氮氩流量比对NiTiAlCrN涂层抗空蚀性能的影响

通过改变通入氮气与氩气的比例,探究不同N含量NiTiAlCrN涂层的结构与性能。采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、能谱仪等表征涂层材料的组织结构和形貌,超声振动空蚀机对涂层进行空蚀实验,探究NiTiAlCrN涂层空蚀破坏的机理。结果表明,NiTiAlCrN涂层呈面心立方结构,在(111)和(200)晶面呈现择优取向。随着氮氩流量比增加,硬度、弹性模量和抗空蚀性能先升高后降低。氮氩流量比为1∶1时涂层的结构最致密,晶粒最细,硬度最高,抗空蚀性能最强。氮氩流量比为3∶2时涂层所能承受的弹性势能最大,韧性最强,但抗空蚀的能力低于氮氩流量比为1∶1时的涂层,说明硬度比弹性模量对涂层抗空蚀方面的影响更大。在空蚀坑的内壁发现大量的Cr₂O₃、Al₂O₃等具备抗空蚀性的氧化物,减轻微射流的冲击,降低对涂层的进一步损坏。     

热/冷喷涂典型抗空蚀涂层结构与性能研究

冷喷涂作为近年来兴起的涂层固态沉积技术,所制备的涂层具有高结合强度、高硬度、无氧化夹杂等优点,在过流器械表面的空蚀损伤防护方面极具应用潜力。采用冷喷涂技术,在40Cr钢基体表面制备了高致密的CuAl9Fe1铝青铜抗空蚀涂层,利用光镜/扫描电镜、显微硬度计、超声波空蚀试验机、三维轮廓仪等设备,表征了涂层的微观结构、力学性能及抗空蚀性能,分析了涂层的空蚀破坏形貌及机理,并与超音速火焰(high-velocity oxygen-fuel, HVOF)喷涂制备的WC类典型抗空蚀涂层(WC-Co-Cr和WC-Cr₂C₃-Ni)进行了对比。结果表明,冷喷涂CuAl9Fe1涂层的平均孔隙率为1.4%,平均显微硬度为3126 MPa,平均结合强度为32.3 MPa,空蚀6 h的空蚀深度为4.988μm;与之相比,HVOF喷涂的WC-Co-Cr和WC-Cr₂C₃-Ni涂层的平均孔隙率分别为0.7%和1.6%,平均显微硬度分别为10 065和10 094 MPa,平均结合强度分别为84.2和73.5 MPa,空蚀6 h...     

化学热处理改善Ti-6Al-4V钛合金耐空蚀性能的研究

利用渗氮、渗碳和碳氮共渗3种化学热处理方法对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金表面进行改性,制备出3种不同成分的硬质表面层。利用SEM、XRD和Vickers显微硬度仪分别对3种表面层的微观形貌和结构、化学组成、显微硬度进行了表征,并利用磁致伸缩振动空蚀设备研究了表面层的耐空蚀性能。结果表明通过3种化学热处理均在Ti-6Al-4V钛合金表面形成了致密的硬质陶瓷层。该硬质陶瓷层在空蚀过程中可以抑制裂纹在表面过早的形成和向基体扩展,从而延长了空蚀的孕育期和显著地改善了钛合金的耐空蚀性能。     

Fe-25Mn-6Si-7Cr形状记忆合金空蚀研究

用旋转圆盘实验机研究了Fe—25Mn—6Si—7Cr形状记忆合金空蚀．结果表明，Fe—25Mn—6Si—7Cr形状记忆合金空蚀是一种疲劳破坏，失效机制为沿晶断裂和晶内蚀坑．Fe—25Mn—6Si—7Cr形状记忆合金空蚀的速度效应小，抗空蚀性能在34m／s和45m／s速度下分别是对比材料0Crl3Ni5Mo不锈钢的1．6倍和7．3倍．伪弹性是F1—25Mn—6Si—7Cr形状记忆合金具有高抗空蚀性能的主要原因．     

AC-HVAF非晶和金属陶瓷涂层在压裂液中空蚀行为研究

采用超声空蚀与电化学测试相结合的方法,对AC-HVAF热喷涂非晶金属和金属陶瓷两种涂层在水力压裂液中的空蚀及交互作用规律进行了研究,分析了耐蚀性和硬度在空蚀时的主导作用,确定了空蚀机理。结果表明,压裂液中KCl恶化了涂层的腐蚀性能,进而影响了空蚀行为。涂层在压裂液中的抗空蚀性能是耐蚀性与硬度结合的双变量函数。空化的力学破坏对高硬度涂层的空蚀过程有显著影响,硬度相对较高的金属陶瓷防护涂层的抗空蚀性能优异。压裂工况下,AC-HVAF涂层空蚀损伤是由于气泡溃灭垂直冲击孔隙或缺陷区域,硬相直接被剥离表面。降低孔隙和提高粘结相结合强度有助于提高涂层在压裂液中的抗空蚀性能。     

叶轮空蚀状态下离心泵振动特性分析

空蚀是指空化过程中产生的空泡溃灭引起过流表面材料损坏的现象。为研究离心泵叶轮空蚀后的振动信号特征,选用IS-50-160-00单级单吸离心泵为试验对象,基于虚拟仪器技术搭建试验泵系统。测得离心泵空蚀条件下的振动信号,采用均方根(RMS)分析、峭度(K)分析两种统计方法对发生空蚀后的离心泵振动信号的平均能量、冲击波能量进行分析,采用短时傅里叶变换(STFT)分析了振动信号的时频域特性。分析结果表明:空蚀条件下整体来看基座方向和轴向方向振动幅值较大且都是无规则振动,而横向方向和纵向方向上的振动信号振幅相对较小;振动信号的能量随着流量的增大呈现先减小后平稳再增加的趋势,空蚀增加了振动信号的能量值;空蚀加剧了液体对离心泵的冲击使得振动信号峭度值增加,且基座方向峭度值大于3可作为空蚀故障的诊断参考标准;通过时频谱分析可知空蚀发生后流体可能对离心泵存在冲击波及冲击波导致的脉冲信号,且空蚀后产生了高频振动信号,高频带的振动信号可为离心泵空蚀故障诊断提供参考。研究叶轮空蚀后离心泵振动信号的特征有助于及时发现离心泵空蚀故障的发生,从而调整运行参数,以免造成严重后果。     

水工混凝土的空蚀试验及抗空蚀性能

利用旋转圆盘空蚀试验装置,通过在拟定水流条件下对不同配合比混凝土材料折抗空蚀试验,测定井分析了该类蚀和的抗空蚀行为。结果表明,水工混凝土在空蚀荷载的交变应力应变和单向应力应变作用下,其空蚀特征参数与疲劳特性指标具有良好的相关关系。     

泄水建筑物空蚀与冲磨耦合作用机制试验研究

为真实模拟泄水建筑物空蚀与冲磨复杂的破坏行为,基于Venturi空化空蚀发生器结构特点和水力学Bernoulli原理,发明了高压高速水流自动挟沙装置,设计并制作了空蚀与冲磨混合作用试验系统。利用研发的装置开展了系列试验,探讨了高速水流空蚀与冲磨混合作用机制。研究表明,空蚀与冲磨混合作用下,材料表面呈现出空蚀与冲磨复合破坏特征,混合作用下的破坏程度明显大于单独作用,空蚀与冲磨之间存在一定的促进和增强作用,空蚀的冲击在材料表面产生的孔洞及散粒体骨架结构,在冲磨切削作用下加速破坏,空蚀使冲磨破坏更加容易。     

材料表面抗空蚀涂层的研究进展

空蚀现象广泛存在于海洋平台、船舶机械和能源发电等领域。这种腐蚀现象不仅造成了巨大的经济损失,也成为相关从业人员的安全隐患。本文概述了抗空蚀涂层材料技术的研究进展,重点介绍了抗空蚀金属涂层技术和抗空蚀聚合物涂层技术。最后对目前抗空蚀材料存在的问题及未来发展进行了展望。     

高速水流下空蚀热效应对水泥水化产物的破坏

随着坝工技术的提高和水力资源的深入开发利用,高坝建设发展迅速,其泄量大、流速高时的泄洪消能和抗空蚀保护问题是目前建设中的主要技术难题。区别于传统对高速水流引发空蚀的力学破坏定义,本研究从热学角度阐述了空蚀引起破坏的机理。本研究利用超声波空蚀仪进行不同类型水泥净浆空蚀试验,综合空蚀破坏面表面分析和对空蚀破坏后的水泥水化产物微观成分分析,对空蚀在硬化水泥表面产生的热效应进行测定和研究分析,初步讨论空蚀热效应对混凝土结构的破坏机理。试验结果表明,空蚀对水泥净浆表面的破坏不仅是简单的力学破坏,同时空蚀热效应还可以造成水泥水化产物的部分分解。具体而言,经过6 h超声空蚀试验后的试样,水化凝胶损失量不低于40%,氢氧化钙的损失量在25%以上,这对硬化水泥浆体的劣化有较为显著的影响。     

模板转化法制备苎麻纤维织物SiC陶瓷

以苎麻纤维织物为生物模板,通过浸渍含有硅粉的酚醛树脂溶液,后经压制成型、碳化和1500℃烧结等工艺,制备了具有生物纤维形态的SiC陶瓷。利用XRD、SEM等测试技术,研究了不同烧结助剂对样品的各项性能和微观形貌的影响。结果表明:烧结助剂对苎麻纤维织物SiC陶瓷的失重率、显气孔率、体积收缩率等性能均产生了影响;添加Al_2O_3-Y_2O_3-SiO_2三元烧结助剂的SiC陶瓷具有最大的显气孔率和最小的体积收缩率;陶瓷中的SiC主要以β-SiC的形式存在;微观形貌分析显示,样品很好地保留了苎麻织物的纤维状微观结构。     

Erosion mechanisms of aluminium nitride ceramics at different impact angles

In this paper, erosion wear behaviour of aluminium nitride (AlN) ceramics is studied. The influence of particle hardness and shape on erosion of the AlN surface is examined. The effect of varying the impingement angle on the weight loss and the roughness parameters of AlN ceramics testing sample is also determined. Therefore, erosive wear behaviour of AlN ceramics was investigated using SiC and SiO₂ particles as erodents, at following impact angles: 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90°. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the eroded surfaces in order to determine erosion mechanisms. The roughness parameters (R_a, R_z and R_max), before and after erosion with SiO₂ and SiC particles at 30° and 90° angles of impingement, respectively, were determined using a profilometer. It was found that the impact angle is influencing the erosion wear of the AlN ceramics and maximum erosion takes place at impact angle of 90°. The results indicate that hard, angular SiC particles cause more damage than softer, more rounded SiO₂ particles.     

Microstructures and Dielectric Properties of Ba1-xSrxTiO3 Ceramics Doped with B2O3-Li2O Glasses for LTCC Technology Applications

Ba1-xSrxTiO3 ceramics, doped with B2O3-Li2O glasses have been fabricated via a traditional ceramic process at a low sintering temperature of 900 ℃ using liquid-phase sintering aids. The microstructures and di- electric properties of B2O3-Li2O glasses doped Ba1-xSrxTiO3 ceramics have been investigated systemat- ically. The temperature dependence dielectric constant and loss reveals that B2O3-Li2O glasses doped Ba1-xSrxTiO3 ceramics have di?usion phase transformation characteristics. For 5 wt% B2O3-Li2O glasses doped Ba0.55Sr0.45TiO3 composites, the tunability is 15.4% under a dc-applied electric field of 30 kV/cm at 10 kHz; the dielectric loss can be controlled about 0.0025; and the Q value is 286. These composite ceramics sintered at low temperature with suitable dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, relatively high tunability and high Q value are promising candidates for multilayer low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) and potential microwave tunable devices applications.     

The effect of abrading and cutting instruments on machinability of dental ceramics

The aim was to investigate the effect of machining instruments on machinability of dental ceramics. Four dental ceramics, including two zirconia ceramics were machined by three types (SiC, diamond vitrified, and diamond sintered) of wheels with a hand-piece engine and two types (diamond and carbide) of burs with a high-speed air turbine. The machining conditions used were abrading speeds of 10,000 and 15,000?r.p.m. with abrading force of 100?gf for the hand-piece engine, and a pressure of 200?kPa and a cutting force of 80?gf for the air-turbine hand-piece. The machinability efficiency was evaluated by volume losses after machining the ceramics. A high-abrading speed had high-abrading efficiency (high-volume loss) compared to low-abrading speed in all abrading instruments used. The diamond vitrified wheels demonstrated higher volume loss for two zirconia ceramics than those of SiC and diamond sintered wheels. When the high-speed air-turbine instruments were used, the diamond points showed higher volume losses compared to the carbide burs for one ceramic and two zirconia ceramics with high-mechanical properties. The results of this study indicated that the machinability of dental ceramics depends on the mechanical and physical properties of dental ceramics and machining instruments.

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The abrading wheels show autogenous action of abrasive grains, in which ground abrasive grains drop out from the binder during abrasion, then the binder follow to wear out, subsequently new abrasive grains come out onto the instrument surface (autogenous action) and increase the grinding amount (volume loss) of grinding materials.

     

A statistical approach to strength evaluation incorporating porosity effect for porous ceramics

ABSTRACT It has not been clear whether the conventional effective volume proposed for dense brittle materials can be applied satisfactorily to the strength evaluation of porous ceramics. In the present study, a modified effective volume was proposed by incorporating the porosity effect in the statistical evaluation of strength properties of porous ceramics. The modified effective volume was derived as the conventional effective volume multiplied by a function of porosity p. In this work, a power function of (1 + p)^a was adopted as the simplest porosity function. To clarify the applicability of the modified effective volume, bending tests were conducted using smooth and notched specimens of 3 wt% MgO partially stabilised zirconia with six different porosities. The porosity dependence appeared in the relation between the conventional effective volume and the mean strength of various zirconia ceramics with different porosities. The exponent a of the porosity function was determined from experimental data obtained by using identically shaped specimens with distinct porosities, and the modified effective volume was calculated for several types of specimens used in the experiments. It was revealed that the mean strength was almost uniquely correlated with the modified effective volume independent of porosity. The experimental correlation verified the applicability of the modified effective volume to strength evaluation of porous ceramics.     

浆料固相含量对数字光处理成形Si3N4陶瓷性能的影响

随着科技的不断发展, Si₃N₄陶瓷在航空、机械、生物医疗等高新领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。本工作采用包覆助烧剂Al₂O₃-Y₂O₃后的Si₃N₄粉体为原材料, 利用数字光处理(Digital light processing, DLP)技术成功制备出Si₃N₄陶瓷, 并系统研究了浆料固相含量对Si₃N₄陶瓷浆料、DLP成形Si₃N₄陶瓷素坯和陶瓷性能的影响。研究表明, 浆料固相含量低于40.0% (体积分数)时, 浆料在30 s^-1剪切速率下的粘度均小于2 Pa·s, 可用于DLP成形。在这种情况下, 浆料的单层固化深度随浆料固相含量的增加而减小。随着浆料固相含量的增大, DLP成形Si₃N₄陶瓷的相对密度和抗弯强度先升高后降低。固相含量为37.5% (体积分数)的样品获得最大的相对密度和抗弯强度, 分别为89.8%和162.5 MPa, 较固相含量为32.5% (体积分数)的样品分别提升了10%和16%。本研究通过对陶瓷浆料性能的优化, 提升了DLP成形Si₃N₄陶瓷的性能, 为Si₃N₄等非氧化物陶瓷光固化成形奠定了实验基础。     

Oxidation bonding of porous silicon carbide ceramics

A oxidation-bonding technique was successfully developed to fabricate porous SiC ceramics using the powder mixtures of SiC, Al₂O₃ and C. The oxidation-bonding behavior, mechanical strength, open porosity and pore-size distribution were investigated as a function of Al₂O₃ content as well as graphite particle size and volume fraction. The pore size and porosity were observed to be strongly dependent on graphite particle size and volume fraction. In contrast, the degree of SiC oxidation was not significantly affected by graphite particle size and volume fraction. In addition, it was found that the fracture strength of oxidation-bonded SiC ceramics at a given porosity decreases with the pore size but increases with the neck size. Due to the enhancement of neck growth by the additions of Al₂O₃, a high strength of 39.6 MPa was achieved at a porosity of 36.4%. Moreover, such a porous ceramic exhibited an excellent oxidation resistance and a high Weibull modulus.     

BaFe12O19／Al2O3—SiO2—K2O微晶玻璃陶瓷的柠檬酸Sol—Gel合成及其微波性能的研究

采用柠檬酸sol-gel工艺合成了BaFe12O19/Al2O3-SiO2-K2O微晶玻璃陶瓷，并对其介电常数及其磁导率在1MHz～6GHz下的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明，BaFe12O19/Al2O3-SiO2-K2O微晶玻璃陶瓷的合成与体系中Fe/Ba、烧结温度密切相关；其介电常数、磁导率基本都随测试频率的增加而下降；介电损耗值最大可达到0.30，磁损耗值较小。     

Effects of SrO–B2O3–SiO2 glass additive on dielectric properties of Ba(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3 ceramics

SrO–B₂O₃–SiO₂ (SBS) glass powders were prepared and employed as sintering aids to reduce the sintering temperature of Ba(Fe_0.5Nb_0.5)O₃ (BFN) ceramics. The effects of glass content on the dielectric properties and breakdown strength of BFN ceramics have been investigated. The volume density characterization results of (1 ? x) BFN ? x SBS ceramics indicate that the sintering temperature of BFN ceramics decreased by 200–350 °C with SBS glass addition (when x = 0, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05). The XRD patterns show BFN ceramics indicate cubic crystal structure and without the formation of a secondary phase. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreased gradually with increasing glass content, and the dielectric loss decreased by one order of magnitude with SBS glass addition (when x = 0.05). The breakdown strength of (1 ? x) BFN ? x SBS ceramics increase with increasing glass content, in which is about 33.90 kV/cm with SBS glass addition (when x = 0.05). These improvements in the dielectric characteristics of BFN ceramics have great scientific significance for their applications.     

低烧钛酸钡基介电陶瓷的研究进展

低温烧结的BaTiO3基介电陶瓷具有降低能耗,抑制晶粒过度生长以及适合制造贱金属内电极多层陶瓷电容器等优点。本文综述添加助烧剂、高活性纳米粉体和烧结方法的改进等对钛酸钡基陶瓷烧结温度及其性能的影响。重点介绍了助烧剂的作用机制、分类和添加方式,并对其发展方向进行了展望。