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1.
The γ phase Li3VO4 which possesses higher ionic conductivity is more preferable for lithium ion batteries, but it is only stable at high temperature and would convert to low temperature β phase spontaneously when cooling down. Here, the phase control of Li3VO4 to stabilize its γ phase in room temperature is successfully mediated by introducing proper Si‐doping, and for the first time the electrochemical performances of γ‐Li3VO4 is investigated. It is found that pure γ‐Li3VO4 can be obtained in a doping ratio of x = 0.05–0.15 in Li3+xV1?xSixO4 with addition of excess Li source in synthesis design. The doping mechanism and the energy changes are investigated in detail by using the first principle calculations, it reveals that an interstitial Li+ is formed with doping of Si4+ in Li3VO4 to balance the system charge. When served as an anode, the Si‐doped γ‐Li3VO4 shows much smoothed Li+ insertion/extraction and enhanced cycle stability with only a single pair of redox peaks, which behaves much different with the complex multicouples of redox peaks in typical β‐Li3VO4. These changes in electrochemical performances implies that γ‐Li3VO4 can effectively accommodate Li+ in an easier and more facile way and relieved structure stress during the charge/discharge process.  相似文献   

2.
Li2MnO3 is the parent compound of the well‐studied Li‐rich Mn‐based cathode materials xLi2MnO3·(1‐x)LiMO2 for high‐energy‐density Li‐ion batteries. Li2MnO3 has a very high theoretical capacity of 458 mA h g?1 for extracting 2 Li. However, the delithiation and lithiation behaviors and the corresponding structure evolution mechanism in both Li2MnO3 and Li‐rich Mn‐based cathode materials are still not very clear. In this research, the atomic structures of Li2MnO3 before and after partial delithiation and re‐lithiation are observed with spherical aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). All atoms in Li2MnO3 can be visualized directly in annular bright‐field images. It is confirmed accordingly that the lithium can be extracted from the LiMn2 planes and some manganese atoms can migrate into the Li layer after electrochemical delithiation. In addition, the manganese atoms can move reversibly in the (001) plane when ca. 18.6% lithium is extracted and 12.4% lithium is re‐inserted. LiMnO2 domains are also observed in some areas in Li1.63MnO3 at the first cycle. As for the position and occupancy of oxygen, no significant difference is found between Li1.63MnO3 and Li2MnO3.  相似文献   

3.
Silicon‐based anodes are an appealing alternative to graphite for lithium‐ion batteries because of their extremely high capacity. However, poor cycling stability and slow kinetics continue to limit the widespread use of silicon in commercial batteries. Performance improvement has been often demonstrated in nanostructured silicon electrodes, but the reaction mechanisms involved in the electrochemical lithiation of nanoscale silicon are not well understood. Here, in‐situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction is used to monitor the subtle structural changes occurring in Si nanoparticles in a Si‐C composite electrode during lithiation. Local analysis by electron energy‐loss spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy is performed to interrogate the nanoscale morphological changes and phase evolution of Si particles at different depths of discharge. It is shown that upon lithiation, Si nanoparticles behave quite differently than their micrometer‐sized counterparts. Although both undergo an electrochemical amorphization, the micrometer‐sized silicon exhibits a linear transformation during lithiation, while a two‐step process occurs in the nanoscale Si. In the first half of the discharge, lithium reacts with surfaces, grain boundaries and planar defects. As the reaction proceeds and the cell voltage drops, lithium consumes the crystalline core transforming it into amorphous LixSi with a primary particle size of just a few nanometers. Unlike the bulk silicon electrode, no Li15Si4 or other crystalline LixSi phases were formed in nanoscale Si at the fully‐lithiated state.  相似文献   

4.
The lithiation mechanism of methylated amorphous silicon, a‐Si1?x(CH3)x:H, with various methyl contents (x = 0 ‐ 0.12) is investigated using operando attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. As in hydrogenated amorphous silicon, a‐Si:H, the first lithiation proceeds via a two‐phase mechanism. The concentration of the invading Li‐rich phase nonmonotonously depends on the methyl content of the active material. This behavior is tentatively explained by two distinct effects: a softening of the material due to a methyl‐induced lowering of its reticulation degree and its cohesion, and the presence of nanovoids at high enough methyl content.  相似文献   

5.
All‐solid‐state thin film lithium batteries are promising devices to power the next generations of autonomous microsystems. Nevertheless, some industrial constraints such as the resistance to reflow soldering (260 °C) and to short‐circuiting necessitate the replacement of the lithium anode. In this study, a 2 V lithium‐ion system based on amorphous silicon nanofilm anodes (50–200 nm thick), a LiPON electrolyte, and a new lithiated titanium oxysulfide cathode Li1.2TiO0.5S2.1 is prepared by sputtering. The determination of the electrochemical behavior of each active material and of whole systems with different configurations allows the highlighting of the particular behavior of the LixSi electrode and the understanding of its consequences on the performance of Li‐ion cells. Lithium‐ion microbatteries processed with industrial tools and embedded in microelectronic packages exhibit particularly high cycle life (?0.006% cycle?1), ultrafast charge (80% capacity in 1 min), and tolerate both short‐circuiting and reflow soldering. Moreover, the perfect stability of the system allows the assignment of some modifications of the voltage curve and a slow and reversible capacity fade occurring in specific conditions, to the formation of Li15Si4 and to the expression of a “memory effect.” These new findings will help to optimize the design of future Li‐ion systems using nanosized silicon anodes.  相似文献   

6.
A new approach to intentionally induce phase transition of Li‐excess layered cathode materials for high‐performance lithium ion batteries is reported. In high contrast to the limited layered‐to‐spinel phase transformation that occurred during in situ electrochemical cycles, a Li‐excess layered Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 is completely converted to a Li4Mn5O12‐type spinel product via ex situ ion‐exchanges and a post‐annealing process. Such a layered‐to‐spinel phase conversion is examined using in situ X‐ray diffraction and in situ high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. It is found that generation of sufficient lithium ion vacancies within the Li‐excess layered oxide plays a critical role for realizing a complete phase transition. The newly formed spinel material exhibits initial discharge capacities of 313.6, 267.2, 204.0, and 126.3 mAh g?1 when cycled at 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 C (1 C = 250 mA g?1), respectively, and can retain a specific capacity of 197.5 mAh g?1 at 1 C after 100 electrochemical cycles, demonstrating remarkably improved rate capability and cycling stability in comparison with the original Li‐excess layered cathode materials. This work sheds light on fundamental understanding of phase transitions within Li‐excess layered oxides. It also provides a novel route for tailoring electrochemical performance of Li‐excess layered cathode materials for high‐capacity lithium ion batteries.  相似文献   

7.
Li deposition is observed and measured on a solid electrolyte in the vicinity of a metallic current collector. Four types of ion‐conducting, inorganic solid electrolytes are tested: Amorphous 70/30 mol% Li2S‐P2S5, polycrystalline β‐Li3PS4, and polycrystalline and single‐crystalline Li6La3ZrTaO12 garnet. The nature of lithium plating depends on the proximity of the current collector to defects such as surface cracks and on the current density. Lithium plating penetrates/infiltrates at defects, but only above a critical current density. Eventually, infiltration results in a short circuit between the current collector and the Li‐source (anode). These results do not depend on the electrolytes shear modulus and are thus not consistent with the Monroe–Newman model for “dendrites.” The observations suggest that Li‐plating in pre‐existing flaws produces crack‐tip stresses which drive crack propagation, and an electrochemomechanical model of plating‐induced Li infiltration is proposed. Lithium short‐circuits through solid electrolytes occurs through a fundamentally different process than through liquid electrolytes. The onset of Li infiltration depends on solid‐state electrolyte surface morphology, in particular the defect size and density.  相似文献   

8.
Metal oxides, such as Fe3O4, hold promise for future battery applications due to their abundance, low cost, and opportunity for high lithium storage capacity. In order to better understand the mechanisms of multiple‐electron transfer reactions leading to high capacity in Fe3O4, a comprehensive investigation on local ionic transport and ordering is made by probing site occupancies of anions (O2?) and cations (Li+, Fe3+/Fe2+) using multiple synchrotron X‐ray and electron‐beam techniques, in combination with ab‐initio calculations. Results from this study provide the first experimental evidence that the cubic‐close‐packed (ccp) O‐anion array in Fe3O4 is sustained throughout the lithiation and delithiation processes, thereby enabling multiple lithium intercalation and conversion reactions. Cation displacement/reordering occurs within the ccp O‐anion framework, which leads to a series of phase transformations, starting from the inverse spinel phase and turning into intermediate rock‐salt‐like phases (LixFe3O4; 0 < x < 2), then into a cation‐segregated phase (Li2O?FeO), and finally converting into metallic Fe and Li2O. Subsequent delithiation and lithiation processes involve interconversion between metallic Fe and FeO‐like phases. These results may offer new insights into the structure‐determined ionic transport and electrochemical reactions in metal oxides, and those of other compounds sharing a ccp anion framework, reminiscent of magnetite.  相似文献   

9.
Due to the high lithium capacity of silicon, the composite (blended) electrodes containing silicon (Si) and graphite (Gr) particles are attractive alternatives to the all‐Gr electrodes used in conventional lithium‐ion batteries. In this Communication, the lithiation and delithiation in the Si and Gr particles in a 15 wt% Si composite electrode is quantified for each component using energy dispersive X‐ray diffraction. This quantification is important as the components cycle in different potential regimes, and interpretation of cycling behavior is complicated by the potential hysteresis displayed by Si. The lithiation begins with Li alloying with Si; lithiation of Gr occurs at later stages when the potential dips below 0.2 V (all potentials are given vs Li/Li+). In the 0.2–0.01 V range, the relative lithiation of Si and Gr is ≈58% and 42%, respectively. During delithiation, Li+ ion extraction occurs preferentially from Gr in the 0.01–0.23 V range and from Si in the 0.23–1.0 V range; that is, the delithiation current is carried sequentially, first by Gr and then by Si. These trends can be used for rational selection of electrochemical cycling windows that limits volumetric expansion in Si particles, thereby extending cell life.  相似文献   

10.
The high‐polarity β‐phase poly(vinylidene difluoride) (β‐PVDF), which has all trans conformation with F and H atoms located on the opposite sides of the polymer backbone, is demonstrated to be a promising artificial solid‐electrolyte interphase coating on both Cu and Li metal anodes for dendrite‐free Li deposition/stripping and enhanced cycling performance. A thin (≈4 µm) β‐PVDF coating on Cu enables uniform Li deposition/stripping at high current densities up to 5 mA cm?2, Li‐plating capacity loadings of up to 4 mAh cm?2, and excellent cycling stability over hundreds of cycles under practical conditions (1 mA cm?2 with 2 mAh cm?2). Full cells containing an LiFePO4 cathode and an anode of either β‐PVDF coated Cu or Li also exhibit excellent cycling stability. The profound effects of the high‐polarity PVDF coating on dendrite suppression are attributed to the electronegative F‐rich interface that favors layer‐by‐layer Li deposition. This study offers a new strategy for the development of dendrite‐free metal anode technology.  相似文献   

11.
Li2MnO3 is a critical component in the family of “Li‐excess” materials, which are attracting attention as advanced cathode materials for Li‐ion batteries. Here, first‐principle calculations are presented to investigate the electrochemical activity and structural stability of stoichiometric LixMnO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) as a function of Li content. The Li2MnO3 structure is electrochemically activated above 4.5 V on delithiation and charge neutrality in the bulk of the material is mainly maintained by the oxidization of a portion of the oxygen ions from O2? to O1?. While oxygen vacancy formation is found to be thermodynamically favorable for x < 1, the activation barriers for O2? and O1? migration remain high throughout the Li com­position range, impeding oxygen release from the bulk of the compound. Defect layered structures become thermodynamically favorable at lower Li content (x < 1), indicating a tendency towards the spinel‐like structure transformation. A critical phase transformation path for forming nuclei of spinel‐like domains within the matrix of the original layered structure is proposed. Formation of defect layered structures during the first charge is shown to manifest in a depression of the voltage profile on the first discharge, providing one possible explanation for the observed voltage fade of the Li‐excess materials.  相似文献   

12.
In this work, the effect of Li+ substitution in Li3V2(PO4)3 with a large divalent ion (Ca2+) toward lithium insertion is studied. A series of materials, with formula Li3?2xCaxV2(PO4)3/C (x = 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5) is synthesized and studied in the potential region 3–0.01 V versus Li+/Li. Synchrotron diffraction demonstrates that Li3V2(PO4)3/C has a monoclinic structure (space group P21/n), while Ca1.5V2(PO4)3/C possesses a rhombohedral structure (space group R‐3c). The intermediate compounds, Li2Ca0.5V2(PO4)3/C and LiCaV2(PO4)3/C, are composed of two main phases, including monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3/C and rhombohedral Ca1.5V2(PO4)3/C. Cyclic voltammetry reveals five reduction and oxidation peaks on Li3V2(PO4)3/C and Li2Ca0.5V2(PO4)3/C electrodes. In contrast, LiCaV2(PO4)3/C and Ca1.5V2(PO4)3/C have no obvious oxidation and reduction peaks but a box‐type voltammogram. This feature is the signature for capacitive‐like mechanism, which involves fast electron transfer on the surface of the electrode. Li3V2(PO4)3/C undergoes two solid‐solution and a short two‐phase reaction during lithiation and delithiation processes, whereas Ca1.5V2(PO4)3/C only goes through capacitive‐like mechanism. In operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy confirms that, in both Li3V2(PO4)3/C and Ca1.5V2(PO4)3/C, V ions are reduced during the insertion of the first three Li ions. This study demonstrates that the electrochemical characteristic of polyanionic phosphates can be easily tuned by replacing Li+ with larger divalent cations.  相似文献   

13.
Structural changes in Li2MnO3 cathode material for rechargeable Li‐ion batteries are investigated during the first and 33rd cycles. It is found that both the participation of oxygen anions in redox processes and Li+‐H+ exchange play an important role in the electrochemistry of Li2MnO3. During activation, oxygen removal from the material along with Li gives rise to the formation of a layered MnO2‐type structure, while the presence of protons in the interslab region, as a result of electrolyte oxidation and Li+‐H+ exchange, alters the stacking sequence of oxygen layers. Li re‐insertion by exchanging already present protons reverts the stacking sequence of oxygen layers. The re‐lithiated structure closely resembles the parent Li2MnO3, except that it contains less Li and O. Mn4+ ions remain electrochemically inactive at all times. Irreversible oxygen release occurs only during activation of the material in the first cycle. During subsequent cycles, electrochemical processes seem to involve unusual redox processes of oxygen anions of active material along with the repetitive, irreversible oxidation of electrolyte species. The deteriorating electrochemical performance of Li2MnO3 upon cycling is attributed to the structural degradation caused by repetitive shearing of oxygen layers.  相似文献   

14.
Operando X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies of Ge anodes are carried out to understand the effect of cycling rate on Ge phase transformation during charge/discharge process and to relate that effect to capacity. It is discovered that the formation of crystalline Li15Ge4 (c‐Li15Ge4) during lithiation is suppressed beyond a certain cycling rate. A very stable and reversible high capacity of ≈1800 mAh g?1 can be attained up to 100 cycles at a slow C‐rate of C/21 when there is complete conversion of Ge anode into c‐Li15Ge4. When the C‐rate is increased to ≈C/10, the lithiation reaction is more heterogeneous and a relatively high capacity of ≈1000 mAh g?1 is achieved with poorer electrochemical reversibility. An increase in C‐rate to C/5 and higher reduces the capacity (≈500 mAh g?1) due to an impeded transformation from amorphous LixGe to c‐Li15Ge4, and yet improves the electrochemical reversibility. A proposed mechanism is presented to explain the C‐rate dependent phase transformations and the relationship of these to capacity fading. The operando XRD and XAS results provide new insights into the relationship between structural changes in Ge and battery capacity, which are important for guiding better design of high‐capacity anodes.  相似文献   

15.
Li‐halide hydroxides (Li2OHX) and Li‐oxyhalides (Li3OX) have emerged as new classes of low‐cost, lightweight solid state electrolytes (SSE) showing promising Li‐ion conductivities. The similarity in the lattice parameters between them, careless synthesis, and insufficient rigor in characterization often lead to erroneous interpretations of their compositions. Finally, moisture remaining in the synthesis or cell assembling environment and variability in the equivalent circuit models additionally contribute to significant errors in their properties. Thus, there remains a controversy about the real values of Li‐ion conductivities in such SSEs. Here an ultra‐fast synthesis and comprehensive material characterization is utilized to report on the ionic conductivities of contaminant‐free Li2+xOH1?xCl (x=0‐0.7), and Li2OHBr not exceeding 10‐4 S cm‐1 at 110 °C. Using powerful combination of experimental and numerical approaches, it is demonstrated that the presence of H in these SSEs yields significantly higher Li+ ‐ionic conductivity. Born‐Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations show excellent agreement with experimental results and reveal an unexpected mechanism for faster Li+ transport. It involves rotation of a short OH‐group in SSEs, which opens lower‐energy pathways for the formation of Frenkel defects and highly‐correlated Li+ jumps. These findings will reduce the existing confusions and show new avenues for tuning SSE compositions for further improved Li‐ion conductivities.  相似文献   

16.
As promising cathode materials, the lithium‐excess 3d‐transition‐metal layered oxides can deliver much higher capacities (>250 mAh g?1 at 0.1 C) than the current commercial layered oxide materials (≈180 mAh g?1 at 0.1 C) used in lithium ion batteries. Unfortunately, the original formation mechanism of these layered oxides during synthesis is not completely elucidated, that is, how is lithium and oxygen inserted into the matrix structure of the precursor during lithiation reaction? Here, a promising and practical method, a coprecipitation route followed by a microwave heating process, for controllable synthesis of cobalt‐free lithium‐excess layered compounds is reported. A series of the consistent results unambiguously confirms that oxygen atoms are successively incorporated into the precursor obtained by a coprecipitation process to maintain electroneutrality and to provide the coordination sites for inserted Li ions and transition metal cations via a high‐temperature lithiation. It is found that the electrochemical performances of the cathode materials are strongly related to the phase composition and preparation procedure. The monoclinic layered Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 cathode materials with state‐of‐the‐art electrochemical performance and comparably high discharge capacities of 171 mAh g?1 at 10 C are obtained by microwave annealing at 750 °C for 2 h.  相似文献   

17.
This paper reports a Si‐Ti‐Ni ternary alloy developed for commercial application as an anode material for lithium ion batteries. Our alloy exhibits a stable capacity above 900 mAh g?1 after 50 cycles and a high coulombic efficiency of up to 99.7% during cycling. To enable a highly reversible nano‐Si anode, melt spinning is employed to embed nano‐Si particles in a Ti4Ni4Si7 matrix. The Ti4Ni4Si7 matrix fulfills two important purposes. First, it reduces the maximum stress evolved in the nano‐Si particles by applying a compressive stress to mechanically confine Si expansion during lithiation. And second, the Ti4Ni4Si7 matrix is a good mixed conductor that isolates nano‐Si from the liquid electrolyte, thus preventing parasitic reactions responsible for the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase. Given that a coulombic efficiency above 99.5% is rarely reported for Si based anode materials, this alloy's performance suggests a promising new approach to engineering Si anode materials.  相似文献   

18.
Phase transitions play a crucial role in Li‐ion battery electrodes being decisive for both the power density and cycle life. The kinetic properties of phase transitions are relatively unexplored and the nature of the phase transition in defective spinel Li4+xTi5O12 introduces a controversy as the very constant (dis)charge potential, associated with a first‐order phase transition, appears to contradict the exceptionally high rate performance associated with a solid–solution reaction. With the present density functional theory study, a microscopic mechanism is put forward that provides deeper insight in this intriguing and technologically relevant material. The local substitution of Ti with Li in the spinel Li4+xTi5O12 lattice stabilizes the phase boundaries that are introduced upon Li‐ion insertion. This facilitates a subnanometer phase coexistence in equilibrium, which although very similar to a solid solution should be considered a true first‐order phase transition. The resulting interfaces are predicted to be very mobile due to the high mobility of the Li ions located at the interfaces. This highly mobile, almost liquid‐like, subnanometer phase morphology is able to respond very fast to nonequilibrium conditions during battery operation, explaining the excellent rate performance in combination with a first‐order phase transition.  相似文献   

19.
Research activities related to the development of negative electrodes for construction of high‐performance Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) with conventional cathodes such as LiCoO2, LiFePO4, and LiMn2O4 are described. The anode materials are classified in to three main categories, insertion, conversion, and alloying type, based on their reactivity with Li. Although numerous materials have been proposed (i.e., for half‐cell assembly), few of them have reached commercial applications, apart from graphite, Li4Ti5O12, Si, and Sn‐Co‐C. This clearly demonstrates that full‐cell studies are desperately needed rather than just characterizing materials in half‐cell assemblies. Additionally, the performance of such anodes in practical Li‐ion configurations (full‐cell) is much more important than merely proposing materials for LIBs. Irreversible capacity loss, huge volume variation, unstable solid electrolyte interface layer formation, and poor cycleability are the main issues for conversion and alloy type anodes. This review addresses how best to circumvent the mentioned issues during the construction of Li‐ion cells and the future prospects of such anodes are described in detail.  相似文献   

20.
All‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries based on Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnet structures require novel electrode assembly strategies to guarantee a proper Li+ transfer at the electrode–electrolyte interfaces. Here, first stable cell performances are reported for Li‐garnet, c‐Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12, all‐solid‐state batteries running safely with a full ceramics setup, exemplified with the anode material Li4Ti5O12. Novel strategies to design an enhanced Li+ transfer at the electrode–electrolyte interface using an interface‐engineered all‐solid‐state battery cell based on a porous garnet electrolyte interface structure, in which the electrode material is intimately embedded, are presented. The results presented here show for the first time that all‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries with LLZO electrolytes can be reversibly charge–discharge cycled also in the low potential ranges (≈1.5 V) for combinations with a ceramic anode material. Through a model experiment, the interface between the electrode and electrolyte constituents is systematically modified revealing that the interface engineering helps to improve delivered capacities and cycling properties of the all‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries based on garnet‐type cubic LLZO structures.  相似文献   

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