腐殖酸对滨海盐碱土水盐运移特征的影响

为了探索腐殖酸对土壤水盐运移特征及入渗参数的影响,进行了5种施量（0,1,3,5,7 g/kg）的一维垂直入渗试验。结果表明,入渗时间相同,累积入渗量和湿润锋均随腐殖酸施量的增加而减小;相同入渗深度随腐殖酸施量的增加所需的入渗时间、累积入渗量、剖面平均含水量均不断增加。入渗完成时相较于CK,施量为7 g/kg时累积入渗量、含水量分别增加8.0%,10.0%;施加腐殖酸可促进土壤剖面盐分向土壤深层运移并有效降低土壤pH,相较于CK施量为7 g/kg时0—20 cm土层平均脱盐率增加10.2%;Philip模型和代数模型能较好地描述施加腐殖酸条件下水分入渗特征。吸渗率S随腐殖酸施加量的增加而呈线性减小,综合形状系数α则随着腐殖酸施量的增加而线性增加。另外,均方根误差、平均绝对误差分别为0.005~0.018,0.004~0.014 cm³/cm³,表明代数模型可以较好地描述含水量的分布。该研究结果可为应用改良剂改良滨海盐碱地的提供一定参考。     

耕作方式对辽西褐土区土壤穿透阻力的影响及机理

为了探明耕作方式转变对土壤物理性质的影响,研究设置田间定位试验,监测长期旋耕转变为免耕和深松耕后土壤容重、水分和穿透阻力的变化特征。试验设免耕（no tillage,NT）、深松（subsoiling,SS）、旋耕（rotary tillage,RT）3个处理,在玉米生长季监测土壤含水量、容重和穿透阻力动态,定量并分析土壤穿透阻力对含水量和容重变化的响应。结果表明,玉米生育期NT处理的土壤容重保持相对稳定,RT和SS处理容重逐渐增大;与RT和SS处理相比,NT处理增加0—30 cm的容重、0—45 cm的含水量和0—15 cm的穿透阻力,但在干旱时期降低15—45 cm的穿透阻力,避免了土壤紧实对玉米的胁迫。基于含水量和容重参数,建立了预测土壤穿透阻力的指数模型,其P<0.001,R²为0.77。模型结果表明,当容重>1.4 g/cm³且含水量<0.13 cm³/cm³时,土壤穿透阻力将大于限制作物生长的阈值（2 MPa）;在含水量<0.2 cm³/cm³时,土壤穿透阻力对含水量的敏感性显著高于容重,说明该区域干旱（水分）引起的土壤紧实度增加比压实更为重要。免耕有助于该区域保持土壤水分,同时降低容重增加导致的土壤紧实效应,有利于避免土壤紧实胁迫对作物生长的影响。     

基于HYDRUS-1D的城市草地土壤水分模拟——以扬州市人工草地为例

[目的] 研究城市化背景下草地土壤水分运动规律,为提升海绵城市建设水平提供科学依据和技术支撑。[方法] 以江苏省扬州大学扬子津校区农水与水文生态试验场的人工草地为研究区,利用实测降雨和同期土壤含水量数据对不同降雨事件下的雨水入渗深度进行分析。通过HYDRUS-1D模型对研究区土壤含水量变化过程进行模拟。[结果] 在小雨（<10 mm）和中雨（10~25 mm）事件中,研究区草地的雨水入渗深度分别小于15 cm和30 cm;在大雨（25~50 mm）到暴雨（>50 mm）事件中,雨水入渗深度通常超过30 cm,或可达60 cm以上;土壤含水量模拟值与实测值的均方根误差范围为0.012～0.034 cm³/cm³。[结论] 不同等级降雨事件下的草地雨水入渗深度存在明显差异,入渗深度总体上随着降雨量的增加而增加;HYDRUS-1D模型能够准确模拟不同等级降雨事件下的城市人工草地区雨水入渗深度。     

开花灌浆期小麦叶片奢侈蒸腾发生的土壤水分阈值试验研究

奢侈蒸腾耗水对作物光合及产量形成贡献较低,而开花灌浆期是冬小麦产量形成的关键期,精准调控作物蒸腾耗水、明确影响奢侈蒸腾的土壤水分阈值,对提高冬小麦的水分利用效率至关重要。本研究以冬小麦品种‘石新828’为材料,在人工气候生长箱进行盆栽试验,定量研究土壤水分对作物气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响,明确开花灌浆期奢侈蒸腾产生的土壤水分阈值。结果表明：气孔导度与土壤水吸力关系密切,在土壤水吸力较低时,气孔导度随土壤水吸力增加而迅速降低,而土壤水吸力较高时,气孔导度降低速度变缓。光合速率随土壤水吸力增加以抛物线的形式递减,当土壤水吸力低于1.2 MPa时,光合速率接近最大值,随后土壤水吸力继续增加,光合速率逐渐降低。蒸腾速率随着土壤水吸力增加呈线性递减,降低速率为2.3 mmol·m^-2·s^-1·MPa^-1。光合速率与蒸腾速率的关系符合米氏方程,蒸腾速率低于2.179 mmol·m^-2·s^-1时,光合速率随蒸腾速率线性增加,当蒸腾速率高于此值时,单位光合速率的增加变缓,奢侈蒸腾开始产生,此值所对应的土壤水吸力为1.76 MPa,此时叶片光合速率处于较高（16 μmol·m^-2·s^-1左右）水平,叶片水平水分利用效率（WUE_L）达到最高7.3 μmol（CO₂）·mmol^-1（H₂O）。综上所述,小麦叶片奢侈蒸腾的发生始于水分利用效率从最高转向降低、光合速率处于较高水平而非最大。通过光合随蒸腾变化的米氏方程关系及蒸腾与土壤水吸力的线性关系,可以确定土壤水吸力1.76 MPa为小麦开花灌浆期叶片奢侈蒸腾发生的土壤水分阈值。     

均质土壤一维非饱和流动通用程序

本文建立了一个非饱和土壤水一维流动的数值计算模型,用以模拟均质土壤、地下水埋藏很深,且在不同的初始条件与边界条件下的水分运动。可用来计算土壤剖面入渗、蒸发、蒸腾和再分配以及当这些现象交替出现时的水分运动过程。程序用FORTRAN语言编写,在M-150计算机上实现,并经室内试验初步检验。用该程序计算了几个算例:(1)稳定蒸发与波动蒸发的比较;(2)稳定降雨入渗土壤水分变化状况;(3)小麦生育期土壤剖面水分变化。     

间歇降雨中土壤含水量分布及其对入渗的影响

通过室内土柱实验,研究了间歇性降雨事件中土壤剖面水分分布特征及其对入渗的影响.实验表明,积水发生时间与雨强和表层5 cm初始土壤含水量密切相关;前期累积入渗量越大.则土壤表面越容易发生积水;间歇入渗过程中,入渗还受间歇时间的影响,相邻入渗事件积水发生时间有提前的趋势.初始事件入渗速度较后续入渗大一个数量级;湿润锋运行速度存在明显的波动,在经历间歇期再分布后,湿润锋运动存在滞后效应,且波动作用较初始入渗更加显著.通过分析,认为土壤水入渗以运动波和扩散波的形式运动,两者交替起主要作用,土壤水分有随含水量升高以运动波传递,随含水量衰减以扩散波形式运动的趋势.     

肥液浓度对单膜孔入渗NO-3-N运移特性影响的室内试验研究

该文通过室内入渗试验，研究了不同浓度的单膜孔肥液入渗NO^-₃-N的分布特性。研究表明：不同浓度的膜孔肥液入渗土壤NO^-₃-N浓度的湿润锋运移距离与土壤水分运动的湿润锋一致；肥液浓度越大，相同入渗时间的NO^-₃-N浓度锋运移距离越大，土壤剖面NO^-₃-N浓度最大值越大，相同深度处土壤NO^-₃-N浓度也越大。肥液入渗土壤NO^-₃-N浓度分布特征与湿润体深度符合分段函数模型。供水入渗过程中，NO^-₃-N浓度锋运移距离和浓度最大值均随时间的延长而增大；再分布过程中，NO^-₃-N浓度锋运移距离继续增大，而NO^-₃-N浓度最大值逐渐减小。     

基于高密度电阻率成像法的陇中半干旱区土壤含水量监测研究

土壤含水量是影响半干旱区农作物生长的重要因素。为了准确测定土壤含水量的变化动态以指导农业高效用水,近年来,利用地球物理测量方法研究高分辨率的水流入渗,已经越来越受到欢迎和重视。本文以陇中半干旱区玉米田为例,通过在土壤表面布置电极,利用高密度电阻率成像法(ERT)对降雨前后土壤二维剖面进行电阻率数据测量,实现对土壤二维剖面电阻率值和含水量监测,解释不同条件下土壤含水量变化的原因,建立陇中半干旱区农田土壤电阻率和含水量之间的相关关系。结果表明:降水入渗使得二维剖面土壤电阻率整体呈明显降低趋势,反演得到的电阻率图像局部电阻值"高-低-高"的变化过程,与一次降水过程前后"干-湿-干"的循环过程一致。土壤含水量实测值与估计值之间有较为显著的线性关系(R2=0.651 8,n=96)。在0~2.0 m深度范围内,总体估计偏差较小,为0.74%;土壤含水率的估计精度较高,为2.64%。0~0.5 m土层(H1)含水量监测探头分布密集,数据采集较为准确,故H1层估计精度略高于0.5~2.0 m层(H2)。相比之前利用实测工具进行野外测量,ERT测量方法精度较高。本文提供了一个高分辨率的土壤结构二维分布与水分运移过程的图像,同时为实现精确和高效的农业用水管理提供一种新途径。     

土壤水稳定同位素研究进展

本文从影响土壤水稳定同位素变化的因素、时空变化规律以及"土壤-植物-大气"界面水分转化和循环过程等方面综述了国内外土壤水同位素研究的主要成果,认为同位素方法在研究土壤水运移、降水入渗及土壤蒸发问题上优势比较明显,并且有助于从宏观和微观上阐明土壤水的特征及其运动规律;指出了当前土壤水分同位素研究存在的问题和今后研究的重点,并对同位素技术与方法在土壤水中应用前景进行了展望。     

土壤盐分对土壤水分扩散率的影响

土壤水分扩散率是土壤水盐运动的重要参数之一。利用水平土柱吸渗法对不同含盐量土壤的水分扩散率与含水量之间的关系进行了测定,并建立了土壤水分扩散率、土壤含水量与Boltzmann参数间的定量关系。结果表明,不同含盐量土壤之间的水分扩散率存在明显差异,表现在相同土壤含水量情况下,土壤水分扩散率随土壤含盐量的增大而增大;土壤水分扩散率随土壤含水量增大而单调增大,且当含水量接近饱和时,土壤水分扩散率接近无穷,通过建立含水量与土壤水分扩散率的经验函数关系能较好地反映了土壤含水率与土壤水分扩散率间的关系。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.