基于三步法的机械臂轨迹跟踪控制

考虑机械臂末端轨迹跟踪控制问题,以跟踪逆运动学求解出的末端期望轨迹对应的各关节期望角度为控制目标.设计了一种基于三步法的控制器,该控制器由类稳态控制、可变参考前馈控制和误差反馈控制3部分组成.证明了该控制器可以通过控制机械臂的各关节力矩实现各关节实际角度对期望角度的状态跟踪,进而使得末端轨迹渐近跟踪期望轨迹,并且跟踪误差是输入到状态稳定的.仿真表明基于三步法控制器的空间机械臂末端可以渐近跟踪期望轨迹,并且该算法可以克服系统的末端负载质量变化等不确定性的影响.     

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的移动机器人变结构线性化复合跟踪控制

研究了移动机器人轨迹跟踪控制问题,通过坐标变换将轨迹跟踪问题转化为误差系统的镇定问题.基于反馈线忡化和变结构控制思想提出一种复合有限时间变结构线性化跟踪控制算法,其首先使误差系统驶向角初始误差伙速收敛到滑模边界层,然后采用连续状态反馈控制律来实现驶向角议差的无抖振快速镇定,同时将原误差系统转化为低阶系统;其次针对低阶系统设计了位置误差的状态反馈控制律,实现了位置误差的有限时间镇定.针对有系统噪声和量测噪声的误差系统,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)进行误差状态估计,并以估计值构成反馈控制律.通过数值仿真验证了控制策略的有效性.     

一类增长率依赖输出的非线性系统的输出反馈输出跟踪控制

研究一类增长率依赖输出非线性系统的输出反馈输出跟踪控制问题.利用系统结构特点,构造出系统实现输出跟踪时内部状态的渐近轨迹.通过建立状态与渐近轨迹偏差的动态方程,将输出跟踪问题转化为偏差系统的镇定问题,然后通过设计偏差系统的输出反馈镇定控制器给出输出反馈输出跟踪控制器.最后以仿真实例验证本文结论.     

非完整移动机器人的有限时间跟踪控制算法研究

对非完整移动机器人的有限时间轨迹跟踪控制问题进行讨论．与基于非连续状态反馈的传统有限时间控制算法相比，基于连续状态反馈的有限时间控制算法更适合于控制工程应用．利用该连续系统有限时间控制技术，设计一种连续的状态反馈跟踪控制算法．使得对角速度为非零常数的期望轨迹，非完整移动机器人能够实现全局跟踪，并能在有限时间内完全跟踪上期望轨迹．仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性．     

空速/高度精确解耦跟踪控制研究及仿真

飞行器空速／高度的精确解耦跟踪,控制本质上是非最小相位输出精确解耦跟踪控制问题,由于存在内动态不稳定性,经典逆系统方法无法使用。将稳定逆办法与滑模控制相结合来解决存在的问题。首先针对稳定逆非因果性带来的问题,给出了一种稳定逆因果近似解的求法,经计算证明了近似结果误差的渐近收敛特性;然后利用稳定逆困果近似解将输出跟踪问题转化为不确定系统的鲁棒镇定问题,并对滑模控制和干扰观测器设计了相应的反馈镇定控制器。经过仿真表明综合稳定逆因果近似解和滑模控制的方案既发挥了逆系统方法的动态解耦能力,又利用了滑模控制的鲁棒性实现飞行器空速／高度精确解耦跟踪控制,也可以很好的兼顾控制器的鲁棒性和抗干扰性。     

基于无源化方法的移动机器人轨迹跟踪控制

该文将无源化方法应用到机器人轨迹跟踪控制中，根据机器人的动力学模型，采用基于模型及其转换矩阵的时变误差反馈的控制策略，将机器人的动力学过程转变为一个无损系统和关于一个二维向量的无源性映射。构造一个严格输入无源反馈映射，则此闭环系统为严格输出无源的，即此二维向量输出属于L2^n空间。由无源系统输出与轨迹跟踪误差间的转换矩阵形式可知跟踪误差也属于L2^n空间，即轨迹跟踪系统是稳定的。仿真结果表明，此方法控制效果良好，可以无差跟踪任意轨迹。     

冗余度机械臂零初始加速度运动规划方案研究

针对冗余度机械臂加速度非零初始值的情况,探讨了一种基于伪逆的加速度层优化控制方案。利用约束函数以使关节从零初始加速度开始运动,并引入关节速度/位置的反馈信息,采用速度/位置误差补偿方法改善运动学方程。通过上述方案对机械臂进行优化控制,可及时减小末端执行器的速度误差和位置误差,从而保证轨迹跟踪的精度。利用MATLAB软件对平面三连杆机械臂跟踪圆形和星形轨迹进行了实验。实验表明末端执行器位置误差在5s内达到10-6 m精度,机械臂能顺利完成跟踪任务。     

机器人灵巧手基关节交叉耦合同步控制

为了提高机器人灵巧手基关节的轨迹跟踪精度,提出了包含同步误差和位置误差反馈项及平滑鲁棒非 线性反馈补偿项的交叉耦合同步控制策略,并建立了手指动力学模型．基于李亚普诺夫稳定性理论证明了所提出的 控制策略能够使同步误差和位置误差均收敛到0,并且保证了系统的渐近稳定性．与传统非同步控制的PD 加摩擦 力补偿算法和轨迹跟踪控制算法进行比较,实验结果验证了所提出控制策略的有效性．     

垂直三连杆欠驱动机械臂通用控制策略设计

本文针对一类含单一欠驱动关节的垂直三连杆欠驱动机械臂提出一种基于振荡衰减轨迹的通用控制策略. 与传统的分区控制策略相比, 本文控制策略无需采用分区方式就能快速地实现将机械臂末端点由垂直向下初始位 置开始移动, 并最终稳定在垂直向上目标位置的控制目标. 首先, 根据驱动连杆的初始和目标状态, 为驱动连杆规划 含可调参数的振荡衰减轨迹. 该轨迹能够在一定调节时间内将驱动连杆直接由初始状态移动至目标状态. 基于连 杆状态间的耦合关系, 利用粒子群优化算法优化轨迹参数使欠驱动连杆在相同调节时间内也运动至目标状态. 接 着, 利用滑模方法设计跟踪控制器使驱动连杆跟踪优化后的振荡衰减轨迹, 这样, 系统末端点将由初始位置移动至 目标位置. 进一步利用极点配置方法设计镇定控制器克服重力的作用将末端点稳定在目标位置. 最后, 通过仿真实 验验证所提控制策略的有效性.     

基于一阶不确定项估计律的机械臂鲁棒控制研究

针对多自由度机械臂控制系统的模型参数误差、关节摩擦力以及外部输入扰动等不确定项,设计了一类一阶误差估计律;结合基于机构动力学名义模型的输入输出反馈线性化控制算法,对六自由度刚性机械臂的时变轨迹跟踪控制进行了研究,理论上证明了设计的鲁棒控制器是全局渐进稳定的.仿真结果表明该控制策略对系统的各类不确定项具有很好的鲁棒性,能够实现高精度的轨迹跟踪控制.     

仿人机器人相似性运动轨迹跟踪控制研究

提出一种基于带观测器的条件状态反馈控制的仿人机器人相似性运动轨迹跟踪控制方法.首先,分析了7连杆双足机器人动力学模型,阐述了其运动能量方程与动力学特征方程; 其次,基于带观测器的状态反馈控制器原理,构建起三维倒立摆平衡控制模型; 最后,由线性二次型调节器确定状态反馈增益矩阵,使机器人轨迹跟踪误差最小化,以复现出较高相似度的双足步行运动效果.实验验证了该方法的有效性.     

A New Nonlinear Controller for Trajectory Tracking of the Longitudinal Dynamics of a Small Scale Helicopter

A nonlinear control scheme is proposed for the trajectory tracking problem of a small scale helicopter’s longitudinal dynamics. The control scheme is based on a control design procedure that constructs static feedback regulators for nonlinear systems which are linearizable by dynamic feedback. Besides, the flatness characteristics of the helicopter’s longitudinal dynamics are used to design the desired trajectory. The controller proposed is based on the longitudinal model of the small scale helicopter including the main rotor and stabilizer bar dynamics. Sufficient conditions are given to guarantee asymptotic convergence to zero of the tracking error and to keep the main rotor thrust always negative assuming that all the helicopter’s parameters are known and that all helicopter’s states are measured. Numerical simulations are given to show the performance of the controller in the presence of the main rotor and stabilizer bar dynamics.     

Aggressive Longitudinal Aircraft Path Tracking Using Nonlinear Control

We study the problem of converting a trajectory tracking controller to a path tracking controller for a nonlinear non-minimum phase longitudinal aircraft model. The solution of the trajectory tracking problem is based on the requirement that the aircraft follows a given time parameterized trajectory in inertial frame. In this paper we introduce an alternative nonlinear control design approach called path tracking control. The path tracking approach is based on designing a nonlinear state feedback controller that maintains a desired speed along a desired path with closed loop stability. This design approach is different from the trajectory tracking approach where aircraft speed and position are regulated along the desired path. The path tracking controller regulates the position errors transverse to the desired path but it does not regulate the position error along the desired path. First, a trajectory tracking controller, consisting of feedforward and static state feedback, is designed to guarantee uniform asymptotic trajectory tracking. The feedforward is determined by solving a stable noncausal inversion problem. Constant feedback gains are determined based on LQR with singular perturbation approach. A path tracking controller is then obtained from the trajectory tracking controller by introducing a suitable state projection.     

推进器饱和/故障下的无人艇固定时间指定性能容错控制

针对系统动态未知的无人艇(USV)在推进器故障与饱和约束下轨迹跟踪问题,本文提出一种基于固定时间扩张状态观测器的积分滑模容错控制方法.首先,构造固定时间扩张状态观测器,实现未知速度信息、集总未知非线性的准确估计.进而,通过引入一种新型设定时间性能函数,约束位姿跟踪误差,并利用误差转换函数将其转化为无约束误差动态系统.在此基础上,结合固定时间积分滑动模态与饱和补偿动态系统,设计固定时间控制策略,保证系统实际固定时间稳定且位姿跟踪误差严格位于指定范围内.最后,仿真验证所提出控制方法的有效性与优越性.     

Model‐assisted extended state observer and dynamic surface control–based trajectory tracking for quadrotors via output‐feedback mechanism

In this paper, an output‐feedback trajectory tracking controller for quadrotors is presented by integrating a model‐assisted extended state observer (ESO) with dynamic surface control. The quadrotor dynamics are described by translational and rotational loops with lumped disturbances to promote the hierarchical control design. Then, by exploiting the structural property of the quadrotor, a model information–assisted high‐order ESO that relies only on position measurements is designed to estimate not only the unmeasurable states but also the lumped disturbances in the rotational loop. In addition, to account for the problem of “explosion of complexity” inherent in hierarchical control, the output feedback–based trajectory tracking and attitude stabilization laws are respectively synthesized by utilizing dynamic surface control and the corresponding estimated signals provided by the ESO. The stability analysis is given, showing that the output‐feedback trajectory tracking controller can ensure the ultimate boundedness of all signals in the closed‐loop system and make the tracking errors arbitrarily small. Finally, flight simulations with respect to an 8‐shaped trajectory command are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in obtaining the stable and accurate trajectory tracking using position measurements only.     

六自由度机械臂约束预测控制系统的设计

本文提出了一种基于约束预测控制的机械臂实时运动控制方法.该控制方法分为两层,分别设计了约束预测控制器和跟踪控制器.其中,约束预测控制器在考虑系统物理约束的条件下,在线为跟踪控制器生成参考轨迹;跟踪控制器采用最优反馈控制律,使机械臂沿参考轨迹运动.为了简化控制器的设计和在线求解,本文采用输入输出线性化的方式简化机械臂动力学模型.同时,为了克服扰动,在约束预测控制器中引入前馈策略,提出了带前馈一反馈控制结构的预测控制设计.因此,本文设计的控制器可以使机械臂在满足物理约束的条件下快速稳定地跟踪到目标位置.通过在PUMA560机理模型上进行仿真实验,验证了预测控制算法的可行性和有效性.     

Inverse dynamics of articulated flexible structures: Simultaneous trajectory tracking and vibration reduction

This paper addresses the problem of inverse dynamics for articulated flexible structures with both lumped and distributed actuators. This problem arises, for example, in the combined vibration minimization and trajectory control of space robots and structures. For such flexible structures, closed loop passive joint based controllers have been shown to be effective in trajectory control by Paden et al. Crucial to the development of such closed loop controllers, which are robust to external perturbations, is the problem of dynamic inversion which yields the nominal state trajectories and the feedforward inputs. In this paper we propose a new inverse dynamics scheme for computing the nominal lumped and distributed feedforward inputs for tracking a prescribed trajectory.     

Autonomous mobile robots navigation using RBF neural compensator

This paper presents an approach to adaptive trajectory tracking of mobile robots which combines a feedback linearization based on a nominal model and a RBF-NN adaptive dynamic compensation. For a robot with uncertain dynamic parameters, two controllers are implemented separately: a kinematics controller and an inverse dynamics controller. The uncertainty in the nominal dynamics model is compensated by a neural adaptive feedback controller. The resulting adaptive controller is efficient and robust in the sense that it succeeds to achieve a good tracking performance with a small computational effort. The analysis of the RBF-NN approximation error on the control errors is included. Finally, the performance of the control system is verified through experiments.     

A multivariable MRAC scheme with application to a nonlinear aircraft model

This paper revisits the multivariable model reference adaptive control (MRAC) problem, by studying adaptive state feedback control for output tracking of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. With such a control scheme, the plant-model matching conditions are much less restrictive than those for state tracking, while the controller has a simpler structure than that of an output feedback design. Such a control scheme is useful when the plant-model matching conditions for state tracking cannot be satisfied. A stable adaptive control scheme is developed based on LDS decomposition of the high-frequency gain matrix, which ensures closed-loop stability and asymptotic output tracking. A simulation study of a linearized lateral-directional dynamics model of a realistic nonlinear aircraft system model is conducted to demonstrate the scheme. This linear design based MRAC scheme is subsequently applied to a nonlinear aircraft system, and the results indicate that this linearization-based adaptive scheme can provide acceptable system performance for the nonlinear systems in a neighborhood of an operating point.