考虑温度影响的花岗岩蠕变全过程本构模型研究

以北山花岗岩为研究对象,采用MTS815岩石力学试验系统开展不同温度条件下的蠕变特性试验研究。考虑温度对花岗岩特征参数的影响,结合岩石蠕变破坏过程中的损伤演化规律,提出了一种新的高温损伤流变元件。通过将高温损伤流变元件代替经典西原模型中Newton元件的方法,构建了能够描述不同温度条件下花岗岩蠕变全过程的本构模型。分析了不同温度条件下花岗岩单轴蠕变试验结果,确定了模型参数,获得了温度对花岗岩蠕变关键参数的影响规律。通过对花岗岩高温蠕变模型进行参数敏感性分析,揭示了弹性模量、黏性系数等关键参数对花岗岩蠕变特性的影响规律,并验证模型在不考虑温度及损伤的影响条件下可退化为经典西原模型。研究表明,建立的花岗岩高温蠕变本构模型可以准确地描述花岗岩典型蠕变全过程的3个阶段,尤其是加速蠕变阶段。黏性系数受损伤的影响越大,花岗岩的稳定蠕变阶段越短,越容易发生加速蠕变。     

基于广义塑性力学的黄土湿陷变形本构关系

分析了黄土湿陷变形的塑性特性,基于广义塑性力学原理建立了湿陷变形的增量本构关系。将增湿含水量作为内应力,应用常规三轴浸水试验拟合得出了湿陷体积屈服面和剪切屈服面,并且给出了黄土湿陷变形的起始屈服面。该模型能够反映湿陷性黄土在不同湿陷作用,即水和力的不同组合作用下的湿陷变形特性,考虑了湿陷体积变形和湿陷剪切变形以及球应力和偏应力对它们的交叉影响。     

南宁膨胀土非线性流变模型研究

对南宁非饱和膨胀土进行一系列的加载-卸载固结蠕变试验,得到了不同含水率的膨胀土在不同应力水平下应变-时间曲线和不同时刻的应力-应变等时曲线簇。通过对膨胀土各阶段蠕变变形的分析,得到了膨胀土的固结蠕变是包含有黏弹性变形和黏塑性变形成分的非线性蠕变。采用模型流变与经验流变理论相结合的方法,将膨胀土的蠕变变形分成线性和非线性两部分进行分析,蠕变柔量和线性黏弹性模量随时间减小,而线性黏塑性模量随时间增大。结合膨胀土的线性黏塑性模型和非线性黏塑性经验模型,建立能够描述膨胀土非线性流变的黏塑性本构方程。根据试验所得数据,通过非线性拟合方法得到各模型参数,用该模型进行数值分析得到的理论与蠕变试验结果对比非常吻合。研究成果为实际工程提供了流变变形计算分析的可靠依据。     

基于断裂及高温损伤的岩石蠕变模型研究

为了反映热-力耦合作用下岩石蠕变变形的全过程,依据断裂力学原理提出了岩石裂纹扩展的临界损伤应力和一个新的可描述岩石在稳态蠕变阶段与临界损伤应力相关的非线性黏性分量,在传统西原模型和Burgers模型的基础上,将指数形式的损伤变量、临界损伤应力以及与其有关的非线性黏性分量引入到流变微分方程,通过叠加原理推导了考虑温度效应的单轴和三轴压缩条件下岩石的流变本构关系,建立了岩石的热-力耦合损伤蠕变本构模型。利用不同温度、不同应力条件下花岗岩的三轴蠕变试验曲线和本文蠕变模型的计算曲线进行比较,结果表明本文蠕变模型能够较好地模拟岩石在初始瞬态、稳态和加速蠕变阶段全过程的变形规律,验证了所建模型的有效性和合理性。该模型为分析高温、高应力环境下岩石工程的长期变形和稳定情况提供了理论依据。     

单轴压缩条件下泥岩加载速率变化效应研究

通过对泥岩在4种不同加载速率(0.005、0.05、0.5、3mm/min)下进行的系列性单轴压缩试验和分级蠕变试验,研究了加载速率及其变化对泥岩的变形强度特性和蠕变变形的影响规律。结果表明,泥岩具有明显的加载速率变化效应且表现为等速黏性特性,即:以定速率加载时,不同速率对应不同的应力-应变关系;在变速率加载时,随着加载速率的变化,泥岩的应力-应变关系也随之改变。此外,泥岩蠕变前的加载速率对蠕变变形量和蠕变速率也有显著影响。随着泥岩蠕变前加载速率的增大,蠕变变形量和蠕变速率呈现出逐渐增大的趋势。泥岩的蠕变速率随着时间的推移表现出逐渐衰减的规律,其衰减过程可分为线性衰减、对数衰减和稳定3个阶段。基于三元件模型框架和加载速率变化效应,建立了泥岩的弹黏塑性本构模型,并将其用于泥岩室内试验的数值计算。对比模型计算结果与试验结果发现,弹黏塑性本构模型可以较好地描述单轴压缩条件下泥岩的加载速率变化效应。     

黄土湿陷性的微结构不平衡吸力成因论

分析了黄土粒间吸力的基本特性及其湿陷的微观过程,探讨了黄土在应力状态作用下由于浸水增湿而产生的微结构单元体滑移动力和阻力随饱和度、上覆土压力的变化规律,提出了微结构与广义吸力综合效应的湿陷性控制机理---微结构不平衡吸力成因论及其定量模型,从理论上分析了湿陷性与增湿水量、压力及深度的关系,揭示了土湿陷效应的内在规律。文中认为,湿陷过程就是水的楔入导致小孔隙广义吸力的逐渐丧失和大孔隙湿吸力的逐渐增大引起的微结构重建动力与重建阻力间的动态对抗过程。最后,讨论了湿陷的基本条件及影响因素。     

节理岩体弹塑黏性疲劳本构模型研究

在疲劳荷载作用下节理岩体具有明显的瞬时塑性应变,有必要研究考虑瞬时塑性的节理岩体疲劳本构模型。提出节理塑性疲劳元件和双触发非线性黏性疲劳组合元件,假定节理塑性应力与应变成幂函数关系,加速疲劳应变为二阶非线性黏性应变。通过并联圣维南体改进伯格斯疲劳模型模拟稳定疲劳。在此基础上,提出并验证了一种新的节理岩体弹塑黏性疲劳本构模型。研究表明:该模型能较好地模拟完整岩石、节理岩体试验疲劳应变。该模型可以较好模拟疲劳加载条件下节理岩体稳定疲劳曲线,也可以较好模拟节理岩体非稳定疲劳的瞬时弹性和瞬时塑性应变、减速疲劳阶段应变、等速疲劳阶段与加速疲劳阶段应变。该模型拟合结果表明:节理岩体的疲劳瞬时塑性应变在疲劳瞬时应变中占较大比例,不能忽略其对疲劳应变的影响。该研究结果对预测节理岩体工程的疲劳变形和疲劳稳定性具有参考价值。     

地壳脆塑性转化带非稳态流变与震后松弛变形机制

大陆浅源地震密集分布层称为地震层,该深度处于石英脆塑性转化带,其变形除受温度控制外,地震周期各阶段变形随应变速率和应力发生变化,从间震期的稳态蠕变转化为同震破裂和震后松弛阶段非稳态蠕变。与间震期长期蠕变相关的野外塑性变形和稳态流变实验研究非常多,而与震后松弛相关的地壳深部脆塑性转化和非稳态蠕变研究非常有限,更缺少非稳态流变的本构方程。震后松弛阶段的断层滑动研究和基于GPS观测数据反演地壳形变研究都依赖于非稳态蠕变实验数据及其流变模型。本文介绍了野外断层脆塑性转化带非稳态流变和高温高压非稳态流变实验研究进展,分析震后松弛阶段断层脆塑性转化带的变形特征与变形模式,讨论了非稳态流变与脆塑性转化带强度定量化研究中存在的问题。     

一种基于应变能理论的黏弹塑性蠕变本构模型

从内能角度分析发生蠕变的机制,基于应变能理论,采用Perzyna黏塑性理论与西原正夫元件模型相结合,建立了一种能描述衰减蠕变、稳定蠕变和加速蠕变3个阶段全过程的蠕变统一本构模型。该模型考虑了应力状态对加速蠕变的影响,通过定义加速蠕变临界应变能密度值可以有效判断加速蠕变发生时刻,并在统一蠕变本构模型基础上进行简化,采用Drucker-Prager（D-P）屈服准则结合相关联流动法则,用过屈服应力比反映加速阶段蠕变应变速率变化,建立了一个实用的能预测加速蠕变并能反映蠕变3阶段全过程的简化蠕变本构模型,结果表明,数值模拟结果与试验数据基本吻合,研究成果为岩石蠕变断裂过程研究提供了一种新的思路。     

基于摩尔-库仑模型的非线性本构模型的开发及其在应变局部化中的应用

以FLAC中的Mohr-Coulomb（M-C）本构模型为基础,在C++环境下实现了考虑拉伸截断的非线性本构模型的二次开发。针对应力及位移的分布规律,将理想弹塑性的Hoek-Brown（H-B）本构模型、M-C本构模型及自定义本构模型的数值解及H-B本构模型的理论解进行了比较,验证了自定义本构模型的正确性。采用弹-脆-塑性的自定义本构模型,以先加载,后挖洞的方式模拟了圆形巷道围岩的应变局部化过程,在计算模型的边界条件对称及均质本构参数的条件下,模拟出了4个对称的V型坑,模拟结果与静水压力条件下岩爆的现场观测及试验结果吻合,而采用接近脆性的H-B应变软化模型所得结果的对称性较差     

A cyclic elastoplastic-viscoplastic constitutive model for soils

An elastoplastic-viscoplastic constitutive model for soils is presented in this study, based on an original approach concerning viscous modelling. In this approach, the viscous behaviour is defined by internal viscous variables and a viscous yield surface. The model has been developed from a basic elastoplastic model (CJS model) by considering an additional viscous mechanism. The evolution of the viscous yield surface is governed by a particular hardening called ‘viscous hardening’. This model is able to explain the time-dependent behaviour of soils such as creep (primary, secondary and un-drained creep rupture), stress relaxation and strain rate effects in static and cyclic loadings. The existing problems in the classical elasto-viscoplastic models related to the plasticity failure, the rapid loading and the cyclic loading are solved in the proposed model. The physical meanings and the identification strategy of model parameters are clearly given. The validation on certain triaxial test results and the simulation of cyclic triaxial test indicate the capacity of this model in prediction of time-dependent behaviour of clayey soils.     

A combined method to predict the long-term settlements of roads on soft soil under cyclic traffic loadings

In order to investigate the mechanism of the long-term settlement of road on the soft soil, an in situ measurement of a highway in southeast China was conducted during both the construction and post-construction stage. In the theoretical analysis, the long-term settlement of the pavement on thick soft soils was divided into three main components: the consolidation settlement, the creep deformation and the traffic load-induced deformation. The equivalent time line model based on the viscous–elastic–plastic theory was adopted to simulate the road settlement caused by the consolidation and creep of the subsoil. A cyclic strain accumulation model, which was obtained from laboratory tests of soil elements, was adopted to consider the road settlement induced by cyclic traffic loadings. A pavement dynamic response model was used to calculate the dynamic stresses in the subsoil generated by moving traffic loads when the road was open to service. It was found that the equivalent time line model combined with the cyclic strain accumulation model could predict the road settlement accurately at both the construction and post-construction stage. Numerical results showed that the traffic speed had limited effect on the post-construction road settlements for the speed range considered. The post-construction settlement of the road, mainly composed of the traffic-induced settlement and soil creep deformation, could be reduced significantly by increasing the embankment surcharge during the construction stage. The creep component accounted for over 10% of the total post-construction settlement, while the percentage of the creep deformation in total post-construction settlement decreased rapidly as the embankment surcharge increased.     

A constitutive model for crushed salt

A constitutive model for crushed salt is presented in this paper. A creep constitutive model is developed first and compared with test results. The constitutive model presented here concentrates on creep deformation because saline media behave basically in a ductile and time‐dependent way. An idealized geometry is used as a common framework to obtain stress–strain macroscopic laws based on two deformation mechanisms: fluid‐assisted diffusional transfer creep and dislocation creep. The model is able to predict strain rates that compare well with results from laboratory tests under isotropic and oedometric conditions. Macroscopic laws are written using a non‐linear viscous approach, which incorporates also a viscoplastic component, based on critical state theory. The viscoplastic term is intended for non‐creep deformation mechanisms such as grain reorganization and crushing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical and Laboratory Analysis of Relaxation Tests for Determining Time-Dependent Properties of Rock

Roof falls in coal mines may occur within a few months to a few years after excavation. In this paper, we proposed the use of relaxation tests as a substitute for time-dependent tests. The relation between creep behavior and relaxation behavior was numerically investigated and demonstrates that the material assigned with creep model can show relaxation behavior. Then the relaxation model was developed by modifying the Burgers creep model. Numerical simulation of a relaxation test on a simulated rock model in 3DEC yielded results that were similar to theoretical prediction. A relaxation test was performed on two groups of specimens under varying load conditions. Results from the laboratory tests validated the approach of using relaxation test to determine time-dependent properties. Finally, time-dependent properties were investigated by performing relaxation tests at different stages of a complete stress–strain curve. The relaxation test during strain-softening was unsuccessful; however, the relaxation behavior at residual stage in post-failure region was more significant than that in pre-failure region and the sudden drop in stress indicated there was strength deterioration due to the accumulation of viscous strain.     

考虑初始损伤和蠕变损伤的岩石蠕变全过程本构模型

考虑到天然岩石存在不同程度初始损伤以及蠕变过程中岩石受载后裂隙扩展而导致的新损伤,对具有初始损伤的岩石蠕变特性进行全面描述。根据不闭合结构面应力与法向变形之间的关系,提出裂隙岩石塑性变形体元件,描述岩石蠕变过程中的瞬时塑性变形。引入初始损伤影响因子,建立具有初始损伤的岩石损伤变量演化方程,构建模拟岩石加速蠕变的蠕变损伤体元件。将裂隙岩石塑性变形体和蠕变损伤体与描述瞬时弹性变形和黏弹性变形的广义开尔文模型进行串联组合,形成能够反映具有初始损伤的岩石瞬时弹-塑性变形、稳定蠕变和加速蠕变的蠕变全过程本构模型,提出了进行少量蠕变试验既能解析模型参数的方法,在不同应力水平下模型理论曲线与蠕变试验曲线吻合。     

Deformation Behavior of Chalk Studied Close to In Situ Reservoir Conditions

A laboratory test program, which simulated reservoir conditions of pressure and temperature, was conducted on outcrop and reservoir chalk samples of various porosities. All the samples experienced a stress path following uniaxial strain condition K ₀ that led to compaction failure, i.e. pore collapse. The experiments were loaded by depletion of pore pressure conducted under load controlled conditions. This depletion phase was followed by a creep period, where time-dependent deformation was monitored. The intention of creating such reservoir condition in these laboratory experiments was to gain knowledge of the nature of chalk compaction. Chalk is an important reservoir rock for the oil and gas industry with unique storage capability with porosities up toward 50%. However, this rock is also very weak which has resulted in significant reservoir compaction and in turn severe seabed subsidence and casing failure. Mapping of the mechanical behavior of chalk in terms of deformation is thus decisive for a proper understanding of these reservoirs. The results of this study show that chalk is indeed a rate-dependent material under laboratory loading conditions as time effects were revealed as the loading rate was varied. However, the results raise uncertainty about the importance of rate dependency for chalk under completely drained conditions. Further, such high-porosity chalk suffers for substantial plastic strains and obvious strain hardening. Indeed, a relation between deformation/porosity and hardening is proposed by the introduction of real-time modulus values. Time-dependent deformation, also called creep was influenced by the depletion phase, as consolidation or transient creep influenced the deformation response for as much as 175 h after a change in load. This indicates that transient creep is dependent on the stress history. However, observations suggest the existence of a universal mechanism for steady state creep, governed by neither the initial porosity nor the stress history or chalk type, which thus seems to be an independent strain contributor. Finally, time dependence is found on the K ₀ development for chalk tested at typically laboratory rates, which has been discussed as a reflection of the nature of the grain re-arrangement during failure and plastic deformation. Ultimately, such time dependence of the K ₀ may contribute to the understanding of stress path data deduced from field data.     

Delayed plastic model for time‐dependent behaviour of materials

A delayed plastic model, based on the theory of plasticity, is proposed to represent the time‐dependent behaviour of materials. It is assumed in this model that the stress can lie outside the yield surface and the conjugate stress called static stress is defined on the yield surface. The stress–strain relation is calculated based on the plastic theory embedding the static stress. Thus, the stress–strain relation of the model practically corresponds to that of the inviscid elastoplastic model under fairly low rate deformation. The delayed plastic model is coupled with the Cam‐clay model for normally consolidated clays. The performance of the model is then examined by comparing the model predictions with reported time‐dependent behaviour of clays under undrained triaxial conditions. It is shown that the model is capable of predicting the effect of strain rate during undrained shear and the undrained creep behaviour including creep rupture. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling large plastic deformations of cohesive soils using sequential limit analysis

This paper introduces sequential limit analysis (SLA) as a method for modelling large plastic deformations of purely cohesive materials such as undrained clay. The method involves solving a series of consecutive small‐deformation plastic collapse problems using finite element limit analysis, thus ensuring high levels of accuracy, efficiency, and robustness. The techniques needed to develop an SLA implementation for two‐dimensional (plane strain) problems are described in detail, including model geometry updating routines, treatment of rigid bodies, interfaces and boundaries, and periodic remeshing and interpolation of field variables. A simple total stress‐based constitutive model is used to account for strain softening and strain rate effects. Extensive verifications and validations are performed using analytical solutions and physical model test results, comparing both collapse loads and failure mechanisms, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the SLA approach. Additional solution quality checks on the bracketing discrepancy between lower‐bound and upper‐bound limit analysis solutions, and on the incompressibility of the rigid‐plastic material, are also presented.     

基于Burgers模型考虑损伤的非定常岩石蠕变模型

Burgers模型只能描述岩石蠕变的前两个阶段,为了描述蠕变全过程,考虑蠕变参数的时间效应及损伤带来的影响,采用非定常黏性元件取代Burgers模型中串联的定常黏性元件,使其能描述加速蠕变阶段。根据损伤变量的变化特征,假定了一个函数,经过Lemaitre应变等效原理,代入Kelvin模型可得到能描述蠕变衰减阶段的模型。试验数据拟合结果显示,改进的Burgers模型能很好地描述加速蠕变阶段,模型拟合曲线与试验曲线基本吻合,相关系数高,参数取值也在合理范围内;非定常Burgers模型更适合描述不同应力下的岩石蠕变特征曲线。