高比分SiCp/2024铝基复合材料激光原位焊接头断裂行为

以Ti-6Al-4V合金作为中间层对45%(体积分数)的SiCp增强铝基复合材料进行激光原位焊接,对比分析了不同焊接条件下的接头断裂行为.结果表明,钛夹层厚度为0.5 mm时,有利于获得成形良好、界面结合性紧密的接头.接头断裂位置位于焊缝中心,抗拉强度可达母材强度的50%,此时的断裂机制为准解理断裂;钛夹层厚度增加到0.8 mm时,焊缝中易出现气孔、未熔合缺陷,界面反应也不充分,接头断裂位置位于接头界面,抗拉强度较低,断裂机制多为脆性断裂.     

触变挤压铜合金力学性能研究

采用触变挤压工艺成形ZCuSn10P1铜合金轴套零件,通过单向拉伸实验和硬度实验研究了触变挤压铜合金的抗拉强度、延伸率、布氏硬度和显微硬度,利用扫描电镜观测了断口形貌并分析了断裂方式,分析了成形比压对触变挤压铜合金力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,抗拉强度随成形比压增加而先增加后降低。延伸率随成形比压增加而不断减小。成形比压与抗拉强度和延伸率的函数关系分别为抛物线和幂指数。触变挤压铜合金拉伸断裂方式为沿晶断裂和韧性断裂的混合型断裂。布氏硬度随成形比压增加而先增加后降低。相同工艺条件时,液相显微硬度值最高,固液界面次之,固相最低。固相、固液界面和液相的显微硬度均随成形比压增加而先增加后降低。触变挤压铜合金综合力学性能要高于常规铸造,较佳工艺参数为成形比压250 MPa、挤压速率15 mm/s,其抗拉强度、延伸率和布氏硬度分别为387 MPa、2.8%、128 HBW。     

预镀层钛合金与铝合金电弧熔钎焊接头界面组织及力学性能分析

钛合金板坡口位置预先热浸镀纯铝镀层,采用TIG电弧熔钎焊的方法连接镀层钛合金与铝合金,对比分析了有镀层和无镀层条件下形成的接头界面组织及焊缝强度.结果表明,两种条件下界面处生成相同成分的金属间化合物TiAl₃,其中无镀层条件下Ti/Al界面反应层呈锯齿状,厚度4~6 μm,焊缝平均拉伸强度118 MPa,以脆性断裂为主;镀层条件下界面生成均匀稳定金属间化合物,厚度2 μm以下,焊缝平均拉伸强度205 MPa,以韧性断裂为主.镀层的引入减薄了金属间化合物反应层厚度,从根本上改变了接头的断裂的方式.     

SiC_p/Al合金基复合材料的室温拉伸性能

通过对采用半固态搅拌液态模锻工艺制备的ＳｉＣｐ／Ａｌ 合金基复合材料室温拉伸性能的研究, 分析了这种复合材料屈服强度和极限强度提高的原因, 对颗粒增强复合材料的强化机理进行了探讨; 同时, 采用扫描电子显微镜对材料的拉伸断口进行了观察, 发现复合材料及未增强基体合金的断裂虽均属于塑性断裂与脆性断裂的混合型模式, 但随着ＳｉＣ 颗粒在复合材料中的体积分数的增加, 脆性断裂特征变得更为显著。     

镍中间层对铝/镁异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊(friction stir welding, FSW),引入厚度为0.05 mm镍箔作为中间层,在焊接速度不变条件下,采用不同转速对厚度为4 mm的6061铝合金和AZ31镁合金进行平板对接,对接头进行系列微观组织表征及力学性能测试,探讨转速对接头中镍颗粒分布状态,金属间化合物(intermetallic compounds, IMCs)种类与分布及接头强度的影响规律. 研究结果表明:与未引入中间层接头相比,引入镍改变了铝/镁异种金属FSW接头焊核区(weld nugget zone, WNZ)中IMCs种类及分布,WNZ存在明显的镁合金与铝合金相间的带状组织,其上分布着絮状Al₁₂Mg₁₇、颗粒状Mg₂Ni、层状Al₃Mg₂及大小不一的镍箔颗粒;随着转速增加,镍箔颗粒分布愈加均匀,Al₃Mg₂数量相对减少,且脆性Al₃Mg₂由连续分布逐渐演变为断续分布;当转速为750 r/min时,接头抗拉强度达到最大值,与未引入中间层接头相比,引入镍中间层接头抗拉强度提高了56 MPa,达到镁合金的56.9%.     

根部未焊合对AZ31B镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接头性能的影响

针对厚4.3 mm的AZ31B镁合金短针设计搅拌摩擦焊接,研究工艺参数对根部未焊合率的影响,并通过接头组织与拉伸断口形貌分析,分析了根部未焊合对接头抗拉强度的影响。结果表明:焊接速度一定时,当搅拌头旋转速度超过临界值950 r/min时,随着转速的增加,接头根部未焊合率降低。当旋转速度一定时,焊接速度对接头未焊合率几乎无影响。所有拉伸试样均在根部未焊合界面处起裂并发生断裂,而焊合区断口呈现典型的韧脆混合断裂特征。此外,接头抗拉强度随着根部未焊合率的降低而升高,当旋转速度为1 180 r/min、焊接速度120 mm/min时,接头的抗拉强度达到最大值188 MPa,为母材强度的76.4%。     

Predicting instability at die radii in advanced high strength steels

Recently, the automotive industry has seen increased use of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) due to superior combinations of strength, ductility, and weldability. However, during stamping of AHSS; fractures are periodically observed along bends of small radii. These fractures have been termed ‘shear fractures’ due to limited localized necking, and fracture on alternating 45° planes, through thickness. Such fractures have proven difficult to predict using traditional measures of formability, such as the forming limit diagram (FLD). The present study outlines an approach to predict shear fractures by instability at die radii, represented by maximum applied tensile force as a function of die radius. Due to a transition from die instability to tensile instability with increasing die radius, material tensile strength is imposed as a limiting condition at large radii. Promising correlations are observed for a wide range of commercially produced AHSS including HSLA450, DP600, TRIP780, DP780, and DP980. Both experimental results and theory suggest a critical radius (normalized by sheet thickness: R/t_crit), above which materials will fail in tension, independent of die radius, and correspondingly localized shear fracture would not occur. The critical R/t value is a measure of formability, since for lower R/t_crit values there is a greater range over which materials exhibit tensile failure, readily predicted by material tensile strength. For the steels analyzed in this study, critical R/t values were found to be dependent primarily on material tensile strength, and to a lesser extent, material yield strength, strain hardening exponent (n value), and instability strain.     

基于Ti中间层的SiCp/6061-T6Al MMCs低功率激光-TIG复合焊组织与性能

以0.1mm厚的Ti箔做中间夹层,使用低功率激光-TIG复合焊的方式对SiCp/6061-T6Al MMCs 进行焊接,并对接头的宏观形貌、显微组织、物相、电阻率、抗拉强度及断口形貌进行分析。结果表明：激光功率对焊缝的成形有着较大影响;Ti箔的加入基本抑制了焊缝中针状Al₄C₃生成,并生成TiC增强相以及条状TiAl₃;焊缝区为等轴晶组织,熔合区为柱状晶组织,热影响区组织变化不明显;随着激光功率的增加接头的电阻率呈现出增加的趋势,并明显高于母材;在554W时接头的抗拉强度可达196.98MPa,是母材强度的54.71%。接头断口中几乎没有气孔,韧窝中的第二相粒子以TiC为主,接头呈现出以脆性断裂为主的脆-韧性混合断裂特征。     

吸收层对铜箔飞秒激光冲击强化的影响

目的 通过对不同吸收层下飞秒激光冲击后Cu箔的显微组织和力学性能变化分析,选出强化效果更好的吸收层.方法 利用飞秒激光对覆有百纳米厚度吸收层的铜箔(Cu-nm)和覆有百微米厚度吸收层的铜箔(Cu-μm)进行冲击强化,通过扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射仪、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计对两个样品进行显微组织和力学性能的观测分析.结果 飞秒激光冲击后,Cu-nm主要产生形变孪晶,孪晶比例提高了60.9％,大角度晶界比例提高了12.8％,显微硬度提高了10.8％;Cu-μm主要发生位错变化,位错密度增加16％,小角度晶界比例提高9.8％,显微硬度提高2.2％.除此之外,经飞秒激光冲击后,Cu-nm产生了更大的残余压应力,不仅中和了母材的残余拉应力,还表现为残余压应力;而Cu-μm经飞秒激光冲击后,产生的残余压应力无法完全中和母材的残余拉应力,仍显示为残余拉应力.结论 对比研究得出,飞秒激光冲击Cu-nm后,实现了微观组织孪晶化,改变了残余应力状态,提高了铜箔表面的硬度.     

非晶涂层薄带爆炸焊接上限分析

将薄带爆炸焊接温度场简化为一维物体非稳态热传导情形,给出温度随时间变化的分布解,并引入温升热软化模型,根据拉伸波到达界面时的温度值确定焊接界面上的结合强度,再综合考虑非晶材料的晶化限及涂层与基体界面的结合强度,给出控制非晶薄带涂层爆炸焊接上限的三个重要因素.最后分析了铁基非晶涂铜薄带的爆炸焊接上限.将损伤力学的理念引入试验装置的设计中,通过LS-DYNA模拟得到拉伸波强度与层间碰撞速度的关系,再由以上三个因素分别计算得到焊接上限,并取最小值以确保共同满足.     

钛/铜中间层/钢扩散焊复合管界面组织与性能

以铜箔为中间层,采用拉拔—内压扩散法制备钛/钢复合管.利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X-光衍射仪和能谱仪对界面组织、断口形貌和成分进行分析,通过剪切试验测定界面的结合强度.结果表明,以铜箔作中间层,拉拔—内压扩散法实现了钛/钢的冶金结合;在钛/铜界面处发生了明显的原子扩散,并形成不同的扩散层;随着扩散温度和时间的增加扩散层的厚度逐渐增加;中间层的加入阻止了固相扩散中钛铁、钛碳脆性化合物生成;钛/钢界面的抗剪强度随着扩散温度的升高先增加后降低,铜层的加入使抗剪强度明显提高,最高可达310 MPa.     

旁路分流电弧钎焊钛/钢异种金属接头特性分析

以旁路分流电弧焊方法为技术手段,以S211铜合金为填充钎料,进行钛/钢异种金属电弧钎焊工艺试验. 利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、万能拉伸试验机等,对钎焊接头的宏观及微观组织、元素分布、抗拉强度进行分析,并利用显微硬度仪分析钎焊接头硬度的变化趋势. 结果表明,采用该方法可获得成形良好的钛/钢异种金属钎焊接头,未见明显的焊接缺陷;硬度测试发现钛/铜界面处的硬度明显升高,这与钛/铜区域易形成Ti-Cu金属间化合物有关;钎焊接头的断裂发生在铜/钛侧,断裂方式属于韧-脆混合断裂,抗拉强度为291.55 MPa,约为铜钎料强度的88%.     

MECHANISM ANALYSIS OF THICKNESS EFFECT ON MIXED MODE Ⅰ/Ⅱ FRACTURE OF LC4-CS ALUMINUM ALLOY

Mixed mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ fracture experiments of LC4-CS aluminum alloy were conducted by using tension-shear specimens with thicknesses of 2, 4, 8 and 14mm. Fracture mechanisms of thickness effect on mixed mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ fracture were first examined from fracture surface morphology to correlate with the macroscopic fracture behavior and stress state. It is found that specimen thickness has a strong influence on mixed mode fracture. As thickness varies from thin to thick the macroscopic fracture surfaces appear the characteristics of plane stress state (2mm, 4mm-thick specimen), threedimensional stress state (8mm-thick specimens), and plane strain state (14mm-thick specimens), respectively. The specimens of all kinds of thicknesses are typical of tensile type failure under mode I loading condition and shear type failure under mode Ⅱloading condition. Two distinct features coexist on the fracture surfaces under mixed mode loading conditions, and the corresponding proportion varies with loading mixity. Void-growth processes are the failure mechanism in both predominately tensileand shear-type fractures. The size and depth of dimples on the fracture surface vary greatly with thickness. Therefore, it is extraordinary necessary to take into account the thickness effect when a mixed mode fracture criterion is being established.     

Influence of Sr on microstructure and mechanical properties of ZL114 cast alloy

In the present work,the effects of trace element Sr on the microstructure,tensile properties,fractography and morphology of the eutectic Si of ZL114A (Al-7Si) cast alloy were investigated.The cast ZL114A aluminum alloy was prepared using a metal mold,and then heat treated with the T6 technique.The test results of mechanical properties show that modification element Sr can improve significantly the ultimate tensile strength,elongation and hardness of the ZL114A-T6 aluminum alloy.By adding 0.04％Sr,the values of the tensile strength Rm,elongation A and hardness HB increase from 230 MPa,1％ and 65 to the maximum of 305 MPa,8％,and 100,respectively.SEM analysis indicates that the near tensile fracture surface on longitudinal section of the ZL114A-T6 alloy reveals a transgranular fracture mode without Sr modification,while the tensile fracture is an intergranular fracture mode after Sr modification.The morphology of the eutectic Si phase is changed from acicular to fine fibrous.     

纯铜/1350铝合金异种板材搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织与性能(英文)

研究3mm厚的纯铜/1350铝合金异种合金板材的搅拌摩擦焊工艺。通过搅拌头偏置技术,将搅拌头的大部分插入铝合金一侧,在旋转速度和焊接速度分别为1000r/min和80mm/min的条件下,获得无缺陷的接头。在焊核区形成复杂的微观组织中,可以观察到旋涡状花样和层状组织。焊核区没有金属间化合物生成。硬度分布曲线表明,焊核区纯铜一侧的硬度高于1350铝合金一侧的硬度,且焊核区底部的硬度高于其它部分的。接头的抗拉强度和伸长率分别为152MPa和6.3%。断口观察表明,接头断口既存在韧性断裂区域,也存在脆性断裂区域,为混合型断裂。     

Influence of Structural Parameters on Tensile Property of Gasar Porous Copper

采用金属-气体共晶定向凝固工艺,制备了不同结构参数的Gasar多孔铜,并研究了结构参数对单向拉伸下多孔铜性能的影响。利用扫描电镜观察拉伸试样的断面形貌,通过建立数学模型和计算机模拟的方法来表征其拉伸强度,并用实验数据加以验证。结果表明,多孔铜的拉伸性能主要取决于气孔率和拉伸方向;多孔铜在平行气孔轴向拉伸时比垂直气孔轴向拉伸时具有更优异的抗拉强度;平行气孔轴向拉伸时,抗拉强度随着气孔率的增加线性下降,气孔对基体的应力集中作用微小,抗拉强度的数学模型数值和模拟数值与试验数值拟合良好;垂直气孔轴向拉伸时,抗拉强度随气孔率的增大而明显下降,气孔对基体的应力集中作用显著,抗拉强度的试验数值与模型数值以及模拟数值基本符合     

Effect of tool geometry on microstructure and static strength in friction stir spot welded aluminium alloys

The effect of tool geometry on microstructure and static strength in friction stir spot welds of 6061 aluminium alloy sheets was studied. Tools with three different probe lengths were used to join the aluminium sheet with different tool rotational speeds and tool holding times. The weld microstructures varied significantly depending on probe length, tool rotational speed and tool holding time. Two particular aspects were identified: the thickness of the upper sheet under the shoulder indentation and the nugget size. The former decreased with increasing probe length at the shortest tool holding time and the slowest tool rotational speed, but there were no discernible differences in other welding conditions, while the latter increased with increasing probe length, tool rotational speed and tool holding time. The tensile shear strength increased with increasing probe length, while the cross-tension strength was not affected significantly by probe length. Two fracture modes were observed: shear fracture of the nugget and mixed mode fracture under tensile shear loading, and nugget debonding and pull-out under cross-tension loading. Based on experimental observation of the microstructures, the effect of probe length on static strength and the fracture mechanisms were discussed.     

含微纳B4C/Ti颗粒铜基复合材料的微观组织与力学性能

采用高能球磨(HEBM)和放电等离子烧结(SPS)工艺成功制备出微纳B₄C/Ti颗粒增强铜基复合材料(CTBCs),通过X射线衍射(XRD)、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及能谱(EDS)等测试手段对其微观组织形貌进行表征。结果表明,(B₄C+Ti)颗粒在基体中均匀分布,增强体与铜基体界面结合良好,且其结合形式为冶金结合和机械结合并存。采用阿基米德排水法测定出烧结态试样的致密度。复合材料的显微硬度、拉伸屈服强度、抗拉强度和延伸率等力学性能相较于纯铜试样得到显著提高,这主要归因于载荷传递、细化晶粒与热错配等强化机制。复合材料的拉伸断口表现出明显的韧性断裂特征。     

Correlation between microstructure and tensile behavior of metal–intermetallic laminate compound with different initial Ni foil thickness

Ni-base metal–intermetallic laminate composites were obtained from in situ reaction synthesis between Ni and Al foils by utilizing plasma activated sintering. The effects of Ni foil thickness on the microstructure and tensile properties of the composites were investigated. The results show that the phases forming during reaction synthesis are independent of the starting thickness of the Ni foils. However, thicker reacted layers are obtained in the samples fabricated from 100 lm Ni foils(Ni100) than those obtained in the samples from 50 lm Ni foils(Ni50)when treated at the same process. The tensile strength of Ni100 samples increases with the temperature increasing at the expense of ductility. Dissimilarly, Ni50 composites treated at higher temperatures exhibit enhanced strength and ductility. Both Ni50 and Ni100 laminate fracture in a similar mechanism. Cracking first occurs in the brittle intermetallic layers. These original cracks result in shear bands in Ni layers emitted from the crack tips, and thus producing local stress concentration, which initiates new cracks in adjacent intermetallic layers. The multiplication of cracks and shear bands leads to the failure of the laminates.     

Dynamic tensile behaviors of AZ31B magnesium alloy processed by twin-roll casting and sequential hot rolling

The dynamic tensile behavior of twin-roll cast-rolled and hot-rolled AZ31B magnesium alloy was characterized over strain rates ranging from 0.001 to 375 s⁻¹ at room temperature using an elaborate dynamic tensile testing method, and the relationship between its mechanical properties and microstructures. It is observed that the sheet has a strong initial basal fiber texture and mechanical twinning becomes prevalent to accommodate the high-rate deformation. The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength monotonically increase with increasing the strain rate, while the strain hardening exponent proportionally decreases with increasing the strain rate due to twinning-induced softening. The total elongation at fracture distinctly decreases as the strain rate increases under quasi-static tension, while the effect of strain rate on the total elongation is not distinct under dynamic tension. Fractographic analysis using a scanning electron microscope reveals that the fracture is a mixed mode of ductile and brittle fracture.