量归一化法，波长范围为11914．3～10371．5，9796．8～9091，6877．1～5565．7，5334．3～4022．9cm^-1。结果：定量模型的浓度范围为0．37～0．75mg·mg^-1，RSD小于10％，内部交叉验证决定系数r=99．61，内部交叉验证均方差（RMSECV）为0．0119，外部验证预测均方差（RMSEP）为0．0198，预测值与真值的相关系数为0．9948。结论：该法具有快速、简便、结果准确的特点，可用于药品的快速检验。     

近红外漫反射光谱法直接测定银杏叶提取物粉末中总黄酮的含量

目的：应用近红外漫反射光谱技术和化学计量学方法，直接测定银杏叶提取物粉末中总黄酮的含量。方法：收集不同含量分布的银杏叶提取物粉末样品，以HPLC法测定其总黄酮的含量，并采集其近红外漫反射光谱数据。应用主成分分析法(PCR)、偏最小二乘法(PLS)、改进偏最小二乘法(MPLS)等回归模型对HPLC测定的结果与近红外漫反射光谱数据进行回归。经内部交叉验证，建立校正模型，进而对预测集样品进行分析。结果：MPLS建立的校正模型的准确性最佳，其预测决定系数(RQS)为0．977。对预测集样品进行外部验证，预测值与真值的相关系数(r^2)达0．973，样品回收率为96．15％—102．0％，RSD为1．1％。结论：建立了一个利用近红外漫反射光谱法直接测定银杏叶提取物粉末中总黄酮含量的新方法。该方法具有快速方便、结果准确的特点，可以应用于银杏提取过程的中间控制和大批量产品的检测。     

近红外漫反射光谱法快速测定蕨菜多糖含量的研究

目的 构建运用近红外光谱快速测定蕨菜总多糖含量的方法。方法 收集蕨菜样品140份,采用近红外光谱分析技术,采集11 500～4 000 cm^–1内的近红外光谱。以蒽酮-硫酸比色法测定的总多糖含量作为参比值,以偏最小二乘法构建蕨菜总多糖定量分析模型。比较不同的光谱预处理方法(包括消除常数偏移量法、直线差值法、最值归一化法、多元散射校正法、标准正态变换法、一阶导数法、二阶导数法、多元散射校正+一阶导数法以及标准正态变换+一阶导数法)对定量分析模型的影响,确定最佳光谱预处理方法;并对建模的波段进行了优化。结果 选择标准正态变换法对原始光谱数据进行预处理,选择4 450～4 300cm^–1,5 250～4 700 cm^–1,7 500～5 750 cm^–1,10 000～9 000 cm^–1作为建模波段,获得最优模型,相关系数R2=0.985 1,交叉验证均方根误差RMSECV为0.129%。完全外部验证显示,构建的模型对蕨菜多糖含量预测回收率平均为100.13%。结论 所建快速预测模...     

异福酰胺注射液稳定性考察

目的：考察异福酰胺注射液的稳定性。方法：采取经典的加速实验方法,选用Hypersil C18色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-pH4．5磷酸盐缓冲盐（70：30）和甲醇-pH3．0磷酸盐缓冲盐（8：92）,流速1ml·min^-1,检测波长340nm和286nm。结果：异福酰胺注射液中组分稳定时间：利福平约为28个月,异烟肼约为18个月,吡嗪酰胺约为23个月。结论：异福酰胺注射液稳定时间约为18个月。     

HPLC法测定结核病患者血浆中异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺和利福平的质量浓度

目的：建立快速、灵敏的同时测定人血浆中异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺和利福平的质量浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法血浆样品采用甲醇沉淀蛋白法萃取,采用C18色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm,5．0μm）,用甲醇、乙腈、0.05mol·L-1KH2PO3水溶液（三乙胺调pH6.0）进行梯度洗脱,柱温40℃,进样量20μL,采用PDA紫外检测器。结果以峰面积外标法定量,异烟肼在0．20～25．6μg·mL-1范围内,与峰面积线性关系良好（r＝0．9998）,吡嗪酰胺在0．20～25．6μg·mL-1范围内,与峰面积线性关系良好（r＝0．9999）,利福平胶囊在0．40～25．6μg·mL-1范围内,与峰面积线性关系良好（r＝0．9996）,回收率为85％～115％,日内、日间精密度RSD均＜9．4％（n＝5）。结论该方法专属性强、灵敏、准确,适用于同时测定人血浆样品中异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺和利福平的质量浓度。     

抗结核药血药浓度监测及临床疗效与安全性分析

目的:建立测定抗结核药血药浓度的方法,并观察其临床疗效与安全性。方法:选择我院2007年8月-2010年12月164例结核病住院患者,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法分别测定患者连续服药1个月后异烟肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺的血药浓度,分析不同血药浓度的临床疗效及肝损害情况。结果:异烟肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺的血药浓度高于正常浓度范围者分别占9.1%、12.8%、24.4%,低于正常浓度范围者分别占54.3%、9.8%、6.7%。临床疗效以完全改善和明显改善者居多,占92.1%。药物性肝损害多发生在用药后1个月内,以老年人多见。49例肝损害患者中血药浓度高于正常者占73.5%。结论:HPLC法可用于抗结核药血药浓度监测,其结果是临床调整用药剂量的重要依据,对结核病患者合理用药具有重要意义。     

HPLC法测定结核病患者血浆中异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺、利福平和左氧氟沙星的质量浓度

目的建立同时测定人血浆中异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺、利福平和左氧氟沙星的质量浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法血浆样品采用甲醇沉淀蛋白法萃取,采用C18色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm,5.0μm),用甲醇,乙腈,0.05mol·L-1 KH2PO3水溶液(三乙胺调pH6.0)进行梯度洗脱,柱温40℃,进样量20μL,采用PDA紫外检测器。结果以峰面积外标法定量,异烟肼在0.20²5.6μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),吡嗪酰胺在0.2025.6μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),吡嗪酰胺在0.20²5.6μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),利福平在0.4025.6μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),利福平在0.40²5.6μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 3),左氧氟沙星在0.2025.6μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 3),左氧氟沙星在0.20²5.6μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 4),回收率为85%25.6μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 4),回收率为85%¹15%,日内、日间精密度RSD均<9.6%(n=5)。结论该方法专属性强、灵敏度高,准确性好,适用于同时测定人血浆样品中异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺、利福平和左氧氟沙星的质量浓度。     

Bioequivalence of rifampicin when administered as a fixed-dose combined formulation of four drugs versus separate formulations

A bioequivalence study of the antitubercular drug rifampicin in a four-drug combination (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol) and separate formulations of the drugs at the same dose levels was carried out in a group of 22 healthy male volunteers. The investigation was designed as an open crossover study. The drugs were administered once in individual formulations and once in a fixed-dose combination. The WHO-approved protocol was followed according to which six blood samples were collected over a period of 8 h for each volunteer and each experimental session. Pooled urine samples were also collected during the study. Rifampicin and desacetyl rifampicin concentrations in both plasma and urine samples were assessed. Various pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC0-8 h, Cmax and Tmax were calculated for both rifampicin and desacetyl rifampicin. The results indicated that combined (the four-drug combination) and separate formulations are bioequivalent for rifampicin.     

Comparative bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide from a four drug fixed dose combination with separate formulations at the same dose levels

Fixed dose combination (FDC) formulations became popular in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) because of the better patient compliance, reduced risk of monotherapy and emergence of drug resistance in contrast to treatment with separate formulations of two to four first-line drugs. However, its successful implementation in national programs is limited by probable bioinequivalency of rifampicin if present in FDC form. In this regard, World Health Organization (WHO) and International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) recommend FDCs only of proven bioavailability. Hence, bioequivalence study of four drug FDC tablet was conducted using 22 healthy male volunteers according to WHO recommended protocol to determine bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide compared to standard separate combination at the same dose level. The study was designed as two period, two treatment crossover experiment with a washout period of 1 week. Bioequivalence of rifampicin was estimated by plasma and urinary method for both rifampicin and its active metabolite, des-acetyl rifampicin whereas isoniazid and pyrazinamide were estimated from plasma. Mean concentration time profiles and all the pharmacokinetic parameters of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide from FDC tablet were comparable to individual formulations and passed the bioequivalence test with power of the test above 95%. Further, bioequivalence of both rifampicin and isoniazid shows that in vitro interaction of rifampicin and isoniazid is clinically insignificant. Thus, it was concluded that FDC formulation is bioequivalent for rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide and ensures the successful treatment of TB without compromising therapeutic efficacy of any of these components of anti-TB therapy.     

异福酰胺片(Ⅱ)人体生物等效性评价

目的研究20名健康志愿者单剂量经口给予异福酰胺片(Ⅱ)受试制剂和参比制剂后的人体生物等效性。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法分别测定给药后受试者血浆中利福平、异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺3种有效成分的质量浓度,用DAS软件求其药动学参数及相对生物利用度。结果利福平、异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺的线性范围分别为0.40～25.0 mg·L-1、0.10～10.0 mg·L-1、0.30～60.0 mg·L-1,相关系数均大于0.99,日内和日间精密度均小于15%,提取回收率均大于70%,受试制剂中利福平、异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺的相对生物利用度分别为(97.5±25.5)%、(108.7±24.0)%、(109.0±17.4)%。结论受试制剂与参比制剂生物等效。     

Bioequivalence assessment of rifampicin,isoniazid and pyrazinamide in a fixed dose combination of rifampicin,isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol vs. separate formulations

Depending on the patient category, tuberculosis requires treatment with 3 to 5 drugs which means that patient's compliance to therapy may not be optimal. To increase patient's adherence to treatment schedules, these drugs can be given as single drug preparations or fixed dose combinations (FDCs) of 2 or more drugs in a single formulation. However, an important issue associated with a rifampicin-containing FDC is its quality. Hence, to avoid spurious formulations entering the market, the World Health Organization and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease have recommended FDCs only of proven bioavailability. In this study, the relative bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide was assessed in a group of 14 healthy male subjects using the FDC tablet containing 4 drugs versus separate formulations at the same dose levels. The study was designed as an open, crossover trial. A total of 9 blood samples were collected over a period of 24 h. The concentration of rifampicin, its main metabolite desacetyl rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide in plasma were assessed using HPLC analysis. The pharmacokinetic parameters AUC(0-24) and Cmax were subjected to parametric and non-parametric statistical tests at 90% confidence interval. In addition, time to reach peak concentration (tmax), elimination rate constant (Kel) and terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) for each drug were also calculated. It was concluded that the FDC tablet containing 4 drugs is bioequivalent to separate rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide formulations at the same dose levels.     

Evaluation of bioequivalence of isoniazid and pyrazinamide in three and four drugs fixed dose combinations using WHO simplified protocol.

The reliable supply of quality drugs in the form of fixed dose combination (FDC) is an essential part of tuberculosis treatment. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate whether the World Health Organization (WHO) simplified screening protocol for the bioequivalence assessment of rifampicin can be used for the evaluation of other components of FDC so as to ensure the bioavailability of all drugs at tissue site. These bioequivalence studies were conducted on 20 and 22 healthy male volunteers for evaluation of three and four drugs FDC formulations, respectively. Both studies were conducted as randomized, open, crossover trials and sampling schedule was upto 8h according to WHO recommended protocol for evaluation of rifampicin bioequivalence. The bioequivalence of isoniazid and pyrazinamide were estimated using AUC(0-8), AUC(0-alpha), and C(max). FDC formulation was considered bioequivalent to separate formulations for isoniazid and pyrazinamide if bioequivalence limit fall in between 0.80 and 1.25. Bioequivalence estimates of AUC(0-8) and AUC(0-alpha) for isoniazid and all the three pharmacokinetic measures of pyrazinamide were within the acceptable limits, whereas C(max) of isoniazid from four drugs FDC was outside the limit when evaluated by two-way ANOVA. After evaluation of isoniazid and pyrazinamide based on their pharmacokinetics, it was found that C(max) is being affected by limited sampling time points of WHO protocol. Further, AUC was a robust parameter unaffected by sampling schedule adopted. The WHO simplified protocol for assessment of rifampicin is also suitable for evaluating bioequivalence of isoniazid and pyrazinamide from FDC formulations. However, for comparison of rate of absorption by means of C(max), careful evaluation of concentration-time profile along with pharmacokinetics is necessary before final judgment.     

Incorporation of antibiotics in liposomes designed for tuberculosis therapy by inhalation

Liposomal encapsulation of tuberculostatic drugs can potentially increase their therapeutic index. The incorporation of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin, ethionamide, and streptomycin in extruded distearoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol liposomes designed for administration through inhalation was evaluated. Ethionamide and rifampicin were incorporated during lipid film formation, whereas solutions of the remaining drugs were used to hydrate preformed lipid bilayers. Final drug to lipid ratios around 0.3 were achieved for isoniazid and pyrazinamide, and mean vesicle diameters varied from 286 to 329 nm. No expressive drug leakage or mean vesicle diameter changes occurred during 3 weeks. No significant incorporation was achieved for streptomycin, ethionamide, and rifampicin.