东昆仑拉陵高里河沟脑地区晚三叠世花岗闪长斑岩年代学、岩石地球化学及Hf同位素特征

笔者等对东昆仑拉陵高里河沟脑花岗闪长斑岩开展详细的全岩地球化学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、锆石Hf同位素研究,确定其形成时代,并探讨其岩石成因及成岩构造背景。结果显示,花岗闪长斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为231.1±1.2 Ma,指示其侵位于晚三叠世早期。全岩K₂O/Na₂O值为0.69～0.71,Mg^#值为40.5～41.6,里特曼指数σ为1.90～2.09,A/CNK=1.01～1.03,属弱过铝质中—高钾钙碱性岩石系列。岩石的轻重稀土元素分异明显,(La/Yb)_N值为19.54～25.52,具弱负Eu异常(δEu为0.96～0.97),富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Th,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti等,具有高的Sr含量(606.0×10^-6～647.9×10^-6)和Sr/Y值(60.38～62.99),较低的Y(9.62×10^-6～10.66×10^-6)和Yb(0.86     

滇西北红牛—红山铜矿床斑岩锆石U- Pb年龄、Hf同位素及地球化学特征

滇西北格咱铜多金属矿集区是西南三江特提斯构造域重要的Cu—Mo多金属成矿带之一,燕山期伴随着构造—岩浆—热液作用形成了一系列的斑岩—矽卡岩型Cu（Mo）多金属矿床。其中红牛—红山铜矿床是区内代表性矿床。本文在系统的野外工作基础上对红牛—红山铜矿花岗斑岩—石英二长斑岩复式岩体进行了LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年、岩石地球化学和锆石Lu—Hf 同位素分析。结果表明,斑岩富硅（SiO2 =59. 19%~72. 20%）、富碱（K2O＋Na2O=6. 65%~12. 33%）,具有较高的稀土元素含量（ΣREE=163×10-6~588×10-6,平均值为272×10-6）,轻重稀土元素分馏程度较高（LREE/HREE=17. 2~31. 7）,负铕异常（δEu=0. 64~0. 84）,相对富集Rb、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素（LILE）,而相对亏损Nb、Ti、Ta、P等高场强元素（HFSE）,为一套准铝质—过铝质的高钾钙碱性—钾玄岩系列高分异I型花岗岩,有向A型花岗岩演化趋势,具高锶低钇特征。3件花岗斑岩样品锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb年龄分别为80. 11±0. 63 Ma、76. 59±0. 53 Ma、76. 49±0. 63 Ma,2件石英二长斑岩锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb年龄为77. 27±0. 70 Ma、76. 99±0. 75 Ma,均属于燕山晚期。锆石εHf(t)值为-10. 3~-4. 6,两阶段模式年龄TDM2为1. 277~1. 582 Ga,峰值为1. 35~1. 40 Ga,揭示了红牛—红山花岗斑岩—石英二长斑岩源于中元古代地壳基底的深熔作用。综合认为红牛—红山花岗斑岩—石英二长斑岩的形成与早期形成的印支期格咱岛弧加厚地壳部分熔融密切相关。     

南东帕米尔热斯卡木地区中新世高锶低钇花岗岩: 对新生代构造演化的制约

碰撞后岩浆作用是探索岩石圈物质组成、反演深部地球动力学过程的重要对象。近来,笔者等所在课题组在南东帕米尔热斯卡木地区新识别出一套新生代高锶低钇花岗岩。本文报道了该花岗岩的锆石U- Pb年龄、全岩主微量元素和Sr—Nd同位素及锆石Lu—Hf同位素组成。锆石LA- MC- ICPMS U- Pb定年显示,这些岩浆岩为中新世岩浆活动的产物（12. 0 ± 0. 3 Ma）。元素地球化学显示,样品具有高SiO2（72. 14% ~ 74. 35%）和K2O （3. 78% ~ 5. 25%）含量,低MgO（0. 13%~0. 50%）和Mg#（18 ~ 35）,高Sr（363×10-6 ~ 754×10-6）,低Y（3. 41×10-6 ~ 16. 4 ×10-6）和Yb（0. 327×10-6 ~ 0. 903×10-6）,从而高Sr/Y （27. 1 ~ 188）和(La/Yb)N比值（18. 9 ~ 210）,与典型Adakite地球化学特征一致。同位素方面,样品具有显著富集的锆石εHf(t)（-10. 1 ~ -5. 4）和全岩εNd(t)（-8. 33 ~ -6. 39）值。综合本文及前人研究成果,热斯卡木地区中新世高锶低钇花岗岩是加厚下地壳部分熔融的结果。欧亚大陆碰撞以来,区内地壳显著增厚、高原快速隆升。~ 12 Ma,由于增厚地壳局部岩石圈重力不稳发生垮塌,软流圈上涌使加厚古老下地壳发生部分熔融,形成该时期的高锶低钇花岗岩岩浆。     

鄂东南地区龙角山—付家山斑岩体成因及其对成矿作用的指示

龙角山铜钨矿床是鄂东南地区典型的层控式矽卡岩型矿床。本文利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb法及辉钼矿Re-Os法对该矿床进行了详细的年代学研究。结果表明,矿区内的花岗闪长斑岩形成于144±1Ma,成矿作用发生于144.7±2.9Ma,成岩成矿作用近于同时发生,均为早白垩世。这意味着成矿作用与花岗闪长斑岩的演化存在密切联系。龙角山—付家山花岗闪长斑岩为高钾钙碱性系列,具有高Al2O3(14.99%~16.16%)、Sr(751×10-6~1382×10-6)含量和Sr/Y(65~99)、La/Yb(40~48)比值,以及低Y(12×10-6~15×10-6)、Yb(0.93×10-6~1.23×10-6)含量,与典型埃达克质岩的地球化学特征基本一致。全岩(87Sr/86Sr)i值为0.70603,εNd(t)值为-5.1,锆石εHf(t)值介于-0.5~-4.8之间。元素地球化学、全岩Sr-Nd同位素及锆石Hf同位素特征一致表明龙角山—付家山花岗闪长斑岩主要来源于富集岩石圈地幔的部分熔融作用,在成岩过程中可能伴随着镁铁质矿物的分离结晶作用。此外,与铜山口成矿斑岩体相比,龙角山—付家山花岗闪长斑岩具有较低的氧逸度,这很可能是导致两斑岩体在矿化类型上(前者以铜钼矿化为主,后者以铜钨矿化为主)存在差异的主要原因。     

内蒙古半砬山钼矿含矿斑岩U-Pb年龄和地球化学及其地质意义

内蒙古半砬山钼矿位于西拉木伦钼多金属矿带东北段,是新近发现的一个中型斑岩钼矿床。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,含矿花岗闪长斑岩成岩年龄133.5±1.7Ma,说明半砬山钼矿是早白垩世构造-岩浆活动的产物;赋矿围岩流纹斑岩的成岩年龄为160±2Ma,早于成矿年龄27Ma。锆石Hf同位素组成显示流纹斑岩和花岗闪长斑岩的εHf(t)基本为不大的正值,集中在+2～+3.5左右,说明其岩浆来自亏损地幔新增生的地壳物质。除同位素特征相似外,流纹斑岩与花岗闪长斑岩具有类似的地球化学特征,比如都具有富Al、K,低Mg、Ca及TFe,呈高钾钙碱性特征;稀土和微量元素组成特征上,流纹斑岩与花岗闪长斑岩都具有轻重稀土分馏较明显,相对富集Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素,而亏损Nb、Ta、Zr等高场强元素的特征,所不同的是流纹斑岩∑REE含量较花岗闪长斑岩高,Eu负异常也较明显,并且流纹斑岩为低Sr高Yb(Sr平均为37.3×10-6,Yb平均为4.81×10-6),而花岗闪长斑岩为高Sr低Yb(Sr平均为628×10-6,Yb平均为1.64×10-6)。这些特征暗示流纹斑岩形成的源区可能为中上地壳,花岗闪长斑岩源区物质可能为加厚的下地壳熔融产物,即在岩石圈不断伸展过程中,成岩岩浆源区不断加深。     

赣南铁山垅钨矿田花岗斑岩地球化学特征、锆石U- Pb年龄及Hf同位素特征

赣南铁山垅钨矿田位于南岭钨锡多金属成矿带东段,已探获黑钨矿资源量超10万吨。铁山垅复式岩体包括主体似斑状黑云母花岗岩和补体细粒二云母花岗岩两部分,花岗斑岩呈脉状分布。矿田内花岗岩具有相似的地球化学特征,都属过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩类,表现出高硅、富铝、富碱、高钾、富成矿元素（W、Sn、Cu、Mo）和亏损Ba、Sr、Ti、P、REE、Eu,稀土配分曲线呈典型的“海鸥式”分布和M型四分组效应等特征。利用LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年方法获得花岗斑岩206Pb/238U 年龄为146. 7±0. 5 Ma（MSDW=0. 5）,成岩时代属晚侏罗世。锆石的n(176Lu)/n(177Hf)=0. 000973～0. 001989,fLu/Hf=-0. 97～-0. 94,εHf(t)=-17. 9～-10. 3,二阶段模式年龄（TDM2）为1. 86～2. 33 Ga,显示原岩为古元古代地壳。综合分析认为,铁山垅矿田岩浆活动可划分为170～155 Ma、155～150 Ma、150～145 Ma三个阶段,钨锡矿成矿主要集中在第二阶段,且第三阶段花岗斑岩与铜多金属矿成矿关系密切,推测铜岭矿区深部具有较大的找矿前景。     

赣南铁山垅钨矿田花岗斑岩地球化学特征、锆石U- Pb年龄及Hf同位素特征

赣南铁山垅钨矿田位于南岭钨锡多金属成矿带东段,已探获黑钨矿资源量超10万吨。铁山垅复式岩体包括主体似斑状黑云母花岗岩和补体细粒二云母花岗岩两部分,花岗斑岩呈脉状分布。矿田内花岗岩具有相似的地球化学特征,都属过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩类,表现出高硅、富铝、富碱、高钾、富成矿元素（W、Sn、Cu、Mo）和亏损Ba、Sr、Ti、P、REE、Eu,稀土配分曲线呈典型的“海鸥式”分布和M型四分组效应等特征。利用LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年方法获得花岗斑岩206Pb/238U 年龄为146. 7±0. 5 Ma（MSDW=0. 5）,成岩时代属晚侏罗世。锆石的n(176Lu)/n(177Hf)=0. 000973～0. 001989,fLu/Hf=-0. 97～-0. 94,εHf(t)=-17. 9～-10. 3,二阶段模式年龄（TDM2）为1. 86～2. 33 Ga,显示原岩为古元古代地壳。综合分析认为,铁山垅矿田岩浆活动可划分为170～155 Ma、155～150 Ma、150～145 Ma三个阶段,钨锡矿成矿主要集中在第二阶段,且第三阶段花岗斑岩与铜多金属矿成矿关系密切,推测铜岭矿区深部具有较大的找矿前景。     

长江中下游地区九瑞矿集区邓家山花岗闪长斑岩的地球化学与成因研究

邓家山是长江中下游成矿带九瑞矿集区西北部的一处矽卡岩型Cu-Au-Mo矿床.矿区与成矿关系密切的岩体为花岗闪长斑岩.本文通过锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年确定,该岩体侵位于早白垩世早期(138.2±1.8Ma).常微量元素分析结果表明,邓家山花岗闪长斑岩具有埃达克质岩的地球化学特征,表现为高Sr(＞650×10~(-6))、Ba(＞700×10~(-6)),低Y(＜12×10~(-6)),Yb(＜1×10~(-6)),Nb(＜10×10~(-6)),Ta(＜0.7×10~(-6)),富集轻稀土而强烈亏损重稀土(LREE/HREE=12.2～13.5).邓家山花岗闪长斑岩的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr,为0.7068～0.7071,ε_(Nd)(t)为-2.7～-2.3,Nd同位素两阶段模式年龄T_(2DM)为1.13Ga～1.15Ga.锆石的Hf同位素分析结果表明,~(176)Ht/~(177)Hf值为0.282475～0.282539,计算的ε_(Hf)(t))值为-5.2～-7.5,Hf同位素两阶段模式年龄T2DM为1.52Ga～1.67Ga.全岩ε_(Nd)(t)与锆石ε_(Hf)(t))之间出现了较为明显的Nd-Hf同位素解耦.根据以上特征,我们认为邓家山花岗闪长斑岩是壳幔相互作用的产物,即增厚下地壳拆沉并部分熔融,岩浆在上升过程中又与地幔橄榄岩发生大规模混染.     

皖南祁门地区东源钨钼矿区花岗闪长斑岩SHRIMP 锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征

江家等系列花岗闪长斑岩是皖南祁门县东源钨钼矿区含矿岩体的组成部分,位于东源花岗闪长岩的西侧。对江家和方村花岗闪长斑岩进行的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,江家、方村花岗闪长斑岩的结晶年龄为149~152Ma,与富钨的东源花岗闪长岩相近。岩石地球化学和锆石Hf同位素分析显示,江家等系列花岗闪长斑岩源区具有复杂的多成分端元,其中老锆石核的正εHf值反映了成岩岩浆对晋宁期岩浆岩的继承,震荡岩浆环带的负εHf值(-39.5~-2.86)指示源区的主要成分为古老的地壳物质,有少量地幔物质的混染。全岩锆石饱和温度(737~913°C)显示岩浆组成中有幔源物质的贡献。     

新疆东准噶尔东北部晚泥盆世I- 型花岗岩年代学、地球化学及构造意义

本文对新疆东准噶尔阿尕什敖包二长花岗岩进行了锆石U- Pb年代学,锆石Hf同位素和岩石地球化学研究。研究结果表明,阿尕什敖包二长花岗岩的LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年结果为372. 1± 1. 5Ma,MSWD=0. 22,为晚泥盆世。其全岩的SiO2含量为70. 7％~71. 7％,K2O含量（3. 93％~4. 33％）和K2O/Na2O（1. 00~1. 17）相对较高,属于高钾钙碱性系列。该花岗岩的A/CNK值在1. 01~1. 04之间,具有低的10000×Ga/Al值（1. 81~1. 90）,显示出I- 型花岗岩的特征。它们显示出轻稀土元素（LREEs）和大离子亲石元素（LILEs）的富集,Nb、Ta和Ti等高场强元素（HFSEs）亏损,暗示其可能受俯冲带消减组分的影响。这些二长花岗岩具有高的、正的εHf(t)值（11. 2~15. 2）和年轻的Hf二阶段模式年龄（TDM2=408~779Ma）,加上其较高的Zr/Nb（7. 46~8. 24）和Th/Ce（0. 16~0. 55）,表明它们可能来源于年轻下地壳的部分熔融。阿尕什敖包南高钾钙碱性I- 型花岗岩具有较低的Ta（1. 60×10-6~1. 79×10-6）和Yb（1. 41×10-6~1. 67×10-6）含量,Rb- Y+Nb和Yb- Ta图解中落入VAG系列,表明形成于岛弧环境。因此,结合区域构造,沉积等相关证据,我们提出东准噶尔地区在晚泥盆世为俯冲相关的岛弧环境。而晚泥盆世的洋脊俯冲及其板片窗的形成在东准噶尔同时期各种特殊岩石组合产生过程中扮演着重要作用。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Alkaline rocks of Samchampi-Samteran, District Karbi-Anglong, Assam, India

The Samchampi-Samteran alkaline igneous complex (SAC) is a near circular, plug-like body approximately 12 km² area and is emplaced into the Precambrian gneissic terrain of the Karbi Anglong district of Assam. The host rocks, which are exposed in immediate vicinity of the intrusion, comprise granite gneiss, migmatite, granodiorite, amphibolite, pegmatite and quartz veins. The SAC is composed of a wide variety of lithologies identified as syenitic fenite, magnetite ± perovskite ± apatite rock, alkali pyroxenite, ijolite-melteigite, carbonatite, nepheline syenite with leucocratic and mesocratic variants, phonolite, volcanic tuff, phosphatic rock and chert breccia. The magnetite ± perovskite ± apatite rock was generated as a cumulus phase owing to the partitioning of Ti, Fe at a shallow level magma chamber (not evolved DI = O1). The highly alkaline hydrous fluid activity indicated by the presence of strongly alkalic minerals in carbonatites and associated alkaline rocks suggests that the composition of original melt was more alkalic than those now found and represent a silica undersaturated ultramafic rock of carbonated olivine-poor nephelinite which splits with falling temperature into two immiscible fractions—one ultimately crystallises as alkali pyroxenite/ijolite and the other as carbonatite. The spatial distribution of varied lithotypes of SAC and their genetic relationships suggests that the silicate and carbonate melts, produced through liquid immiscibility, during ascent generated into an array of lithotypes and also reaction with the country rocks by alkali emanations produced fenitic aureoles (nephelinisation process). Isotopic studies (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C) on carbonatites of Samchampi have indicated that the δ¹³C of the source magma is related to contamination from recycled carbon.