鄂尔多斯盆地煤显微组分的micro—FTIR研究

采用显微傅利叶红外光谱（ｍｉｃｒｏ－ＦＴＩＲ）技术研究了鄂尔多斯盆地不同煤级中基质镜质体,丝质体,藻类体,角质体,孢子体及树脂体的化学组成与结构演化特点,研究结果表明,随煤级增加,煤显微组分中脂族结构成分先后后减,含氧官能团减少,芳烃富集且芳环缩合度增加;在相同的热演化程度下,丝质体基质镜质体和类脂组含更多的芳香结构成分和较少的脂族结构成分,及具更高的芳香缩合度,而基质镜质体又较类脂组含更多Ｃ＝Ｃ     

烃源岩显微组分的显微傅利叶红外光谱研究

采用显微傅利叶红外光谱（Ｍｉｃｒｏ－ＦＴＩＲ）研究了源岩中三个系列显微组分包括陆生高等植物成因的镜质体、丝质体、木栓质体、孢子体、角质体,水生动物成因的笔石、几丁虫及热演化过程中次生的组分沥青等的化学组成与结构演变特征。研究表明,所有显微组分随其演化程度增高,脂族链变短,含氧官能团减少,芳烃富集且芳环缩合度增加。镜质体含丰富的芳烃ＣＣ,壳质组含丰富的脂族烃Ｃ—Ｈｘ,笔石、几丁虫含丰富的含氧官能团和氧桥（Ｃ—Ｏ—Ｃ及Ａｒ—Ｏ—Ａｒ等）,沥青的脂族烃Ｃ—Ｈｘ含量介于壳质组与镜质体之间,丝质体含丰富的芳烃ＣＣ及氧桥。     

吐哈盆地侏罗纪煤中主要组分结构特征与生烃性分析

在高纯度煤岩显微组分分离富集的基础上,应用透射式显微傅里叶红外光谱技术 (Micro FTIR),对吐哈盆地侏罗纪煤中的主要组分-镜质体、丝质体、角质体、藻类体的结构组成进行了测定。结果表明 :藻类体主要由长链脂族结构组成,芳香结构含量相对较少;角质体和基质镜质体中含有较丰富的芳香结构以及长链脂族结构;而丝质体则主要由芳香结构组成,脂族结构含量很少。显微组分的这种结构特征决定了藻类体具有很高的生烃潜力、角质体和镜质体的生烃潜力中等、而丝质体的生烃潜力则很低。对于吐哈盆地煤成油来说,由于藻类体主要由长链脂族结构组成,并且生烃潜力也高,因此其具有高的液态烃产率、丝质体的产油率最小、角质体和镜质体的液态烃产率中等。由于镜质体是本区煤中含量最高的组分。因此,对于吐哈盆地所形成的具有工业规模的油田来说,镜质体应该是主要的贡献组分之一。但对于富含藻类体的厚层状烛藻煤,由于它类型好,品质高、生烃潜力大、以中长链脂族结构为主,是煤成油最理想的源岩。     

煤岩显微组分的活化能研究

热解反应中活化能（E）与生烃率的关系是煤（干酪根）结构组成的反映，这就如同指纹一样，在成熟度相同的条件下，不同的显微组分其动力特征不同。煤及显微组分化学结构的确定目前地球化学研究领域中的一个难点。利用岩石热解（Rock-Eval）、热解气相色谱（PY－GC）以及开放体系下热模拟方法，对树皮体、镜质体和丝质体不同生烃率所对应的活化能进行测定和计算，在此基础上对上述组分的化学结构进行探讨。结果显示，三种组分的生烃率－活化能关系图以及由此所反映的化学结构明显不同：树皮体热解生烃主要集中在低活化能区，其化学结构相对较为单一，主要由脂族结构组成，芳香结构及杂原子官能团相对较少；镜质体的生烃活化能稍高，其结构比树皮体要复杂些，以烷基苯和甲氧基苯为主；丝质体生烃主要集中在高活化能区，化学结构更为复杂些，除以烷基及甲氧基苯为主外，还含有一定数量的杂原子官能团以及短链脂肪烃。另外，上述三种组分的平均活化能明显不同，其中树皮体的最低，丝质体的最高，镜质体的介于两者中间。因此，生油门限也存在很大差别，在相同的热演经条件下，三者的生烃顺序依次为树皮体→镜质体→丝质体。     

渤海湾盆地石炭纪-二叠纪煤中基质镜质体飞行时间二次离子质谱研究

利用飞行时间二次离子质谱仪（简称ＴＯＦ－ＳＩＭＳ）对渤海湾地区Ｃ－Ｐ太原组和山西组煤中基质镜质体进行了对比研究,结果表明,在接收到的正二次离子中都含有一定的烯基和烷基碎片,这些脂族碎片离子的出现说明它们具有富氢及较好的生烃性质。同时,该仪器的实际应用结果表明,它对研究煤及源岩中有机显微组分的化学成分和结构具有独特的优势。     

煤岩显微组分热解气相色谱特征与化学结构剖析

煤结构是目前地球化学研究领域中的一个难点，但却具有极其重要的理论及实际意义，本文采用分步热解气相色谱技术将树皮体，镜质体和丝质体分解为分子量较小的可测定的有机化合物，在此基础上，据不同温度下热解产物的组成特征来还原显微组分的化学结构，实验结果表明，煤显微组分主要由四大类官能团组成，一是热稳定性较低的NOS杂原子官能团；二是脂族（脂链、脂环）结构；三是苯、烷基苯（甲苯、二甲苯）、萘等芳香族化合物，四是热稳定性很高的难以分解的稠环芳烃。上述四类化合物集中于显微组分的不同结构简单中，树皮体和镜质体结构单元外侧主要由热稳定性较低的杂原子化合物以及分子量较小的苯和烷基苯组成，而丝质体结构单元外侧则主要以短链脂族结构为主，三组分结构核部由热稳定性很高的难以分解的稠环芳烃组成。连结核部稠环芳烃与结构单元外侧杂原子等官能团的主要是热稳定性较高的脂链结构，煤显微组分热成烃主要按结构中各官能团键的强弱随热演化程度的加深依次脱除，生成油气，基本上属平行独立依次反应机制，亦“官能团脱除型”，此外，还包括少量的长链脂族结构裂解为短链脂肪烃的“解聚”过程。     

吐哈盆地煤成烃主要贡献组分剖析

吐哈盆地中下侏罗统煤显微组分组成显示了“碎、小、薄”和过渡组分含量高的特点。结合显微和超微层次有机岩石学分析，在显微组分层次生烃组分主要为基质镜质体，碎屑类脂体、薄壁角质体、木栓质体和小孢子体在煤成烃中也有一定的贡献；超微层次生烃组分主要表现为分布于基质镜质体中的超微类脂体。煤中基质镜质体的高含量弥补了其单位生烃潜力低的不足，基质镜质体富氢成因在于生物化学阶段细菌等微生物对其强烈降解改造作用。     

基质镜质体成烃动力学特征研究

干酪根、煤以及显微组分生烃过程中的动力学参数(如活化能分布特征等)是其内部分子结构的宏观反映,据此可以判断有机质内部成键特征,评价生油门限、生油高峰,计算不同温度范围油气生成量等。笔者利用岩石热解仪(Rock-Eval型)对贵州水城含树皮体煤中的主要组成——基质镜质体的成烃动力学特征进行了研究,并与树皮体、丝质体进行比较,结果表明,基质镜质体的平均活化能为200kJ/mol,大于树皮体的平均活化能(177kJ/mol),而小于丝质体的平均活化能(324kJ/mol),由此推断,在相同的热演化条件下,基质镜质体、树皮体、丝质体三者的生烃顺序为树皮体→基质镜质体→丝质体。从基质镜质体生烃活化能分布特征图上可以看出,基质镜质体有4次主要生烃期,其对应的活化能分布范围及产烃率分别为191.25—192.5kJ/mol、12.19%,195—196.25kJ/mol、7.25%,197.5—198.75kJ/mol、39.82%,216.25kJ/mol、18.64%,据此可以认为:基质镜质体主要由4种不同类型键组成。在活化能191.25—198.75kJ/mol范围内,基质镜质体的累计生烃率达60%左右,这说明基质镜质体产烃较集中(在较短的地质剖面或温度范围内形成大量烃类物质),其含量高(煤岩三大组分之一),因此对煤成烃资源有较大的贡献。     

吐哈盆地及二连盆地侏罗系煤微类脂组分的共聚焦激光扫描显微镜（CLSM）研究及油气意义

吐哈盆地产出有比较丰富的侏罗系煤成油气田，本文用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜和热解分析等手段研究了煤中类脂组及微类脂组的类型、含量、分布与煤成烃性能和产出的关系。观察分析结果表明：在一般煤岩组分观测中主要含煤的西山窑组和八道湾组煤层类脂组含量很少超过１０％，但是一些煤样的热解分析中Ｓ＿１可高达５－２３ｍｇ／ｇ，Ｓ＿２可达１５０─２００ｍｇ／ｇ，ＨＩ（烃／有机碳）可高达１５０─３５０ｍｇ／ｇ生烃、含烃性能较好。进一步用共聚焦激光显微镜观测结果表明：本区一些薄层状、条带状煤层的基质镜质体和叶结构镜质体中微类脂组含量比较丰富，微区定量统计含量在３％─１８％左右。这种富含微类脂组的基质镜质体和结构镜质体在煤成油气中有重要意义，而且由于多数微类脂体在煤中常成点线状、似层状、充填状、网络状分布，可能有利于煤成油气的运移和聚集。     

应用荧光显微组分定量评价煤的生烃排烃潜力

在研究镜质组类型基础上，把富氢镜质组（荧光镜质体）作为有折扣的富氢显微组分（类脂组）对待，提出了利用荧光显微组分丰度－ＦＭＴ参数作为评价不同还原类型煤生烃，排烃的定量指标。煤岩学标志，有机地球化学参数和热模拟实验产烃率数据为ＦＭＴ值定量评价煤生烃排烃潜力的适用性和有效性提供了佐证。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of