Demonstrating Improved Fuel Economy Using Subsystem Specific Lubricants on a Modified Diesel Engine

Fuel economy performance in modern internal combustion engines is of increasing importance to lubricant formulators due to regulations targeting global greenhouse gas emissions. Engines typically employ a single lubricant, with a common sump, to service all components. As a result, base oil and additive selection for fuel economy performance is a compromise among competing demands for different engine subsystems. Opportunities for significant fuel economy improvement through targeted formulation of lubricants for specific engine subsystems are presented, with specific emphasis on segregating the lubricant supplies for the valve train and the power cylinder subsystems. A working prototype was developed in a lab environment by modifying a commercially available twin-cylinder diesel engine. Motored valve train and whole-engine fired test results were obtained and compared to model data. Fuel economy benefits were demonstrated using market representative heavy-duty diesel lubricants, including mineral oil and polyalphaolefin (PAO) blends. The fuel economy benefits of a dual-loop lubricant system are demonstrated through significant viscosity reduction in the power cylinder subsystem, achieving overall engine friction reductions of up to 8% for the investigated operating condition. Results suggest that additional gains may be realized through targeted base oil and additive formulation. Implications for incorporation in larger diesel engines are also considered.     

纳米WS2车用机油添加剂在柴油发动机中的应用效果研究

通过柴油发动机台架实验和行车实验,分析了不同工况下自制纳米WS2车用机油添加剂在柴油发动机中的应用效果。结果表明,在FC2000柴油发动机台架上应用时,纳米WS2车用机油添加剂在不同转速和不同负载下均能在一定程度上降低发动机油耗率,减少发动机尾气中NOx含量和颗粒物含量,并且当发动机转速为1 700r/min,负载为70N.m时,节油率最高为9.95%,颗粒物减排率最高为49.3%,而当发动机处于低速、高速、低载和高载等工况时,NOx减排率较高,最高达到36%;在柴油机大客车上应用时,纳米WS2车用机油添加剂使其耗油量下降约14.4%,并能在一定程度上降低发动机的运行噪声,使发动机的有害气体(NOx)排放减少34.8%～51%。综合表明纳米WS2车用机油添加剂具有良好的节能减排效果。     

车用柴油机瞬态工况的排气颗粒数量

以一台轻型车用柴油机为样机,研究发动机定转速增转矩瞬态工况下的颗粒数量排放。所用燃料为纯柴油、纯生物柴油、B20和B50燃油。结果表明:瞬态工况期间,该机燃用柴油的核态颗粒数上升,且先缓后急;聚集态颗粒数由于瞬态工况初期进气滞后,呈先增后降的特点。总颗粒数整体上升,瞬态过程初期聚集态颗粒数起主要作用,而中后期核态颗粒数占主导地位。B20燃油的颗粒数动态变化特性与柴油类似;B50燃油和纯生物柴油的颗粒数动态特性与柴油差异较大,其中总颗粒数和核态颗粒数始终明显高于柴油,聚集态颗粒一直低于柴油,表明此时核态颗粒数在总颗粒数中的支配地位。纯生物柴油在该瞬态工况初期聚集态颗粒数就持续下降,而核态颗粒数快速上升并持续到工况过渡结束。     

A model and the methodology for determining wear particle generation rate and filter efficiency in a diesel engine using ferrography

A mathematical model was developed that describes the wear particle concentration as a function of time in a diesel engine. This model contains engine and lubrication system parameters that determine the concentration of wear particles in the engine sump. These variables are the oil system volume, oil flow rate, particle generation rate, filtering efficiency and the initial particle concentration. The model was employed to study the wear particle concentrations in the sump and the mass of particles in the filter for the Cummins VT-903 diesel engine. In addition, the model was used to develop a testing methodology for determining wear particle generation rates and filter efficiencies from used oil analysis. This testing methodology uses ferrography together with computer programs to yield accurate statistical information on the data as curve fitted to the model. The test set-up incorporated a remote-controlled sampling system that enabled the accurate and periodic taking of oil samples over an engine test approximately 5 h in duration.

Results of this research indicate that equilibrium wear particle concentrations increase with an increase in engine speed and load. The wear particle generation rate and filter efficiency as determined by the test methodology were found to decrease with an increase in engine speed and load. After oil and filter changes, the wear particle generation rate and filter efficiency continually increased with cumulative engine time up to approximately 11 h. The test methods used to obtain the results above were found to be repeatable to within ±15% and could conceivably be employed to determine wear parameters on other diesel engines as well as the effects that other engine variables such as lubricants, oil temperature, coolant temperature and engine components have on the wear parameters.     

Effect of Ag nanoparticles additive on the tribological behavior of multialkylated cyclopentanes (MACs)

Monodisperse Ag nanoparticles with a particle size of about 6–7 nm and low volatile multialkylated cyclopentanes (MACs) lubricant were prepared. The effect of Ag nanoparticles as additive in MACs base oil on the friction and wear behavior of MACs was investigated. The friction and wear test of a steel disc sliding against the same steel counterpart ball was carried out on an Optimal SRV oscillating friction and wear tester. The morphology and elemental distribution of the worn surface of both the steel ball and steel disc and the chemical feature of typical element thereof were examined using a JEM-1200EX scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with a Kevex energy dispersive X-ray analyzer attachment (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS), respectively. Friction and wear test indicates that the wear resistance and load-carrying capacity of MACs base oil were markedly raised and its friction coefficient changed little when 2% Ag nanoparticles were added in it. Results of SEM/EDS and XPS show that Ag nanoparticles were deposited on the friction pair surfaces to form low shearing stress metal Ag protective film in rubbing process.     

纳米铜对车用柴油机磨合过程的影响研究

从改善车用柴油机台架磨合质量,缩短磨合时间的角度出发,利用油液检测光谱分析技术和扫描电镜分析,对CD40润滑油及添加纳米铜的CD40润滑油进行实车台架磨合试验。实验结果说明使用添加纳米铜的CD40润滑油的2#柴油机在台架磨合25 m in时,柴油机主要磨损性元素Fe、Pb和A l就处于平衡状态,而使用CD40润滑油的1#柴油机在台架磨合结束时,上述各元素仍处于上升趋势。试验结果证明纳米铜添加剂能够有效改善柴油机的磨合质量,缩短磨合时间。     

Effect of lubricating oil additives on particle size distribution and total number concentration in diesel engine

This paper investigates the characteristics of particle size distribution in exhaust gas of engine fuelled with pure diesel and with diesel mixed with base oil or with oil additives. The experiments are conducted on a turbocharged diesel engine with fast particulate spectrometer DMS 500 connected to the exhaust pipe. Base oil and two kinds of commonly used lubricating oil additives, antioxidant additives and antifoaming additives, are chosen to be added into the fuel, with the concentrations being 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% of fuel weight individually. The particle size distribution is measured under medium load (100 Nm) and full load at different speeds. The results indicate that the existence of base oil or oil additives shows great influence on particle size distribution. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

无硫磷三嗪衍生物的摩擦学研究

合成了一种三取代无硫磷三嗪衍生物,用四球机考察了它们在菜籽油和改性后的菜籽油中的摩擦学性能,用X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析了磨损表面形貌和元素化学形态。结果表明,所考察的添加剂都能有效提高基础油的承载能力;在一定的条件下,能够有效地提高基础油的减摩和抗磨性能;在摩擦过程中,含上述添加剂的菜籽油与摩擦副表面发生了摩擦化学反应,生成混合边界润滑膜,从而起到了减摩抗磨作用。     

一种新型船用柴油机油的研制

根据船用柴油机油的性能要求,通过开展基础油及各功能添加剂等对油品抗水、分水性能的影响研究,以及清净分散剂、抗氧抗磨剂等添加剂对油品高温清净性、烟炱分散性、抗磨损性及抗氧抗腐蚀性的影响研究,提出一种新型船用柴油机油配方方案。综合评定试验结果表明,研制的船用柴油机油具有优异的理化性能和良好的分散性、抗氧抗腐蚀性、抗磨性能和清净性能,并通过了FZG齿轮试验机试验和发动机台架试验。     

一种二烷基二硫代氨基甲酸酯抗氧抗磨多功能添加剂的合成及性能研究

以二丁基胺、二硫化碳、二氯甲烷为原料合成了亚甲基双丁基二硫代氨基甲酸酯,采用旋转氧弹法、高压差示扫描量热法、四球摩擦磨损试验法和成焦板等试验,考察了该添加剂在加氢润滑油基础油、合成基础油、CH-4柴油机油和工业齿轮油中的抗氧化性能和摩擦学性能.结果表明此添加剂具有良好的抗氧抗磨效果,和芳胺型抗氧剂具有良好的协同效应,能够降低高档油品中ZDDP的添加量,但铜片腐蚀性能比较差.     

新型S-N型三取代三嗪衍生物的合成及其与磷酸三甲酚酯在菜子油中的摩擦学研究

合成了一种新型无磷三正辛硫基取代三嗪衍生物（TOTY），利用四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了单剂TOTT、磷酸三甲酚酯（TCP）以及含不同质量比的TOTY和TCP的复合添加剂在菜子油中的摩擦学研究；用x射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析了磨损表面形貌和元素化学形态。结果表明：所考察的添加剂都能有效提高基础油的承载能力；在一定的条件下，单剂TOTY和TCP能够有效地提高基础油的减摩和抗磨性能；TOTY／TCP复合剂在基础油中表现出协同抗磨和减摩效应。在摩擦过程中，含上述添加剂的菜子油与摩擦副表面发生了复杂的摩擦化学反应，在摩擦副表面生成混合边界润滑膜，从而起到了减摩抗磨作用。     

悬浮碳烟微粒对柴油发动机磨损的影响

进入机油的碳烟微粒增多是现代低排放车用柴油发动机突出问题。探讨了碳烟微粒对发动机各摩擦副磨损的影响，分析了碳烟微粒的磨损机制，并指出提高分散剂性能与用量是减少碳烟微粒磨损的重要方法。     

Nanodiamond-Based Nanolubricants: Investigation of Friction Surfaces

Synergistic compositions of detonation nanodiamond (DND) particles with polytetrafluoroethylene and molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate were used in ring-on-ring, four-ball, and block-on-ring tests as an additive to polyalphaolefins and engine oils. Modest to significant reductions in the friction coefficients, wear, or both were observed. In the wear scars produced in the block-on-ring tests, the friction surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and profilometry. Significant polishing effects of the friction surfaces in lubricants containing DND were revealed in SEM observations and roughness measurements. The roughness of the scar surfaces produced in the presence of DND additives was about 35% lower than the roughness of the scars observed in pure oil experiments.     

Size distributions and number concentrations of particles from the DOC and CDPF

Particulate matters (PM) from diesel combustion comprise the major portion of harmful components of air in urban areas. In this study, the effects of DOC and/or CDPF on the size distributions and catalytic reactions of these nano-sized particles were investigated to clarify the exhaust mechanism and to minimize the emission of the nano-sized PM. Parameters of interest in the investigation included sulfur content of the fuels used, air-fuel equivalence ratio, fuel injection pressure, and the engine speed. The number concentration of the particles in diluted exhaust gas was measured by a SMPS in the diametric range of 10–385 nm. The number of nanometer-sized particles increased when the engine was operated at high equivalence ratio with diesel fuel that contained 500 ppm of sulfur. As the sulfur concentration in the fuel increased, the number of the particles smaller than 30 nm increased upon passing DOC and CDPF in the exhaust system of the common-rail diesel engine.     

Laser particle sizing of diesel soots in two formulated oils after different engine tests

Soots of four types were extracted from two different formulated diesel oils, namely oil ‘A’, a 15W40, and oil ‘B’, a 20W40, after engine (50 h) and tribological (20 h + 20 h) tests. The soots were dispersed into four different model solvents and base oils, and analysed by Photon Correlation Technique. In a first study, soot particle size measurements were conducted after dilution in n-heptane, Kerdane solvent, 60N and 130N base oils. The influences of engine running-time and solvent nature have been particularly considered. The second study has been devoted to the aggregation kinetic of soots in these solvents. These data are important for a better understanding of soot dispersion stability and the rheology of used oils in diesel engines.     

小型高速柴油机燃烧精细油水煤浆的试验研揪

在台架上对S-195柴油机燃烧精细油水煤浆进行了试验研究.结果表明,精细油水煤浆的燃烧效率与柴油接近,S-195柴油机燃烧精细油水煤浆最大功率可达到原机的93%.排放尾气中的CO、排放微粒的含量有所增加.氮氧化物质量分数远低于燃烧柴油.精细煤浆是一种具有广泛应用前景的柴油替代燃料.     

表面修饰的纳米金刚石微粒在润滑油中的抗磨减摩性

将纳米铁微粒、纳米铜微粒及纳米金刚石微粒分别分散到不含油性剂和极压抗磨添加剂的半成品合成润滑油中,采用MM-200型磨损实验机和XL30-1扫描电镜等设备研究了纳米微粒的抗磨减摩性,采用发动机台架试验研究了纳米金刚石的摩擦性能.结果表明,纳米金刚石微粒可明显改善润滑油的抗磨减摩性能;纳米金刚石润滑油的油膜有着非常好的抗黏滑能力和承载能力,对摩擦副有自修复作用.在普通发动机润滑油中加入质量分数0.01%的纳米金刚石微粒后,其润滑性能有很大的改善,在相同转速下功率平均提高4.2%;怠速时的HC排放量从8.75×10-4降低到3.50 ×10-4,降低60%,Nox排放量从1.66×10-4降低到1.32×10-4,降低20.5%;油缸的压力从0.441 Mpa增加到0.568MPa,相对增加28.9%;怠速也提高了19.6%.     

Feasibility of Observing Small Differences in Friction Mean Effective Pressure between Different Lubricating Oil Formulations Using a Small,Single-Cylinder Motored Engine Rig

The feasibility of using a motored single-cylinder 517 cc diesel engine to observe small frictional differences between oil formulations is investigated. Friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) is measured and compared for an SAE 10W-30 and an SAE 5W-20 oil in three stages of production: base oil, commercial oil without a friction and wear reducing additive, and fully formulated commercial oil. In addition, a commercial SAE 5W-30 engine oil is investigated. Friction mean effective pressure is plotted versus oil dynamic viscosity to compare the lubricant FMEP at a given viscosity. Linear regressions and average friction mean effective pressure are used as a secondary means of comparing FMEP for the various oil formulations. Differences between the oils are observed with the base oil having higher friction at a given viscosity but a lower average FMEP due to the temperature distribution of the test and lower viscosities reached by the base oil. The commercial oil is shown to have both a higher FMEP at a given viscosity and a higher average FMEP than the commercial oil without a friction and wear reducing additive. The increase in friction for the oil without a friction and wear reduction additive indicates that the operational regime of the engine may be out of the bounds of the optimal regime for the additive or that the additive is more optimized for wear reduction. Results show that it is feasible to observe small differences in FMEP between lubricating oil formulations using a small, single-cylinder motored engine.     

Findings from a fleet test on the performance of two engine oil formulations in automotive CNG engines

This work presents a comparative assessment of engine oil performance on field test using urban transport vehicles powered by compressed natural gas engines using two different mineral oil formulations approved by engine manufacturer. The first one is considered as a baseline reference, and the second one is a higher quality formulation in terms of base stock refining and additive content. Higher quality oil has shown a significant enhanced lubricant performance, leading to reach the oil drain interval defined by engine manufacturer on these engines without penalties in maintenance costs. In order to assess oil performance, an oil analysis programme has been established for oil samples collected from vehicles operated under real service conditions in an urban transport fleet. Monitored parameters include oxidation, nitration, aminic anti‐oxidant additives depletion, anti‐wear additives depletion, total acid number, total basic number and remaining useful life number (as an estimation of anti‐oxidant additive depletion including aminic and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate). Results obtained in more than 90 samples from 15 different vehicles have shown higher degradation rates for low quality lubricant oil formulation. This deviation can be explained taking into account factors related with lower anti‐oxidant additives content and lower thermal stability that can be mainly related with the base stock quality. This lower oil performance can be finally converted into higher vehicle maintenance cost and lower engine reliability. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate Additive Adsorption on Carbon Black Particles

Soot is known to cause high wear in engine components and this is a problem with engine oils between extended drain intervals. Although several wear mechanisms have been suggested, exact soot-induced wear mechanisms are still not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the additive adsorption mechanism (specifically anti-wear additive) on carbon black (CB) particles (as a soot surrogate). This mechanism is one of the main mechanisms responsible for high wear. Base oil (BO) was used to exclude the effect of other additives that are present in fully formulated oil. Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) anti-wear additive was added to the BO and then the mixture, which will be referred to as the model oil, was aged with CB particles. The resulting oils were then chemically characterised by using ICP and FTIR analysis techniques. Finally, the CB particles were filtered out and analysed using EDX. The results showed that both zinc and phosphorous which are chemical elements from ZDDP anti-wear additive were adsorbed on CB particles in the oil phase. This additive adsorption mechanism can lead to increased wear in the engine components due to lack of additives in the oil. This study highlights the importance of understanding the additive adsorption on soot particles since this mechanism will reduce the engine oil life and increase frequency of oil changes.