症状性Riles 1A型颈总动脉闭塞的血运重建及疗效

目的:评价Riles 1A型颈总动脉闭塞(CCAO)的血运重建方式及效果。方法:对2012年8月—2015年6月9例症状性Riles 1A型CCAO患者行血运重建,其中旁路转流5例,原位重建4例。结果:手术均顺利完成,所有患者术后症状消失或明显好转。2例(2/9)出现过度灌注综合征,经严格控制血压、脱水降颅压治疗后好转,无脑出血等严重并发症。随访期间患者一般情况良好,症状明显改善或消失,1例行颈动脉内膜剥脱术联合颈动脉支架置入术患者术后6个月经超声发现支架近端轻中度狭窄(50%),但患者无自觉症状,未予处理;1例合并冠心病患者术后17个月因心肌梗塞死亡。结论:症状性Riles 1A型CCAO患者行血运重建安全有效;手术方式需个体化选择,原位重建应在有条件医疗机构积极开展。     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗动脉粥样硬化性颈内动脉闭塞症

目的 探讨颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗颈内动脉闭塞症的疗效.方法 回顾分析2004年6月至2005年10月手术治疗的32例动脉粥样硬化性颈内动脉闭塞症的临床资料,探讨外科治疗适应证、手术要点和围手术期并发症的预防.所有患者明确颈内动脉狭窄率＞70%,术中放置颈动脉转流管和选择性应用补片修补成形,围手术期给予抗血小板药物和降纤药物治疗,双功DUPLEX超声随访.结果 本组无围手术期死亡及脑梗塞等严重合并症发生,1例患者术后出现右侧舌下神经损伤表现.术后随访5～20个月.随访期间患者无脑梗塞发生,双功DUPLEX超声检查提示颈内动脉通畅,未发现≥50%的颈内动脉术后再狭窄,2例患者发现≥50%颈内动脉扩张.结论 颈动脉内膜剥脱术是治疗动脉粥样硬化性颈内动脉闭塞症的有效而安全的手术.术中精细操作,合理应用转流管、补片,以及合理的血管开放顺序是预防围手术期并发症的关键.     

对吻式支架治疗复杂长段主髂动脉闭塞

目的评价对吻式支架治疗复杂长段主髂动脉闭塞(AIOD)的可行性及疗效。方法对20例复杂长段主髂动脉闭塞患者,拟采用经肱动脉途径顺行开通闭塞段血管后,于腹主动脉下段及双侧髂动脉置入对吻式支架进行治疗。记录术中及术后并发症情况、术后踝肱指数(ABI)及Rutherford分级。随访观察术后6、12、24个月支架通畅率。结果 20例中,对18例成功置入对吻式支架,对另2例仅行腹主动脉及单侧髂动脉开通。术中1例斑块脱落导致腘动脉栓塞的患者,经溶栓及抗凝治疗后好转。术中开通髂动脉时,2例发生小动脉夹层,置入支架后夹层消失。术后3例穿刺处血肿的患者经对症治疗后血肿均自行吸收。术后1个月患者左、右侧ABI及Rutherford分级均与术前差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。1例术后6个月发生支架再狭窄、2例分别术后12个月和24个月发生支架闭塞,对其均成功进行靶血管再通。1例患者术后17个月死于心肌梗死。术后6、12和24个月一期通畅率分别为(94.44±5.40)%、(88.89±7.40)%和(81.50±9.80)%。结论以对吻式支架治疗复杂长段主髂动脉闭塞近、中期疗效较好,且并发症相对较少。     

一站式颈动脉内膜剥脱术联合椎动脉转位术的临床研究分析

目的 探索一站式颈动脉内膜剥脱术联合椎动脉转位术在同侧颈动脉重度狭窄至闭塞合并椎动脉V1段重度狭窄至闭塞患者中的治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析2017年6月—2020年9月阜外医院采用一站式颈动脉内膜剥脱术联合椎动脉转位术治疗同侧颈动脉重度狭窄至闭塞合并椎动脉V1段重度狭窄至闭塞患者的临床资料。进而分析一站式颈动脉内膜剥脱术联合椎动脉转位术在同侧颈动脉重度狭窄至闭塞合并椎动脉V1段重度狭窄至闭塞治疗中的意义。结果 纳入患者12例，其中男10例、女2例，平均年龄（67.8±6.0）岁。全部患者手术均成功。随访时间为1～3年，术后患侧椎动脉V1段的狭窄程度由83.5%±11.8%下降至24.9%±14.3%(P<0.001)，术后患侧颈动脉狭窄程度由85.6%±11.0%下降至0%(P<0.001)。术后随访显示术前有症状的患者症状较术前均有改善，1年和3年通畅率均为100.0%，未出现周围神经损伤、围手术期死亡、卒中等。结论 一站式颈动脉内膜剥脱术联合椎动脉转位术能同期处理同侧颈动脉狭窄和椎动脉狭窄病变，改善脑部血供，改善患者症状，具有较高的推广价值。     

双向内膜下血管成形术在下肢动脉闭塞治疗中的应用

目的探讨双向内膜下血管成形术作为股动脉顺行导丝开通下肢动脉闭塞性病变失败时的补救方法的价值。方法对32例下肢动脉闭塞性病变经股动脉顺行导丝开通失败患者,采用经患侧胭动脉、胫前动脉、胫后动脉以及腓动脉逆行穿刺导丝开通闭塞血管,再行球囊扩张术（PTA）和支架植入术。结果32例手术均获得成功,血管开通后下肢缺血症状即刻得到改善,患肢踝肱指数较术前明显增加[（0．83±0．17）vs（0．31±0．12）,P〈0．01],无严重围术期并发症发生。结论双向内膜下血管成形术可以作为下肢动脉闭塞性病变顺行导丝无法开通时的一种补救方法,可明显提高介入手术成功率。     

杂交技术在治疗TASC D型周围动脉闭塞性疾病中的应用

目的：总结杂交技术在治疗TASC D型周围动脉闭塞性疾病的治疗经验。 方法：回顾性分析2009年10月—2013年12月间采用杂交技术治疗的22例TASC D型周围动脉闭塞性疾病患者（24条肢体）的临床资料,其中采用髂动脉支架植入术+股总动脉内膜剥脱术（含股深动脉内膜剥脱术）+股深动脉成形术+股腘动脉人工血管旁路术治疗患者12例,采用股总动脉内膜剥脱术（含股深动脉内膜剥脱术）+股腘动脉人工血管旁路术+胫前动脉、胫后动脉球囊扩张术治疗患者4例,采用Fogarty导管取栓术+髂动脉支架植入术+股总动脉内膜剥脱术（含股深动脉内膜剥脱术）治疗患者6例。 结果：所有的患者均获得技术上的成功,围手术期无患者死亡,术后患肢疼痛改善,皮温升高,平均踝肱指数从术前的0.38升至术后的0.75。18例患者获随访3~28个月,2例患者术后发生人工血管旁路血栓形成,1例患者术后发生支架内再狭窄,其余患者未发生人工血管或支架相关并发症。 结论：杂交技术微创、安全、有效,是处理TASC D型周围动脉闭塞性疾病的合理选择,尤其适用于无法进行单纯腔内治疗的高危患者。     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗颈动脉狭窄58例临床分析

目的 评估颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗颅外颈动脉狭窄的疗效,并探讨经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)的价值. 方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2008年12月采用颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗的58例颅外颈动脉狭窄的资料.40例伴有不同程度的脑缺血症状,18例无明显症状.颈动脉狭窄程度均在70%以上.41例行内膜剥脱后动脉单纯缝合,9例采用人工材料(涤纶)补片成形,8例行自体静脉补片成形.32例在TCD的监测下完成,26例没有采用TCD监测,28例则采用临时转流管. 结果手术成功率为100%,无死亡率.术前有腩缺血症状的40例患者中,术后大多数患者有不同程度的恢复.未采用TCD组患者5例(19.2%)术后出现脑血流过度灌注.采用TCD者未发现过度灌注的并发症.53例患者获随访,随访率为91.4%;随访时间为15～86个月,平均42.5个月.死亡5例.3例出现术后再狭窄(5.7%),其中2例接受颈动脉支架成形术,1例仍在观察随访中.结论 颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗颅外颈动脉狭窄是一种安全、有效的措施;TCD监测对于转流管的选择提供重要依据,并对预防术后过度脑灌注具有指导作用.     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗颈动脉狭窄

目的 探讨颈动脉内膜剥脱术的适应证及手术操作要点.方法 回顾性总结12例因短暂性脑缺血伴有颈动脉硬化狭窄患者行颈动脉内膜剥脱术的,临床资料.结果 所有患者的短暂性脑缺血表现消失.部分患者慢性脑缺血症状也得到明显改善.术后1例出现一过性神志模糊,1例出现高血压,2例出现伤口轻度肿胀,治疗后均康复出院.术后未出现偏瘫或脑出血等严重并发症.结论 对于短暂性脑缺血病人(TIA),经Doppler超声或数字减影动脉造影术(DSA)检查发现颈总动脉或颈内动脉狭窄＞60%者,可以考虑行颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA).对于双侧颈动脉狭窄者,分期手术治疗较为安全.     

髂动脉硬化闭塞性病变的介入治疗技术及体会

目的探讨应用内膜下血管成形术(SIA)联合经皮血管腔内成形术(PTA)介入治疗髂动脉硬化闭塞性病变的技术方法和疗效。方法对15例伴有严重缺血症状的髂动脉硬化闭塞性病变患者,采用顺行途径穿刺,经左肱动脉穿刺3例,经对侧股动脉穿刺12例。通过SIA对闭塞段动脉进行再通,应用球囊扩张成形并植入支架(裸支架18枚,覆膜支架4枚)。结果内膜下血管成形术技术成功率100%,支架植入后髂动脉闭塞段管腔形态良好,血流通畅,无严重并发症出现,临床症状消失或明显改善。患肢踝肱指数由术前的0.41±0.12增至术后7天的0.81±0.13(t=8.76,P0.0001)。近中期随访2例发生再狭窄,经PTA解除,术后12个月支架一期通畅率为85.71%(12/14)。结论 SIA联合支架植入术治疗髂动脉硬化闭塞性病变安全、有效,近、中期疗效良好。     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术后脑过度灌注综合征临床分析

目的探讨颈动脉内膜剥脱(CEA)术后脑过度灌注综合征(CHS)危险因素、疾病特点和治疗策略。方法颈动脉狭窄患者行颈动脉内膜剥脱术116例,依据围手术期头颈部经颅多普勒(TCD)、头颈部CTA+CTP、CT、MRI及血压监测,分析脑过度灌注综合征的可能性和治疗方法。结果 116例颈动脉狭窄患者CEA术后发生脑过度灌注5例,平均发病时间为4.8天,发生率为4.3%;4例经积极控制血压、癫痫及降颅压治愈CHS,1例脑过度灌注患者术后3天因颞叶及中脑出血死亡。结论积极控制血压、癫痫及降颅压是治疗CHS有效方法。     

Riles type 1A common carotid artery occlusion diagnosed by specific external carotid artery Doppler waveform pattern in carotid ultrasonography. Case report

A 67-year-old man was admitted for evaluation of left homonymous hemianopsia. Carotid ultrasonography showed that the right common carotid artery (CCA) was occluded up to just proximal to the carotid bifurcation, and the patent external carotid artery showed retrograde flow to the patent internal carotid artery via the carotid bifurcation. The Doppler waveform pattern of the external carotid artery showed high end-diastolic flow velocity and low pulsatility index. The diagnosis was Riles type 1A CCA occlusion. Digital subtraction angiography and iodine-123 N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine single photon emission computed tomography were performed to confirm the collateral circulation and adequate intracranial hemodynamic sufficiency. Nonsurgical treatment with antiplatelet therapy was performed for the CCA occlusion. No stroke events have occurred within the 2-year follow-up period.     

Direct and primary carotid endarterectomy for common carotid artery occlusion. Report of 2 cases

BACKGROUND: Cerebral ischemia associated with chronic CCA occlusion is a rare condition and raises strategic dilemma when the revascularization is needed. METHODS: Two patients with CCA occlusion presented with ischemic symptom associated with the affected side. Both patients underwent vascular reconstruction by direct carotid endarterectomy to achieve primary restoration of CCA to ICA flow. RESULTS: Successful reopening of the vessels was obtained in both patients without the evidence of postsurgical ischemic event. Follow-up MRA was obtained at later than 6 months after surgery, which demonstrated patent CCA-ICA in both patients. CONCLUSIONS: Direct carotid endarterectomy of the occluded CCA can be safely performed if the preoperative angiography suggest still patent vessels distal to carotid bifurcation and the substantial "back flow" is obtained from ICA during arteriotomy.     

Concomitant ipsilateral carotid endarterectomy and stenting is an effective treatment for tandem carotid artery lesions

ObjectiveData regarding the treatment of tandem carotid artery lesions at the bifurcation and ipsilateral, proximal common carotid artery (CCA) are limited. It has been suggested that concomitant treatment with carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and proximal ipsilateral carotid artery stenting confers a high risk of stroke and death. The objective of this study was to evaluate the technique and outcomes of this hybrid procedure at a single institution.MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed including patients who underwent CEA + ipsilateral carotid artery stenting for treatment of atherosclerotic carotid artery disease between December 2007 and April 2017. Primary endpoints were postoperative myocardial infarction, neurologic event, and perioperative mortality.ResultsTwenty-two patients (15 male [68%]) underwent CEA + ipsilateral carotid artery stenting with a mean follow-up of 67 ± 77 months. The mean age was 70.0 ± 6.1 years old, all with a prior smoking history (eight current smokers [64%]). Twelve patients (55%) were treated for symptomatic disease and three had a prior ipsilateral CEA (one also with CAS). Computed tomographic angiography imaging was performed preoperatively in 21 patients (95%). CEA was performed first in 18 patients (82%) followed by ipsilateral carotid artery stenting. CEA was performed with a patch in 20 and eversion endarterectomy in two patients. Ipsilateral CCA was stented in 21 patients (96%) and one innominate was stented in a patient with a right CEA. Additional endovascular interventions were performed in three patients: 1 innominate stent, 1 distal ipsilateral internal carotid artery stent, and 1 right subclavian artery stent. All proximal stents were placed with sheath access through the endarterectomy patch in 12 (55%), CCA in 7 (32%), and through the arteriotomy before patching in 3 (14%). Distal internal carotid artery clamping was performed in 18 (90%, available 20) of patients before ipsilateral carotid artery stenting. All proximal lesions were successfully treated endovascularly with no open conversion. One dissection was created and treated effectively with stenting. One perioperative stroke (4.5%) occurred in a patient treated for symptomatic disease, 1 postoperative myocardial infarction (4.5%), and 2 patients (9.1%) with cranial nerve injuries. There was one patient who expired within 30 days, shortly after discharge for unknown reasons. The mean length of stay was 2.6 ± 2.0 days.ConclusionsIn appropriately selected patients, concomitant CEA and ipsilateral carotid artery stenting can be safely performed in high-risk patients with a low risk of myocardial infarction, neurologic events, and perioperative mortality when careful surgical technique is used, using direct carotid access, and distal carotid clamping for cerebral protection before stenting.     

Combined carotid endarterectomy and myocardial revascularization

From February 1971 through December 1987, 95 patients underwent combined carotid endarterectomy and myocardial revascularization. Mortality and postoperative stroke rates were 4 percent and 2 percent, respectively, for the 16-year experience. From 1980 to 1987, when 89 percent of patients had their operation, mortality and stroke rates were 1 percent and 2 percent, respectively. Follow-up carotid duplex scan in 41 patients revealed that 25 percent had more than 50 percent restenosis. Only two in this group were symptomatic. We conclude that the combined approach to concomitant carotid and coronary artery atherosclerosis can be done safely. Continued study with noninvasive testing is important to document restenosis rates.     

内膜剥脱联合腔内技术治疗慢性症状性长段颈内动脉闭塞的疗效分析

背景与目的：对于慢性症状性长段颈内动脉闭塞（ICAO）,内膜剥脱术（CEA）与腔内介入手术均有各自的局限性,但两者联合使用的复合手术治疗的效果研究仍较少。因此,本研究探讨CEA联合腔内技术治疗慢性症状性ICAO的安全性和有效性。 方法：回顾性分析2017年3月—2019年6月我科37例行复合手术治疗的长段慢性ICAO（至少累及岩段及以上）患者临床资料。所有患者闭塞起始于颈段（C1段）,闭塞远端位于海绵窦段（C4段）及以下者共20例（近端组）,闭塞远端位于床突段（C5段）及以上者17例（远端组）。分析患者手术前后临床症状的变化、手术前后改良Rankin量表（mRS）及术后3~6个月复查CTA情况。 结果：37例患者均接受复合手术治疗,其中30例成功开通闭塞段血管,手术成功率为81.1%。近端组的总体开通率为95.0%（19/20）,其中C2段、C3段开通率均为100%,C4段开通率为87.5%（7/8）;远端组的总体开通率为64.7%（11/17）,其中C5段开通率为66.7%（6/9）,C6段开通率为57.1%（4/7）,C7段开通率为100%（1/1）。近端组总体开通率高于远端组（P=0.033）。开通患者的临床症状较术前不同程度的减轻,术后复查的CTA显示颈内动脉通畅,术后1周复查PWI显示颅内灌注血流动力学指标均较术前明显改善。30例开通患者获随访6~17个月,靶血管通畅率为90.0%（27/30）,其中近端组94.7%（18/19）,远端组为81.8%（9/11）,两组差异无统计学意义（P=0.543）;术后6个月患者mRS评分较术前明显好转（t=6.238,P<0.01）。 结论：CEA联合腔内技术治疗慢性症状性ICAO是一种安全、可行的治疗方法,且颈内动脉闭塞远端至海绵窦段及以下的患者其开通成功率较高。     

Subclavian-external carotid bypass for symptomatic severe cerebral ischemia from common and internal carotid artery occlusion

Occlusion of the common and internal carotid arteries in a patient with symptomatic severe cerebral ischemia, with or without contralateral carotid disease, portends a poor prognosis. The present study has described our experience with subclavian and external carotid artery revascularization for symptomatic severe cerebral ischemia from common and internal carotid artery occlusion. Nine patients (five men and four women) with a mean age of 62 (range 41 to 82 years) were diagnosed as having symptomatic severe cerebral ischemia. All patients had ipsilateral hemispheric symptoms, seven had amaurosis fugax, and two had associated syncope. Four patients (three men and one woman) were hypertensive, four (two men and two women) had diabetes, eight smoked, and all had a history of coronary artery disease. All of the patients had noninvasive laboratory studies and preoperative angiography, and three had postoperative angiography. Five patients were successfully revascularized to a patent external carotid artery despite nonvisualization by angiography. Six patients had unilateral and three bilateral occlusion of the common and internal carotid arteries appropriate to their symptoms. Using regional anesthesia, four patients underwent a subclavian-external carotid bypass with polytetrafluoroethylene; saphenous vein was used in five; and three had concomitant axilloaxillary bypass grafting with polytetrafluoroethylene. Neurologic improvement (that is, no subsequent deficit and no progression of symptoms) was noted in all nine patients with a follow-up of 4 to 28 months (mean 11.2 months). Two patients died from myocardial infarction 4 and 7 months after operation. Subclavian-external carotid artery bypass is a safe addition to the options for the treatment of symptomatic severe cerebral ischemia with occlusion of the common and internal carotid arteries, visualization of a superior thyroid collateral vessel on the recipient end, and nonvisualization of the external carotid artery.     

Intraoperative assessment of technical perfection in carotid endarterectomy: a prospective analysis of 1305 completion procedures. Collaborators of the EVEREST study group. Eversion versus standard carotid endartectomy.

OBJECTIVE: to define the incidence of technical defects and the impact of technical errors on ipsilateral carotid occlusion, ipsilateral stroke, and early restenosis rates, we analysed 1305 patients undergoing carotid completion procedures. DESIGN: prospective multicentre study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: adequacy of CEA was assessed intraoperatively by angiography in 1004 (77%), by angioscopy in 299 (22%), and by duplex scan in two patients (1%). Arteriograms and angioscopic findings were interpreted at the time of the procedure by the operating surgeon, who also established the need for immediate surgical revision. RESULTS: perioperatively, 13 major strokes (0.9%, all ipsilateral) and six deaths (0.4%) were recorded. Overall, 112 defects (9%) were identified intraoperatively: 81 (72%) were located in the common carotid artery (CCA) or internal carotid artery (ICA), and 31 (28%) in the external carotid artery. In 48 patients (4%) the defects were revised. Logistic regression analysis revealed that carotid plaque extension >2 cm on the ICA was a positive independent predictor of CEA defects (odds ratio (OR) 1.5p=0.03). A significant association was found between the incidence of revised defects of the CCA and ICA and perioperative ipsilateral stroke (OR 11.5p=0.0002). In contrast, patients with minor non-revised defects had an ipsilateral stroke rate comparable to that of patients with no defects (p=0.4). No significant association was found between revised or non-revised defects and occurrence of restenosis/occlusion at 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: the incidence of major technical defects during CEA is low, yet the perioperative neurological prognosis of patients with major defects warranting revision is poor. Completion angiography or angioscopy and possible correction of defects did not protect per se from an unfavourable early outcome after CEA. Therefore, surgical excellence is mandatory to achieve satisfactory results after CEA.     

颈内动脉完全闭塞的手术治疗

目的 探讨颈动脉血运重建治疗完全性颈内动脉闭塞的临床疗效.方法 2001年6月～2010年4月,收治颈动脉狭窄患者397例,术前行磁共振血管造影(MRA)检查,确诊并行颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)治疗颈内动脉闭塞患者28例,术中切除标本送病理检查,术后复查颈部MRA,并对术后情况进行随访.结果 术后即时通畅率为92.8％,术后平均随访时间10个月,22例颈内动脉通畅,通畅率为78.5％,无脑缺血事件发生;6例颈内动脉闭塞患者中,2例在术后4个月发生短暂性脑缺血及腔隙性梗死;3例术后仍偶有头晕,其中2例单侧肢体麻木;1例记忆力减退.结论 对于有症状的颈内动脉闭塞患者,CEA加取栓术是安全有效的方法.     

256层螺旋CT血管造影术评价颈动脉溃疡斑块

目的探讨256层螺旋CTA评价颈动脉溃疡斑块的价值。方法回顾性分析136例颈动脉粥样硬化患者的256层螺旋CTA资料,观察斑块的分布情况及颈动脉管腔狭窄程度,并分析斑块的构成成分,重点分析其中溃疡斑块的相关情况,并分析溃疡斑块与临床症状的相关性。结果 136例患者中共发现颈动脉斑块452个,其中溃疡斑块78个,溃疡发生率为17.26%（78/452）,位于颈总动脉14个,分叉部32个,颈内动脉13个,颈外动脉19个;纤维斑块7个,脂肪斑块49个,钙化斑块3个,混合性斑块19个;溃疡斑块导致管腔轻、中、重度狭窄及闭塞分别为7、29、34和8个。溃疡斑块与脑缺血症状存在统计学关联（OR=3.433,P〈0.01）。结论 256层螺旋CTA可无创地评价颈动脉溃疡斑块的特征,具有较高应用价值。