行政审批制度改革

新一届政府把加快转变职能、简政放权作为开门第一件大事,相关改革举措密集推出,各地迅速跟进,极大地激发了市场活力和发展动力。可以说,进入快车道的简政放权和行政审批制度改革已成为全面深化改革的重要抓手和＂先手棋＂,引起广泛关注。行政审批制度的核心是厘清和理顺政府与市场、与社会之间的关系。行政审批制度改革是转变政府职能的突破口,是释放改革红利、打造中国经济升级版的重要一招,地方政府已有不少有益的探索。     

中国行政审批制度改革的关键:放权与监管

自改革开放以来,中国行政审批制度改革经历了削减审批项目、转变政府职能、创新审批方式、建设审批制度四个阶段。治理行政审批权成为转变政府职能、创新社会治理、激发市场创造活力和发展内生动力的拐点,并成为中国行政体制改革的拐点。放权才能精简政府,监管才能廉洁高效。建立"小政府、大社会、好市场"的中国特色社会主义基本格局,要以行政审批制度改革为突破口,治理行政审批权的关键在于牢牢把握住简政放权与监督管理这两条生命线,实现简政放权与监督管理的高度契合。     

当前深化行政审批制度改革面临的问题与对策

为了减少政府对市场的干预,激发市场活力,自2002年以来,我国已先后多次以国务院的名义颁布了取消和调整行政审批项目的决定.2013年3月,第十二届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过的《国务院机构改革和职能转变方案》中指出:"深化行政审批制度改革,减少微观事务管理,该取消的取消、该下放的下放、该整合的整合. "截至2014年年底, 新一届中央政府已取消和下放行政审批事项达600多项. 近年来,各地根据国务院"地方政府职能转变和机构改革"的要求也对本地行政审批事项进行了全面清理, 大量的行政审批事项被取消或下放,地方行政审批事项不断减少.     

整体性治理视域下的行政审批服务评价机制创新探讨

<正>党的十八届三中全会对全面深化改革,转变政府职能,建立政府与市场、政府与社会的新型关系做了全面部署,这为创新行政审批服务评价机制指出了明确的方向。本文结合整体性治理理论,对行政审批服务评价机制创新进行探讨。一、整体性治理理论     

创新与扩散:新型行政审批制度在中国城市的兴起

行政审批制度改革是转变政府职能并调节政府与市场关系的突破口。从1997年首家市级行政审批中心成立至今的10多年间,全国已有260多座城市陆续建立了行政审批中心。如此大规模的地方政府组织再造运动和扩散过程到底是如何发生的?有哪些因素决定着城市行政审批中心的建立?本文以地方政府创新与扩散为视角,揭示了新型行政审批制度在中国城市的全面兴起过程。作者建立了全国281个地级和副省级城市在1997~2012年间的城市经济社会状况、行政审批中心和地方官员职业生涯数据库。基于离散时间和时间序列两种事件史分析(EHA)模型,本文提出并验证了本地经济条件与行政因素、纵向横向扩散机制和地方领导的政治流动对地方行政审批中心建设的影响。本研究有助于揭示学界长期以来推崇的以鼓励地方创新为特点的"中国经验"的内在机理。     

广东行政审批事项减掉1／3

7月17日,广东省召开转变政府职能深化行政审批制度改革工作电视电话会议,贯彻落实中央有关决策部署,部署实施《关于加快转变政府职能深化行政审批制度改革的意见》和2012年行政审批制度改革事项第一批目录,明确取消的行政审批事项达179项、转移事项55项、下放事项115项、委托事项5项,全部354个调整事项占到广东省级政府现有实际审批项目的三分之一以上。全面启动市县转变政府职能深化行政审批制度改革工作。     

深化改革 加快建立 中国特色社会主义行政体制

我们要全面推进行政体制改革,加快建立中国特色社会主义行政体制。着力转变政府职能。要深化行政审批制度改革,加快推进政企分开、政资分开、政社分开,在更大程度上发挥市场在资源配置中的基础性作用。优化政府组织结构。在科学划分、合理界定政府部门职能的基础上,明确部门责任,确保权责一致,健全部门间协调配合机制。推进行政层级改革。一要优化行政层级,有条件的地方继续探索实行省直管县(市)体制。二要优化行政区划设置,合理配置行政资源。三要深化乡镇体制改革,建立高效的乡镇行政管理体制和运行机制。     

进一步深化行政审批制度改革的着力点

行政审批制度经过10年来的改革,审批项目大幅减少,审批效率大大提高,但同时也存在过分注重减少与下放审批数量形式,不注重实质审批权的减少与下放,边减边增,"二政府"现象,相关的法律法规不健全,地方或下级承接权限能力不足等问题,导致政府通过行政审批干预市场和社会,政府职能存在错位、缺位现象仍然很多,严重影响了市场效率和行政效率。为此,行政审批制度改革需进一步深化,重点在行政思维、顶层设计、审批项目动态清理机制、审批方式与程序、公共项目的招投标制度、培育社会组织、增强地方承接权能力等方面寻找新的突破口,为深化行政审批制度改革攻坚撕开缺口。     

简政放权,现在轮到地方了

在行政审批改革或转变政府职能问题上,地方政府要做的事情更多更具体,需要挑的担子一点不轻。如何将权力下放,把该管的管好、不该管的放掉,课题更严峻。今年以来,国务院已相继取消和下放了133项行政审批项目。深化行政审批制度改革,中央政府已经作出表率,现在轮到了地方政府及时跟进。这是因为,很多项目审批权由中央下放到地方,有利于中央和地方明确职责     

我国行政审批制度存在的问题及对策研究

继续深化行政审批制度改革,进一步减少行政审批项目,规范审批流程,创新审批方式,健全行政审批制约监督机制,加强对行政审批权运行的监督,是促进政府职能转变的重要条件。我国现行的行政审批制度改革取得了明显成效,但也要看到,目前行政审批方面仍存在一些亟待解决的问题。     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Chronic stress and chronic disease in life and work: Conceptual and methodological issues

This paper argues that the lack of strong prospective evidence linking occupational and social stress to chronic disease stems from the failure of research designs to attend sufficiently to the aetiological chronicity of such diseases. Studies of both supposedly acute stress (life events) and chronic stress in life or work must increasingly be designed to distinguish between stress which is sustained or chronic over a period of yean or even decades, and hence capable of causing a serious chronic disease, and brief or transient stress, which may produce transient or brief psychological or physiological disturbances but cannot generate major chronic disease. Prospective studies are needed which collect measures of both stress and health or disease at multiple points over an extended period of time. Measures of stress should focus more on affect (for example, feelings of pressure and tension) than on cognition (for example feelings of satisfaction). Limited existing evidence is consistent with these ideals.