储粮扦样环节中分区面积状况的研究

研究粮仓中的储藏小麦在不同分区面积内的质量指标状况,探讨如何选择分区面积,扦样后能合理有效的反映粮仓储粮的质量。以平房仓中的储藏小麦为研究对象,选取3处区域作为平行实验,划分不同的分区面积,分区面积之间相差为50m2,深度分层后按照五点扦样法分别扦取不同分区面积内的小麦,对其容重、水分进行测定,通过SPSS做单样本t检验和单因素方差分析,依据不同分区面积之间的质量指标差异探讨粮食扦样时的分区面积。结果表明：三处平行实验的检验结果具有一致性,说明本实验研究可适用于不同仓房、仓房不同位置;一个扦样点可有效代表的面积约为50m2,分区面积大于50m2时,小麦质量状况随分区面积的不同而有所不同,有必要探讨最佳分区面积。制定扦样方案时最佳分区面积为不超过250m2,扦样后可合理有效的反映粮仓内的小麦质量状况。     

储粮扦样环节中的深度分层方法研究

以模拟试验仓中的储藏小麦为研究对象，划分不同的深度水平，深度水平间隔为20 cm,选取5处扦样点并分别扦取其不同深度水平上的小麦，对其容重、水分、杂质、不完善粒进行测定，通过SPSS做单样本t检验和单因素方差分析，依据不同储藏深度水平之间的质量指标差异探讨粮食扦样深度分层方法。结果表明：容重随储藏深度的增加而波动上升，水分随储藏深度的增加而波动下降，不完善粒和杂质与储藏深度无明显联系。对不同深度水平上的小麦进行深度分层，综合以小麦的质量指标为判断依据时可深度分层为0～1、1～4、4～5、5～6 m。     

不同扦样方案对储粮品质检验指标的影响

目的 研究不同扦样方案对粮食品质检验工作的影响, 制定适合于当前我国储粮形式的扦样方案。方法 本研究以吉林、河南、辽宁、安徽等省份的、小麦和玉米储备仓为实验仓, 采用不同的粮食扦样器、扦样方案进行扦样, 随后对所扦样品进行质量指标、储藏品质指标以及卫生指标的测定, 其中仓型涉及浅圆仓、房式仓以及立筒仓。结果 研究结果显示所使用电动吸入式扦样器杂质含量略高于套管式扦样器, 但数据差异性并不显著(P<0.05)。所制定扦样方案中的分区设置检验单位、不同扦样顺序、点样比例对粮食品质指标的检验也没有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论 通过对不同省份、不同储备粮种、多种仓型的实仓扦样实验, 结果表明所采用的现代化扦样工具、优化的扦样方案并不会影响扦样样品的检验结果, 所获得的扦样数据有望为未来制定更加适合我国粮仓的扦样方案提供支撑。     

智能扦样和检验系统在智慧粮库建设中的应用

当前国内大部分基层粮库存在仓储设施水平不高、原粮收储方式不精细、传统扦样和检验工作效率低等问题,影响了粮食储存安全精细化管理提升。推进“机械化换人、自动化减人、信息化管理、智能化管控”的智慧粮库建设对保障粮食储存安全具有重要意义。分析在粮食扦样和检验两个关键环节中存在样品不具有代表性、检验结果重复性不可靠、工作效率低等现状问题,探索通过智能扦样系统自动扫描粮面,自动计算点位随机取样,提升样品代表性的方法;通过智能检验系统自动检验生成水分、容重、杂质等质量指标,提升检验结果准确性,研究在粮库推广使用智能扦样系统和智能检验系统的适用性和可行性。     

电动散装粮食扦样器扦样代表性研究

用电动散装粮食扦样器,分别对高大平房仓的稻谷、小麦、玉米和大豆进行扦样,扦取的样品进行杂质和破碎粒或谷外糙米检验,检验结果分别与套管粮食扦样器和电动吸式粮食扦样器扦取的样品比较。结果表明:电动散装粮食扦样器与套管粮食扦样器之间均无显著差异,其平均值之差符合国家标准规定的重复性要求;电动吸式粮食扦样器均显著高于或高于套管粮食扦样器和电动散装粮食扦样器,其平均值之差超过国家标准规定的重复性要求(杂质含量低的小麦除外)。因此,电动散装粮食扦样器既克服了套管粮食扦样器不能到达粮食深层扦样,又克服了电动吸式粮食扦样器扦取的样品不适于杂质检验的限制和会增加破碎粒或谷外糙米的可能,能满足高大平房仓、立筒仓和浅圆仓等的扦样深度要求,扦取的样品杂质总量和破碎粒或谷外糙米检验结果能代表整仓粮食的原始质量状况,具有广阔的应用前景。     

对《中央储备粮油质量检查扦样检验管理办法》的几点理解与建议

根据《中央储备粮油质量检查扦样检验管理办法》(国粮发〔2010〕190号),就设置检验单位数量、分区设点、分层扦样的方法等的理解进行阐述。在中央储备粮质量检查扦样时,应当充分考虑样品的代表性,根据储粮实际情况和检验目的设计扦样方案,不应片面地理解《办法》的具体条文。     

基于地理信息系统、云平台的粮食扦样外业管理技术与模式（网络首发、推荐阅读）

粮油质量扦样是粮食交易、储藏、加工过程中,保留过程样本进行品质检测的重要工作,对保证公平交易以及控制粮食储藏、加工生产过程,保证粮食品质有重要意义。为解决粮食扦样外业工作存在的区域代表性不足、过程舞弊及基层系统建设困难等问题,提出了一种基于地理信息系统（GIS）、云平台（cloud platform）的扦样外业管理技术与模式,规范扦样操作过程,实现对扦样作业过程的实时记录和监管,保证了样品检测公平、公正,减少了舞弊行为;使扦、检成果轻松处理,可视直观;平台租用的管理模式,可解决基层单位建设资金及技术人员不足的问题。     

油罐分层扦样管

罐储植物油脂分层扦样,多年来都采用吊绳式扦样器.它的缺点是费时,每次扦样量受限,代表性差,有的甚至污染油脂,此外不能解决油脂气调储藏中的扦样.1983～1986年,笔者在承担商业部“植物油脂储藏技术研究”项目时,为解决扦样次数多,提出了定点分层扦样管装置,运用在新做的或改制的试验罐上,取得满意效果.现推荐给我国植物油厂及油库(站)的同行们.扦样管装置在油罐内,用φ1Omm或稍大的钢管制成“Z”形,上端口在油罐直径2/5处,下端穿过罐墙,出口距地面50cm左右,以取     

扦样方法对粮食中不完善粒和杂质测定的影响

采用两种扦样方法对粮仓中的散装玉米和小麦进行了扦取,对所扦取的样品中不完善粒和杂质含量进行了检测,分析和比较了这两种扦样方法对其检测结果的影响。结果显示,电动扦样和手工扦样对粮食质量品质中的不完善粒和杂质含量测定有着一定的影响,并且这两种方法的测试结果之间存在一定的相关关系。     

关于浅圆仓扦样均匀性问题的探讨

浅圆仓的扦样工作在粮库日常质量管理中有着十分重要的意义.扦取的样品具有代表性,整仓粮食质量才能得到很好地把控,浅圆仓由于其装粮线高的特点导致入库粮食自动分级严重,如何避免库存粮食自动分级导致的粮堆内粮食质量分布不均匀,并让扦取的综合样品具有代表性,是浅圆仓库存粮食质量管理工作中的关键环节.     

2009年冀中小麦品质状况分析

小麦是我国的第二大粮食作物,河北省是我国小麦主产省和重要商品粮基地,小麦品质状况对全国商品小麦品质的影响至关重要。在河北省中部石家庄、衡水、沧州3个地区抽取81个小麦品种样品进行品质检测分析。结果表明:沧州地区小麦样品千粒重、容重和籽粒硬度显著低于衡水地区和石家庄地区;衡水地区小麦样品的出粉率和小麦粉色泽b*值显著高于沧州和石家庄地区;石家庄地区小麦样品的籽粒蛋白质含量、籽粒沉降值、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、面团的形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数、拉伸长度、拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力、拉伸能量和拉伸比例显著高于衡水地区和沧州地区;有82.72%的小麦样品容重达到1级小麦标准1,9.75%的小麦样品的籽粒蛋白质含量在14.0%以上;96.30%的降落数值在300 s以上;16.05%的小麦样品的面团稳定时间在7 min以上。     

Evaluation of sampling units and sampling plans for adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptea: Laemophloeidae) in stored wheat under different temperatures, moisture contents, and adult densities

Development and evaluation of optimum size and number of sample units is required for cost-effective management of stored grain beetles. In this study, we evaluated the sampling parameters and accuracy of insect density detection and estimation, developed the optimum size and number of sample units, and conducted a feasibility study of the insect detection and density estimation. The measured insect densities in 92% of random samples were less than the introduced insect densities and 67.4 ± 10.8% of random samples did not contain adults when the introduced insect density was 0.1 A/kg (adult/kg). If the random sampling technique was used and 15% of the stored wheat bulk was sampled, 72% of determined means of insect densities of the sampling sets were lower than the introduced insect densities. Increasing the size of sample units did not improve the accuracy of the estimation of insect densities; however, it did considerably increase the probability of insect detection when insect densities were lower than 1.0 A/kg. We recommend at least 7 kg per sample unit for insect detection (especially when insect densities < 0.1 A/kg) and the optimum number of sample units with 15 kg grain per unit should be >24 for a fixed precision of 0.35 when insect densities < 0.1 A/kg. This might be a challenge for grain storage practice. Therefore, using sampling technique to estimate insect densities and detect insects at low insect densities (<0.1 A/kg) might not be practicable.     

A comparison of the functional characteristics of wheat stored as grain with wheat stored in spike form

In this study, wheat grain and wheat spike with 12%, 14% and 16% moisture content were stored at 10, 20 and 30 °C for 0, 3, 6 and 9 months. After storage, wheat samples were investigated for hectolitre weight, gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation volume, enzyme activity, acidity, phytic acid and L colour value. Storage of wheat at different storage forms (spike and grain) and storage conditions showed considerable changes in grain quality. In general, the storage period of 3 months positively affected wheat quality. However, hectolitre weight, gluten, Zeleny sedimentation, enzyme activity, acidity and colour of wheat got worse at storage periods beyond 3 months. Hectolitre weight, wet and dry gluten, Zeleny sedimentation, phytic acid content and L Colour value of wheat stored in both spike and grain form significantly decreased during storage. However, the increase in grain moisture content, storage time and temperature resulted in significant increase in total titratable acidity and falling number values of wheat. Falling Number and phytic acid values of wheat stored in spike form were generally lower than wheat stored in grain form. Storage in spike form had a positive effect on especially wet gluten content of wheat stored at non-optimal storage conditions such as high grain moisture content and high temperature. Wet gluten of wheat stored in spike form was higher than that of wheat stored grain form after storage at 30 °C for 6 and 9 months. Wheat stored in spike form is more resistant than wheat stored in grain form against adverse storage conditions such as high moisture content and temperature and longer storage time.     

高筋小麦粉储藏技术的研究

以高筋小麦粉为研究对象,通过模拟在不同温度(15、25、35℃)、不同储藏方式(充N2、脱氧剂脱氧、真空、对照)下储藏高筋小麦粉,研究了储藏期间高筋小麦粉脂肪酸值、降落数值、湿面筋、面筋指数的变化规律。结果表明:高筋小麦粉的脂肪酸值、降落数值、湿面筋以及面筋指数都能较好地反映出高筋小麦粉储藏品质的变化。总体变化趋势表现为:随着储藏时间的延长,脂肪酸值和降落数值升高,湿面筋含量和面筋指数下降。在储藏期间温度的变化是最主要的影响因素,低温有延缓品质劣变的优点;其次为储藏方式,但相互之间差别不明显;同时发现气调储藏在高温环境中效果较好,所以高筋小麦粉应尽量保存在低温气调储藏条件下。     

Development and evaluation of sequential sampling plans for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) infesting farm-stored wheat

The development and evaluation of appropriate sampling plans are needed for cost-effective management of stored-product insects. Sequential sampling plans, which are based on a variable sample size, are generally more cost effective than plans based on a fixed sample size. For adults of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), we developed sequential sampling plans based on complete counts and the presence/absence of insects in 0.5 kg grain samples removed with a trier from the top 1 m of wheat stored in farm bins. Insect count data were used to develop a sampling plan for estimating the density of C. ferrugineus with a fixed level of precision. The presence/absence data were used to develop a sampling plan for classifying the C. ferrugineus infestation level relative to an action threshold. The performance of these sampling plans was evaluated (validated) using independent data sets and an IBM-PC software program specifically designed to test the plans. This is the first paper illustrating the development and evaluation of sequential sampling plans for a stored-product insect.     

Detection of internal insects in wheat using a conductive roller mill and estimation of insect fragments in the resulting flour

A laboratory roller mill that monitors the conductance of kernels that pass through it was tested for its ability to estimate the number of insect fragments in flour after milling. This system can test a kilogram of whole wheat in approximately 1 min and requires little sample preparation. Hard red winter wheat samples were infested with lesser grain borers and stored at 24 °C. Infestations ranged from 12 to over 2000 infested kernels per 1 kg or per 30,000 kernels. After crushing of samples in the conductance instrument, the samples were milled into flour and sub-samples were sent to two laboratories for insect fragment analysis. The insect fragments were proportional to the number of detection incidences obtained using the conductance instrument and X-ray images. Insect fragment counts per 50 g of flour ranged from 0 to over 5000. For insect fragment counts from 0 to 250, correlations between fragment counts and conductance mill detection were 0.75 and 0.80 from two separate cereal chemistry laboratories. Therefore, the conductance mill is potentially a good method for testing incoming grain for live internally infesting insects; it is able to test 1 kg of grain in about 1 min and can detect low levels (as low as three insects) of live internal infestations in a 1- or 2-kg sample.     

2009年干旱半干旱地区小麦品质状况研究

在2009年,选取河北、山东、山西、陕西四个省干旱半干旱地区节水高产小麦样品114份,对籽粒感官性状、质量指标、品质性状进行全面分析和评价。结果表明,达到优质强筋小麦国家标准样品占样品总数15.8%,达到优质弱筋小麦国家标准样品占样品总数0.9%;通过试验筛选推荐适合该区域种植的节水高产优质多抗小麦新品种。