高精度海水声速测量系统设计

根据超声波渡越时间法超声波声速测量的原理,采用ARM微控制器结合高精度时间间隔测量芯片,设计了一种高精度海水声速实时测量系统。该系统将海水中声速的测量转成对超声波飞行距离和时间的测量,同时通过差值计算消除系统电路延时对测量结果的影响。文章介绍了系统的各个模块,且对渡越时间法海水声速测量系统的关键技术——高精度时间间隔测量方法进行重点阐述。测试结果表明系统对海水声速的实时测量精度达到了0.019 m/s。     

激光增材制造合金钢力学性能超声纵波定量无损评价

目的研究采用超声无损检测方法定量评价激光增材制造合金钢的布氏硬度和抗拉强度。方法通过搭建高精度超声纵波声时测量系统,采用脉冲反射回波法测量不同热处理状态激光增材制造24CrNiMo合金钢标定试件的超声纵波传播声时,计算超声纵波声速;在考虑激光增材制造合金钢各向异性和成形界面对超声纵波传播特性影响的基础上,研究标定试件微观组织对超声纵波声速的影响,建立标定试件激光扫描方向布氏硬度、抗拉强度、微观组织与超声纵波声速之间的映射关系。结果建立了超声纵波评价硬度及抗拉强度的标定模型,并对标定模型预测误差进行验证,硬度及抗拉强度标定模型预测误差均小于10%,满足工程应用误差指标要求。结论采用超声纵波声速可以实现激光增材制造合金钢硬度及抗拉强度的定量评价与表征。     

用20MHz静电换能器精密测量超声波声速和声衰减系数

用静电换能器对小尺寸固体试样作了高精度超声测量,由于静电换能器非接触的特点,避免了耦合层及换能器本身对测量引入的误差。当超声波频率为20MHz时,通过衍射修正后,声速测量的精度优于10^-5,声衰减系数测量的精度小于2%。由此得到的声学参量较正确地反映了试样的声学特性。     

一种水声声速的时频测量综合算法研究

针对飞行时间测量法中信号起振点难以检测而导致的测量误差问题,提出了一种基于时频的综合测量算法,以获得高精度超声波声速。首先运用信号时域互相关法,测量声波飞行的整周期时间;再利用信号频域信息中相位差,获得超声传播群延时信息;最终通过时域与频域综合信息获得高精度的飞行时间测量,从而提高声速的测量精度。声速测量平台采用“FPGA+微处理器”架构,对提出的方法进行验证,实测数据结果表明该声速时频测量算法有效,并具有较好的实用价值。     

低气压CO_2环境下基于光纤法珀振动传感器的超声声速测试与分析

为了分析超声传感技术在火星大气环境下应用的可行性,提出了一种低气压CO_2环境下基于光纤法珀振动传感器的超声声速测试方法,搭建了一套低气压气体超声声速测量试验系统,可实现不同成分(空气、CO_2)气体压力从600 Pa~1 MPa分阶段可调,并基于光纤法珀振动传感器开展了不同气体组分、不同压力、不同距离下中心频率分别为21,25,34与40 k Hz的高精度声速测量试验,通过理论计算与试验结果表明:膜片式光纤法珀振动传感器在600 PaCO_2气体中仍然可以接收到超声信号,在气体温、湿度不变条件下,超声传播速度与压力、频率无关,与气体成分有关;在15℃环境下,各频率超声信号在600 Pa~1 MPa气体压力范围内,测量平均声速在CO_2环境下为268.79 m/s,低于空气环境的336.18 m/s;获得了15℃,600 PaCO_2气体试验条件下,超声传播速度约为271.51 m/s。     

β-锂霞石负膨胀微晶玻璃的制备技术及结构特征

研究了β锂霞石微晶玻璃的制备技术、结构特征及其负膨胀特征。首先采用玻璃结晶法制备β锂霞石负膨胀微晶玻璃材料,然后通过XRD、SEM等测试手段,表征了β锂霞石微晶玻璃材料的结构特征。并讨论β锂霞石负膨胀微晶玻璃的膨胀系数及其与晶相组成和晶化温度及时间的依从关系,使其负膨胀系数在一定范围内连续可调。研究并制备出热膨胀系数可达到为-1.037×10-5/℃的β锂霞石微晶玻璃。     

PS-1型精密超声声速测试仪

根据脉冲回波叠加（pｕｌｓｅ ｓｕｐｅｒｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ）原理，本文叙述一种其发射脉冲重复周期受低频调制的精密超声声速测试仪，它是自动声速测试系统中的主机部分。该仪器主要用于测量超声波在材料中的传播速度受外界条件的变化（如温度、压力等）而发生的微小变化。文中对Ｅ－０１等延迟玻璃中超声纵波的传播时间及其温度系数进行了测量，表明该仪器的灵敏度为１ｎｓ。     

SnO-BaO-P2O5系统无铅封接

以SnO-BaO-P2O5三元系统玻璃为研究对象,利用差示量热扫描分析仪、热膨胀仪、拉曼光谱仪,分析了玻璃的结构以及玻璃转变温度和热膨胀系数与玻璃组成的关系.获得了该体系玻璃的形成区域,测得该系统的玻璃转变温度为260～360 ℃和热膨胀系数为12～14×10-6 ℃-1.研究发现,当P2O5=45 mol%不变时,玻璃转变温度随着SnO含量的增加而降低;当BaO=10 mol%不变时,玻璃转变温度随着SnO含量的增加先降低后升高.研究表明,该体系玻璃可以作为低温环保封接玻璃潜在的基质材料.     

SnO—BaO—P2O5系统无铅封接玻璃的结构与性质

以SnO—BaO—P2O5三元系统玻璃为研究对象,利用差示量热扫描分析仪、热膨胀仪、拉曼光谱仪,分析了玻璃的结构以及玻璃转变温度和热膨胀系数与玻璃组成的关系．获得了该体系玻璃的形成区域,测得该系统的玻璃转变温度为260～360℃和热膨胀系数为12～14×10^-6℃．研究发现,当P2O5=45mol％不变时,玻璃转变温度随着SnO含量的增加而降低;当BaO=10mol％不变时,玻璃转变温度随着SnO含量的增加先降低后升高．研究表明,该体系玻璃可以作为低温环保封接玻璃潜在的基质材料．     

零件材料精确热膨胀系数的测定

本文对现有的热膨胀系数测量方法进行分析，指出其对于高精度测量的局限性。本文还着重分析了我们自己设计的一套高精度的热膨胀系数测量仪，并通过该仪器测出了一些常用材料的微分膨胀系数。     

Measurement of thermal expansivity of low-expansion glasses by interferometric methods: Results of an interlaboratory comparison

An interlaboratory testing program on the measurement of the linear thermal expansion coefficient of low-expansion glasses has been carried out. Three different types of interferometric dilatometers, each located at three different organizations, and two kinds of low-expansion glass materials were selected for the experiments. As a result of the comparison, a reasonable agreement among the different measuring instruments was confirmed, and it was determined that the thermal expansion coefficient for low-expansion glasses can be measured with an accuracy of ±4×10^–8 K^–1 by using commercially available interferometric dilatometers.     

激光干涉仪在纳米测量中的典型应用

激光干涉仪具有测量分辨力高、测量结果可溯源等优点,在纳米测量中的应用日益广泛。介绍纳米测量机和低膨胀材料线膨胀系数测量装置中应用的迈克尔逊型激光干涉仪以及在高准确度位移测量装置中应用的法布里-珀罗型激光干涉仪,并结合这些实例对激光干涉仪光学系统设计、测量环境控制、迈克尔逊干涉仪非线性误差补偿以及法布里-珀罗干涉仪量程扩展等方面的关键问题进行分析和总结。所述原则和方法对实现纳米级测量准确度具有重要意义,可为高准确度激光干涉仪的研制及其在纳米测量中的更广泛应用提供技术参考。     

Evaluation method of TiO2-SiO2 ultra-low-expansion glasses with periodic striae using the LFB ultrasonic material characterization system.

Experimental procedures and standard specimens for characterizing and evaluating TiO2-SiO2 ultra-low expansion glasses with periodic striae using the line-focus-beam (LFB) ultrasonic material characterization system are discussed. Two types of specimens were prepared, with specimen surfaces parallel and perpendicular to the striae plane using two different grades of glass ingots. The inhomogeneities of each of the specimens were evaluated at 225 MHz. It was clarified that parallel specimens are useful for accurately measuring velocity variations of leaky surface acoustic waves (LSAWs) excited on a water-loaded specimen surface associated with the striae. Perpendicular specimens are useful for obtaining periodicities in the striae for LSAW propagation perpendicular to the striae plane on a surface and for precisely measuring averaged velocities for LSAW propagation parallel to the striae plane. The standard velocity of Rayleigh-type LSAWs traveling parallel to the striae plane for the perpendicular specimens was numerically calculated using the measured velocities of longitudinal and shear waves and density. Consequently, a reliable standard specimen with an LSAW velocity of 3308.18 +/- 0.35 m/s at 23 degrees C and its temperature coefficient of 0.39 (m/s)/degrees C was obtained for a TiO2-SiO2 glass with a TiO2 concentration of 7.09 wt%. A basis for the striae analysis using this ultrasonic method was established.     

Thermal expansion at low temperatures of glass-ceramics and glasses

The linear thermal expansion coefficient, α, has been measured from 2 to 32 K and from 55 to 90 K for a machineable glass-ceramic, an ‘ultra-low expansion’ titanium silicate glass (Corning ULEE), and ceramic glasses (Cer-Vit and Zerodur), and for glassy carbon. α is negative for the ultra-low expansion materials below 100 K, as for pure vitreous silica. Comparative data are reported for α-quartz, α-cristobalite, common opal, and vitreous silica.     

Ultrasonic density sensor for liquids

This paper presents an ultrasonic density sensor for liquids that unifies high accuracy with high durability and is suitable for on-line measurements in a wide range of tube diameters. The sensor consists of a transducer with a piezoceramic disk mounted between two reference rods of quartz glass. Additionally, a second transducer is used as a sound receiver. The density is obtained from the reflection coefficient of ultrasound at the interface between the quartz glass rod and the liquid and the transit time of sound between this interface and the second transducer. Parameters, such as high long-term stability and accuracy of +/-0.1% of full scale, were obtained by an internal acoustic reference measurement. The reference signal is generated using the sound radiated from the rear side of the piezoceramic disk. Design aspects such as sensor materials and signal-to-noise ratio are discussed, and experimental results are given in this paper. Applications of the sensor include concentration measurement, and ultrasonic mass flow measurement.     

一种用于线膨胀系数测量的高稳定性激光干涉系统

介绍了一种可以对材料长度变化进行测量的高稳定性双光程激光干涉系统,由于该干涉系统的测量光路和参考光路具有相似的传播路径,光程差仅由被测试样的长度引起,干涉系统具有较强的抵抗环境温度变化和振动等外界干扰的能力。通过平晶反射膜测量试验,对干涉系统的稳定性进行了验证,结果表明在6. 5 h内测量数据的标准偏差为4. 2 nm。该激光干涉系统可用于材料尺寸变化(如线膨胀系数)的高准确度测量。     

Residual Stress Distributions in Glass/Metal‐Joints produced by Ultrasonic Torsion Welding

The development and industrial application of efficient methods to join glass with metals which combine the individual advantages of both material groups are a great technological challenge. One research field of the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering is the production of glass/metal joints by means of ultrasound. Industrial applications are for example the sealing of glass vessels, fixtures in the vacuum technique or lens mounts. For this reason an industrial ultrasonic torsion welding system normally used for metal weldings was modified to be suitable for the demands of high sensitive glass/metal‐joints. With the developed welding system helium‐tight joints of glass and metals can be realized. In comparison to the conventional welding techniques [1] for glass like diffusion welding or adhesive bonding, ultrasonic torsion welding is characterized by very short welding times (< 1s) as well as low welding temperatures (< 450°C). Further advantages of this joining technique are the high automation potential and the environmental compatibility. Furthermore this technique can be applied under normal or specific atmospherical conditions. In spite of the low joining temperatures thermal residual stresses occur during the cooling of the joints due to the different coefficients of thermal expansion of the used materials [2]. In the present paper the measurement and calculation of the temperature distribution and the development of thermal residual stresses are described.     

Measurements of the thermal expansion coefficient of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel with a laser scanning microdisplacement detection technique

A laser scanning microdisplacement detection system has been developed to measure the thermal expansion coefficient of materials over the range from room temperature to 1200 K. The measurement apparatus consists of a dynamic heating device, a microdisplacement detection system, and a microcomputerbased high-speed data acquisition system. The specimen is dynamically heated from room temperature to 1200 K by passing a large electrical current through it. The thermal expansion of the specimen is detected by the laser detection system, which records the shift of Fraunhofer diffraction fringes with a photodetector. Measurements of the mean linear thermal expansion coefficient of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel in the range of 300–1200 K are described. The results are compared with other reported values of the thermal expansion coefficient. The maximum deviation between them is about 2.3% at the highest temperature, 1200 K.Paper presented at the Tenth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 20–23, 1988, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A.     

Ultrasonic determination of the particle concentration in model suspensions and ice slurry

The development of ice slurry for refrigeration systems and the enhancement of its efficiency depend on an accurate control of the ice concentration. We present here an ultrasonic method capable to measure precisely the particle concentration in ice slurry. To calibrate the ultrasonic measurement, we first determine the sound velocity and attenuation in two model suspensions (glass beads/polyethylene glycol and polyethylene beads/vaseline oil) for different particle volume fractions. The experimental results show a good agreement with the predictions of the two-component models in the long-wavelength limit. Additionally, the sound attenuation reveals a clear signature of the aggregate formation in the nearly iso-dense suspension. We next conduct the measurement of the sound velocity in the polypropylene glycol ice slurry where the ice concentration changes with temperature. The ice concentrations extracted from our sound velocity measurements are well consistent with the values determined from the binary phase diagram.