Optical properties of human arterial thrombus, vascular grafts, andsutures: implications for selective laser thrombus ablation

To determine the optimal wavelength for laser ablation of arterial and graft thrombus, an integrating sphere was used to obtain optical measurements from different depths of abdominal aortic aneurysm thrombi, vascular grafts, and vascular sutures. Arterial thrombus of all depths maintained the wavelength profile of oxyhemoglobin absorption: the magnitude of the absorption coefficient, however, varied with the thrombus depth or age. White vascular materials demonstrated little variation in spectral absorption coefficients. When dyes were present, the suture's spectral absorption coefficients varied with the dye utilized and the product manufacturer but the nadir of absorption was in the 450-500 nm waveband, consistent with their blue-green color. A simple thermal model was used as an indicator for the radiant exposure (energy/area) that could cause vascular material dehiscence or arterial thrombus ablation     

非均匀下垫面辐照环境对太空目标温度的影响

太空目标表面温度受地球下垫面辐射的影响,在对太空目标的计算中通常将下垫面作为均 匀的热辐射平衡体,而受地物类型及气象条件的影响,地球表面的反射率和热辐射值随地理位置和季 节变化,文中介绍了下垫面热流的计算方法,并根据所获得的地表温度数据以及地物类型信息,采用 不同的下垫面处理方式,初步分析了地球下垫面的不均匀性对太空目标表面温度的影响。     

Temperature uniformity in RTP furnaces

The heat transfer to a wafer in a rapid thermal processing (RTP) furnace is simulated by an analytical/numerical model. The model includes radiation heat transfer to the wafer from the lamps, heat conduction within the wafer, and emission of radiation from the wafer. Geometric optics are used to predict the radiant heat flux distribution over the wafer. The predicted wafer surface temperature distribution is compared to measurements made in an RTP furnace for two different reflector geometries. Lamp configurations and the resulting irradiance required to produce a uniform wafer temperature are defined     

High temperature RF transmission tests on EM windows conducted at the French solar furnace

TheXband transmission data of electromagnetic antenna window materials exposed to heat fluxes of magnitude 200 cal/cm²cdots to 400 cal/cm^.2s are presented. The measurements were performed at the solar furnace of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Odeillo, France. The purpose of the tests was to analyze material performance under a very high pulsed heat flux radiant energy environment. The high-purity ceramic materials that are light in color showed very little RF attenuation during the test runs because of their excellent reflective properties to the focused radiant energy. All samples tested were exposed to the heat flux environment until the exposed surface underwent melting.     

辐射温差的传递模型

通过对热成像系统辐射能量传递链的分析，给出了辐射温差传递的概念，建立了辐射温差在均匀介质和成像系统中的数学传递模型。     

用于气体传感的一维光子晶体窄带红外发射光源

基于有限一维光子晶体表面电磁波理论,以探测CO_2为例,设计了一个中心波长为4.23μm,发射率大于99%,发射谱线半高宽FWHM=49.9nm的窄带准相干红外发射光源.采用传输矩阵方法对这种光源进行了理论分析,并用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法对器件垂直入射时的反射谱和稳态电场分布进行了数值仿真,仿真光谱特征和理论计算得到的结果吻合,证明了这种窄带红外发射光源的可行性.     

Study on the Characteristic of IR Radiation from the Space Target

In this paper, based on the analysis of the thermal environment where the space target embeds and the study of thermal exchanges between the environment and the space target, the mathematics model of the temperature field for the space target is present by using the thermal network method. The temperature and radiant flux of the target surface are calculated, the characteristic of the distribution of temperature and IR radiation from the space target is discussed in detail.     

The near-field thermal microwave radiation response of a biological object to the local change of the lateral temperature distribution

A layer-by-layer method is theoretically developed for reconstructing the temperature distribution inside a biological object from the measured outgoing thermal microwave radiation energy flux. The measurement is carried out along the plane parallel to the heated object surface in the surface’s near-field area. The equation of the inverse problem is obtained. The equation couples the 2D spatial Fourier-component of Poynting’s outgoing radiation vector with the similar Fourier-component of the lateral temperature distribution along elementary inner layers parallel to the object surface. The obtained equation is solved for the case of a 1D periodic or local depth-uniform lateral temperature distribution inside an object. The effective half-width of the spatial-harmonic spectrum for the outgoing thermal radiation energy flux is shown to be estimated by the double wave number inside the object. At the same time, the spatial half-width of a biological object’s thermal-radiation response to a local change in the lateral temperature distribution is estimated as a half of the wavelength inside the object. This result justifies the antenna size conventionally applied in biomedical research.     

多元长波碲镉汞探测器光谱与变温测试

为了满足空间红外多光谱扫描仪热波段对探测器光谱参数的特殊要求，采取了一些措施，测试分析了多元光导碲镉汞长波探测器的光谱响应及其变温光谱，画出了多元光谱曲线和不同温度下的典型光谱特性曲线，分析了测试精度。测试结果表明该探测器能满足空间应用的特殊要求。     

利用坐标变换法计算卫星轨道辐射热流

卫星轨道辐射热流的计算对于卫星的热控设计和卫星红外特征研究等都具有重要意义。论文根据描述卫星运动模型参数的卫星轨道六要素,利用坐标变换方法确立了卫星任一表面与太阳、地球的位置角度关系,建立了卫星的表面辐射热流计算模型,可用以计算任意轨道参数的卫星在任意时刻太阳辐射、地球反照和地球辐射等主要轨道辐射热流,并以某轨道上六面体卫星为例给出了其不同表面在整个轨道运行期间的接收到的辐射热流计算结果。结果表明:卫星不同表面接收到的辐射热流密度随时间的变化是不一样的,主要取决于各表面与太阳和地球的角度关系。     

Narrow spectral width surface emitting LED for long wavelength multiplexing applications

We discuss a novel surface emitting InGaAsP LED with a relatively narrow spectrum obtained by the integral growth of a 2.6 μm thick semiconductor absorbing, or filtering, layer on a conventional double heterostructure device. The full width at half maximum for the filtered LED with peakpower atlambda_{0} = 1.29 mum isDeltalambda = 850Å (63 meV),compared with an unfiltered LED half width ofDeltalambda = 1300Å (97 meV). Half width measurements were made at a drive current density of 10 kA/cm². The optimization of the filtered LED is considered, and it is found that a substantial reduction of the power in the short wavelength spectral tail can be obtained without significantly decreasing the total LED output power. For these reasons, the filtered LED has potential applications for low cost wavelength division multiplexing systems where a low overlap of spectral output between adjacent wavelength channels is required. In addition, the narrow spectrum may prove useful in moderate bit rate (> 100 Mbits/s) multimode transmission systems where the output from broad spectrum, conventional surface emitting LED's leads to unacceptably high levels of signal dispersion.     

高方块电阻发射区单晶硅太阳电池的性能优化

通过提高发射区的方块电阻和优化发射区的磷杂质浓度纵向分布,制备了性能优良的单晶硅太阳电池。I-V测量分析表明:高表面活性磷杂质浓度浅结发射区太阳电池短路电流密度、开路电压和填充因子分别提高了0.32mA/cm2,1.19mV和0.22%,因此转换效率提高了0.22%。内量子效率分析表明:高表面活性磷杂质浓度浅结发射区太阳电池短路电流密度的提高是由于短波光谱响应增强了。SEM分析表明:高表面活性磷杂质浓度浅结发射区太阳电池在发射区硅表面沉积的Ag晶粒分布数量更多、一致性更好,从而更容易收集光生电流传输到Ag栅线,改善了太阳电池的性能。     

Enhancing thermal,electrical efficiencies of a miniature combustion‐driven thermophotovoltaic system

Methods to enhance the thermal and electrical efficiencies through novel design of combustion and thermal management of the combustor in a miniature thermophotovoltaic (TPV) system are proposed, discussed, and demonstrated in this paper. The miniature TPV system consists of a swirling combustor surrounded by GaSb PV cell arrays. The swirl combustor design, along with a heat‐regeneration reverse tube and mixing‐enhancing porous‐medium fuel injection, improves the low illumination and incomplete combustion problems associated with typical miniature TPV systems. A reverse tube is used to enforce swirling flame attachment to the inner wall of the emitter by pushing the swirl recirculation zone back into the chamber and simultaneously redirecting the hot product gas for reheating the outer surface of the emitter. The porous medium fuel injector is used as a fuel/air mixing enhancer and as a flame stabilizer to anchor the flame. The miniature TPV system, using different combustor configurations, is tested and discussed. Results indicate that the proposed swirling combustor with a reverse tube and porous medium can improve the intensity and uniformity of the emitter illumination, and can increase the thermal radiant efficiency. Consequently, the overall thermal efficiency and electrical output of the miniature TPV system are greatly enhanced. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

合肥大气下行长波辐射估算模型研究与改进

大气下行辐射是地表辐射和能量平衡中的一个关键参数, 在反演地表温度和发射率、开展气候变化研究 中起着关键作用。基于现有的大气下行辐射测量方法的分析比较, 开展了合肥大气下行长波辐射的研究。利用 MODTRAN 辐射传输模型模拟计算了合肥大气下行辐射通量, 并以该方法获取的大气下行辐射通量为基准, 对广 泛应用的个晴天经验模型进行性能评价, 验证了 Idso 模型和 Ångstrom ¨ 模型对于合肥大气条件的适用性。进而利用 MODTRAN 辐射传输模型模拟数据对 Idso 模型中的参数进行修正, 提高了该模型的模拟精度。该研究为方便快捷准 确地获取合肥大气下行辐射通量提供了可靠方法。     

Terra MODIS on-orbit spectral characterization and performance

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) protoflight model onboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Observing System Terra spacecraft has been in operation for over five years since its launch in December 1999. It makes measurements using 36 spectral bands with wavelengths from 0.41 to 14.5 /spl mu/m. Bands 1-19 and 26 with wavelengths below 2.2 /spl mu/m, the reflective solar bands (RSBs), collect daytime reflected solar radiance at three nadir spatial resolutions: 0.25 km (bands 1-2), 0.5 km (bands 3-7), and 1 km (bands 8-19 and 26). Bands 20-25 and 27-36, the thermal emissive bands, collect both daytime and nighttime thermal emissions, at 1-km nadir spatial resolution. The MODIS spectral characterization was performed prelaunch at the system level. One of the MODIS onboard calibrators, the Spectroradiometric Calibration Assembly (SRCA), was designed to perform on-orbit spectral characterization of the MODIS RSB. This paper provides a brief overview of MODIS prelaunch spectral characterization, but focuses primarily on the algorithms and results of using the SRCA for on-orbit spectral characterization. Discussions are provided on the RSB center wavelength measurements and their relative spectral response retrievals, comparisons of on-orbit results with those from prelaunch measurements, and the dependence of center wavelength shifts on instrument temperature. For Terra MODIS, the center wavelength shifts over the past five years are less than 0.5 nm for most RSBs, indicating excellent stability of the instrument's spectral characteristics. Similar spectral performance has also been obtained from the Aqua MODIS (launched in May 2002) SRCA measurements.     

红外多谱线二维辐射温度场重建算法的研究

对于2000 K以上的温度场,采用热像仪对温度场进行检测时,由于热像仪存在饱和问题,所以采用热像仪重建温度场这种测量的方法已不再适用。利用多组光学探头通过光纤远传,实现多光谱多通道数据的测量。在无需预先假设发射率与波长之间的模型关系基础上,通过迭代算法获得表面某些点的真温。通过布置成十字测温结构的多光谱方法实现涡轮增压锅炉多点温度的测量,构建了整个高温温度场的温度分布。结果表明:该方法用来测量高炉温度场分布可行、预测误差较小,可以为高温温度场的分析诊断提供参考。     

Integration of screen-printing and rapid thermal processingtechnologies for silicon solar cell fabrication

For the first time, the potentially cost-effective technologies of rapid thermal processing (RTP) and screen-printing (SP) have been combined into a single process sequence to achieve solar cell efficiencies as high as 14.7% on 0.2 Ω-cm FZ and 14.8% on 3 Ω-cm Cz silicon. These results were achieved without application of a nonhomogeneous (selective) emitter, texturing, or oxide passivation. By tailoring the RTP thermal cycles for emitter diffusion and firing of the screen-printed silver contacts, fill factor values >0.79 were realized on emitters with a sheet resistance (ρ_s ) of ~20 Ω/□ and grid shading <6%. Such high fill factors clearly demonstrate that screen-printed contacts can be fired on extremely shallow RTP emitters (x_j=0.25-0.3 μm) without shunting cells. IQE analysis depicts a strong preference for shallow emitter junction depths to achieve optimal short wavelength response of these unpassivated emitters. In some cases, front contacts were printed through plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) SiN/SiO₂ dielectrics which prevented the shunting of shallow emitters by serving as partial barriers minimizing the diffusion of metallic species from the contacts. The firing of screen-printed contacts through these PECVD films, achieved the multiple purposes of contact formation, efficient front surface passivation due to annealing of the SiN, and high quality antireflection (AR). Research is presently underway to further optimize the RTP emitter design for screen-printing and develop techniques for implementing selective emitter and oxide passivation technologies for higher efficiency cells     

基于场景的热红外高光谱数据光谱定标

传感器每个波段的中心波长和半高全宽（Full Width at Half Maximum，FWHM）随成像环境变化会发生较大的系统性漂移。这种漂移最终会影响发射率和温度的反演精度，尤其是在大气吸收波段附近的发射率反演精度。选择水汽在11.73 m处的吸收通道作为参考波段，提出了适用于热红外高光谱数据的光谱定标技术流程。模拟实验表明:光谱分辨率为50 nm，中心波长偏移在-50~50 nm、FWHM变化在-25~25 nm时，大气水汽含量对光谱定标误差的影响最大。同时，对误差分布曲面进行拟合得到描述误差分布模型，用于误差的估计。当大气水汽含量足够大时，光谱中心波长偏移估算误差可达到1 nm以内。最后，将所提方法应用于机载热红外高光谱数据光谱定标。结果显示，热红外高光谱成像仪中心波长偏移为28.4 nm，FWHM变化为-18.5 nm。     

Uniform electron emission from a nitrogen-doped diamond-basedelectron emitter fabricated by the sintering technique

A nitrogen (N)-doped diamond-based electron emitter has been fabricated by the sintering technique prior to the chemical vapor deposition process in order to improve the uniformity. There are no spatial differences in reflective electron energy loss spectra (REELS) from the diamond-based electron emitter, suggesting that uniform surface conditions are obtained. The uniform electron emission from the obtained electron emitter is confirmed through emission current vs anode voltage characteristics measurements. It seems that the uniformity of the emitter surface results in uniform electron emission from the diamond electron emitter     

Growth of Al0.3Ga0.7As by molecular beam epitaxy in the forbidden temperature range using As2

Using a thermal cracker and polycrystalline arsenic source material, dimeric arsenic was obtained and utilised to grow Al0.3Ga0.7As layers in the temperature range of 600?700°C with excellent surface morphologies. It has been previously found that, with tetrameric arsenic, excellent surface morphologies were possible only below 630°C and above 690°. Based on these observations, it is postulated that above 630°C tetrameric arsenic has a surface lifetime that is too short to provide enough coverage even when the beam flux is increased dramatically. At and above 700°C, tetrameric arsenic is cracked more effectively by the surface energy gained from the substrate leading to a good surface coverage and to good surface morphologies.