益生菌与口腔微生态调控的研究进展

口腔疾病的发生和发展与口腔微生物群落的失衡密切相关.益生菌是一类对人体健康有益的活的微生物,主要通过分泌抗菌物质、与致病菌竞争性定殖、调节毒力相关基因表达、调节宿主免疫反应、调节氧化应激反应、参与硝酸盐—亚硝酸盐—一氧化氮代谢循环通路、调整生物膜pH值等过程发挥其益生效能.研究发现,益生菌疗法能够降低龋齿的风险、改善牙...     

益生元及其作用概述

益生元及其作用概述重庆医科大学检验系微生物教研室重庆６３００４６蒋虹胡宏人肠道细菌大致分为两大类,一类是对人类有益的,如双歧杆菌、乳杆菌等;一类是对人无益或有害的,如一些肠杆菌和梭菌等。增加体内双歧杆菌的数量与活性的方法有两种,应用益生菌和益生元。１...     

益生元与肠道微生态

益生元是一种非消化的成分,通过选择性的刺激肠道中一种或少数种益生菌的增长和/或活性而对宿主有利.具有抵抗致病菌侵入的天然功能.目前广泛研究的有果糖和半乳糖,体内与体外试验均表明不被正常人酶类所消化,在大肠中容易发酵,粪便内未能检出这种糖的成分.通过大肠细菌对益生元的发酵产生的短链脂肪酸是刺激双歧杆菌和乳杆菌增长的重要因素.应用现代技术获得了人肠道微生物细菌群的组成与种类的多样性.本文综述有关益生元的研究状况,强调益生元选择性刺激的机制和对人生理功能的影响.     

中药益生元的研究进展

中药是我国传统医学的重要组成部分,具有悠久的历史背景和丰富的临床应用基础。随着现代医学的不断发展,中药在预防和治疗肠道疾病方面显示出独特的优势,但其作用机制尚待阐明。近年来,随着对肠道菌群的深入研究,人们逐渐认识到中药中的有些成分具有益生元的作用,且与传统的益生元相比,具有特殊的药理活性和天然来源的优势。因此,本文就党参、黄芪、人参和枸杞等单体中药以及复方制剂的益生元作用作一综述,以期为中药益生元的研究和临床开发提供参考。

     

益生菌、益生元和后生元对食物过敏的影响和作用机制

食物过敏(food allergy,FA)的发病率在近二十年来持续上升,已经严重影响患者的生活质量.生命早期接触外源性抗原少而导致的免疫耐受限制是FA的主要原因.微生物-宿主的相互作用与FA密切相关,健康的微生物菌群促进宿主在生命早期建立成熟的免疫系统,减少FA的易感性,因此,改善肠道菌群和调节机体免疫在治疗FA中至关...     

益生菌，益生元对肥胖的治疗及其机制的研究进展

肥胖是继心脑血管疾病和癌症之后威胁全人类健康第三大疾病,全球有40%的成年人面临肥胖和超重困扰。中国肥胖人数成人已达到世界第二,儿童达到了世界第一,并且儿童期肥胖极大可能发展为成年期肥胖。研究表明肠道微生物可能是众多导致代谢紊乱的因素之一,这些紊乱会导致肥胖、β细胞功能紊乱、代谢内毒素血症、全身炎症和氧化应激。近年来,应用微生态制剂（益生菌和益生元）治疗肥胖已成为研究热点,本文主要围绕肥胖人群肠道菌群特点以及益生菌、益生元对肥胖的干预作用进行综述,以期为以后相关研究提供参考。     

口腔微生态的研究进展

口腔微生物与人体始终处于动态生态平衡状态,对于维护人体的健康发挥重要的作用,也与多种口腔疾病的发生发展有密切关系.随着现代科学技术的发展,越来越多的新技术、新方法用于口腔微生态领域的研究,这使得人们对口腔微生态的认识不断深入.以下将从口腔微生态的组成、口腔微生态与机体的关系及其研究方法三个方面简要介绍近年来口腔微生态的相关研究进展.     

大蒜多糖对小鼠肠道微生态的益生元功能研究

目的评估大蒜多糖的益生元功能。方法以不同剂量的大蒜多糖灌胃健康雌性昆明小鼠,并以菊糖为阳性对照,采用微生物选择性培养分析和T-RFLP技术分析大蒜多糖对小鼠肠道微生态的影响,同时利用全自动血细胞分析仪来分析小鼠血脂代谢指标。结果连续灌胃21 d后,大蒜多糖和菊糖能够改善小鼠肠道微生态菌群,其中双歧杆菌数量显著增加（P〈0.01）,肠杆菌数量显著下降（P〈0.05）,而类杆菌的数量变化差异无统计学意义,T-RFLP结果也表现出同样的变化趋势。不同实验组小鼠血清中胆固醇及甘油三酯的含量和鼠胸腺和脾脏的重量与体重的比值差异无统计学意义,说明大蒜多糖对小鼠的免疫系统无副作用。结论本实验初步证实了大蒜多糖具有益生元功效。     

益生元对烧伤患者肠道菌群及肠黏膜通透性的影响

目的旨在探讨益生元对烧伤患者肠道菌群的调控以及对肠黏膜通透性的影响。方法随机选取2018年2月至2019年2月我院烧伤科患者60例为研究对象,分为试验组和对照组,各30例。对照组患者施以烧伤常规治疗,试验组在患者对照组基础上给予益生元治疗。两组患者在治疗1周后均提供烧伤患者多学科交叉护理。患者治疗1周和2周后,检测患者肠道菌群数量以及血浆中内毒素水平。采用实时荧光定量PCR检测患者治疗前和治疗1周后肠道通透性相关紧密连接蛋白Zo-1,Zo-2 mRNA的表达量。结果治疗1周后,试验组患者血浆内毒素水平[(12.11±1.32)ng/L]显著低于对照组[(15.32±1.82)ng/L],肠道内益生菌数量显著增加,Zo-1、Zo-2 mRNA水平显著降低(均P0.05)。两组患者在实施多学科交叉护理后肠道菌群数量进一步改善,血浆内毒素水平进一步降低[对照组为(14.01±1.29)ng/L,试验组为(8.27±1.63)ng/L](均P0.05)。结论益生元能帮助烧伤患者肠道菌群恢复平衡,减少血浆内毒素水平,适当的护理可进一步帮助患者康复。     

传统中草药对肠道益生微生物的作用研究进展

探讨传统中草药对肠道益生微生物的调整作用,重点概述了不同种类与剂量中草药对益生微生物生长的影响及相应的研究方法。在上述基础上对中草药与肠道益生微生物的作用机制、研究前景和发展趋势进行了展望。     

益生菌辅助治疗牙周病的研究进展

牙周病是累及牙周支持组织的慢性感染性疾病。牙菌斑生物膜中的微生物及其代谢产物是其必不可少的始动因素,可导致口腔微生态失衡和宿主免疫反应,最终引起牙周病的发生发展。目前,牙周病的基础治疗主要是机械清除牙菌斑生物膜和牙石,但治疗效果具有局限性。益生菌通过产生抑菌物质、刺激局部免疫反应、与致病菌争夺黏膜受体和营养物质,从而改善口腔微生态平衡,促进牙周病的治疗。本文就近年来益生菌在牙周病治疗上的实验和临床研究、作用机制、安全性等进行综述,为将来益生菌辅助治疗牙周病的应用提供参考。     

牙菌斑生物膜的形成与控制

牙菌斑生物膜是附着于牙釉质表面,由复杂的微生物群落构成的一种聚集体。牙菌斑生物膜的形成与生长对口腔健康有着直接或间接的影响,许多研究证实口腔疾病如龋齿和牙周病都与细菌的积累及牙菌斑的形成有关。在牙菌斑生物膜形态建成过程中,牙齿表面最初的定殖菌对生物膜的微生物组成和结构至关重要,这些初级定殖菌决定了后续与之结合形成共生体的微生物种类和数量。不同的微生物组成可能在与生物膜形成相关的口腔病理状况中发挥不同的作用。因此,本文就牙菌斑生物膜的生长及控制进行综述,介绍其微生物的早期定殖和成熟过程、以及通过物理和化学方法对牙菌斑生物膜的控制,以期为了解牙菌斑生物膜的形成机制及相关口腔疾病的预防和治疗提供有价值的参考。     

Analysis of socio-demographic and systemic health factors and the normative conditions of oral health care in a population of the Brazilian elderly

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00446.x
Analysis of socio‐demographic and systemic health factors and the normative conditions of oral health care in a population of the Brazilian elderly Objective: To investigate the association of socio‐demographic and systemic health factors according to the normative conditions of oral health care (dental caries, edentulism, periodontal disease and oral mucosal lesion) in elderly individuals. Material and methods: A cross‐sectional study was carried out in a group of elderly with access to community health care (n = 200). The normative conditions of oral health were then investigated according to the WHO and the SB Brazil criteria. Bivariate analyses were evaluated by the chi‐square test and Fisher’s exact test. An estimation of prevalence for the covariates was performed using Poisson’s regression models. Results: The prevalence of edentulism and oral mucosal lesions was detected in 58% and 21.5% of elderly patients, respectively. In the dentate subjects, the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease was 51.2% and 20.8%, respectively. Older men and individuals from lower‐income groups exhibited a higher prevalence of dental caries. Elderly women, illiterate individuals, and individuals over the age of 65 years exhibited a higher prevalence of edentulism. Elderly 60–64 years old and those who are employed had a significant association with periodontal disease. Conclusion: Socio‐demographic factors were associated with some notable oral diseases in the elderly.     

Preliminary assessment of safety and effectiveness in humans of ProBiora3 ™, a probiotic mouthwash

Aims:  To conduct a pilot human clinical trial to assess the safety and to test the ability of a probiotic mouthwash, ProBiora³, to affect the levels of Streptococcus mutans and certain known periodontal pathogens in the mouth when administered twice daily over a period of 4 weeks.
Methods and Results:  The mouthwash contained three specific strains of naturally occurring oral bacteria and was tested at two dose levels: 10⁶ and 10⁸ colony forming units each of Strep. oralis strain KJ3sm, Strep. uberis strain KJ2sm, and the spontaneous lactic acid-deficient variant of Strep. rattus , strain JH145. Substantial decreases in the levels of the marker bacteria were observed. No safety issues were noted with the twice daily application of this mouthwash.
Conclusions:  Despite the small number of subjects and the use of young, orally healthy adults, along with the inherent variability in the microbiological measurements, the probiotic mouthwash was able to substantially affect the levels of dental pathogens in saliva and periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The results of this pilot human study suggest that the probiotic mouthwash product may be safe for daily use as an aid in maintaining both dental and periodontal health.     

Antimicrobial Peptides and their Potential as Oral Therapeutic Agents

Dental caries (tooth decay) and periodontal diseases are the most prevalent bacterial infectious diseases of mankind, together affecting almost the entire population of the world. Both diseases are caused by oral bacteria that exist as components of a polymicrobial biofilm, known as dental plaque, on the tooth surface. The control of specific types of bacteria and/or total numbers of bacteria in dental plaque could lead to prevention or resolution of disease. Antimicrobial peptides isolated from a wide range of natural sources have been known for over 30 years yet little progress had been made in the therapeutic application of these peptides. This is due in part to the characteristics, including susceptibility to proteolysis, of the cationic amphipathic antimicrobial peptides that form the majority of peptides discovered to date. Bovine milk is a readily available source of a range of bioactive peptides. We have isolated and characterized a novel anionic antimicrobial peptide, Kappacin, from bovine milk. Antibacterial activity of the peptide is increased when it is complexed with zinc ions. We have demonstrated that a Kappacin:Zn²⁺ preparation is able to suppress the growth of oral cariogenic bacteria in a biofilm. The Kappacin:Zn²⁺ antibacterial complex may have potential as an additive to oral care products and other delivery vehicles for the control of oral disease.     

Oral health of the elderly living in residential homes in Slovenia

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00497.x
Oral health of the elderly living in residential homes in Slovenia Objectives:  To evaluate oral health status of the elderly, living in eight randomly selected residential homes for senior citizens across the country. Background: The percentage of the elderly is growing worldwide. With ageing, risks of various oral diseases, including dental caries and periodontal disease, are growing. Methods: Altogether 296 elderly people (88 men, 208 women) of average age 79.89 ± 7.4 years were questioned about their medical condition and oral health practice and examined orally. Evaluation of clinical examination was carried out by DMFT, plaque index ( 10 ) and Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Need (CPITN). Results: Of 296 participants, 106 (35.8%) were edentulous, 95 (32.1%) had one to nine teeth and 95 persons (32.1%) had 10 or more teeth. The average number of teeth in an individual was small: 6.76 ± 7.47. The average number of teeth with caries lesions was 3.59 ± 4.70, filled teeth 1.94 ± 3.63 and teeth without caries or fillings 1.19 ± 2.41. The average DMFT value was 30.75. In 69.5% of participants, dental plaque was visible with the naked eye. Of 171 subjects, in whom CPITN index was appraised, 81.9% would need oral hygiene education, 56.7% would need scaling and root planning and 21.6% would need periodontal surgical treatment. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate poor oral health of the elderly living in residential homes situated in different towns in Slovenia. It is of utmost importance to highlight the necessity of improving oral health care of this population.