Global Bathymetry and Elevation Data at 30 Arc Seconds Resolution: SRTM30_PLUS

A new 30-arc second resolution global topography/bathymetry grid (SRTM30_PLUS) has been developed from a wide variety of data sources. Land and ice topography comes from the SRTM30 and ICESat topography, respectively. Ocean bathymetry is based on a new satellite-gravity model where the gravity-to-topography ratio is calibrated using 298 million edited soundings. The main contribution of this study is the compilation and editing of the raw soundings, which come from NOAA, individual scientists, SIO, NGA, JAMSTEC, IFREMER, GEBCO, and NAVOCEANO. The gridded bathymetry is available for ftp download in the same format as the 33 tiles of SRTM30 topography. There are 33 matching tiles of source identification number to convey the provenance of every grid cell. The raw sounding data, converted to a simple common format, are also available for ftp download.     

增加近岸船载重力测量数据覆盖的推估方法研究

针对海洋区域离岸距离5～30km的范围内船载重力测量数据覆盖空白的现状,基于已有测线数据,对其进行不同空间距离采样形成对应的采样序列。利用动态时间规整算法计算其与初始测线数据的相关系数,依据相关系数与采样距离之间的关系,确定了最优重采样空间距离新方法。以最优重采样空间距离对测线数据进行重采样,利用拉格朗日插值算法,沿测线方向将测线数据向陆地推估。经过不同测线的内外部检核,结果表明船载重力测量向陆地方向扩展的保守距离约为5～10km,减少了船载重力测量数据在近岸海域覆盖空白的面积。本研究成果可为建立陆海一致垂直基准工作提供更全面的基础数据,技术方法可为航空重力、地磁等测线数据的精细处理及应用提供参考。     

基于Grace月重力场模型的稳态地球重力场模型分析

基于106个月的Grace（gravity recovery and climate experiment）月重力场模型（120阶次）,消除了月重力场的月、季度及年度变化,得到了稳态的地球重力场模型（Grace_sta）。在2～120阶次之间,Grace_sta与已有高阶重力场EGM2008及EGM96三个模型的阶方差是一致的。在2～100阶次之间,Grace_sta模型误差阶方差要小于EGM2008与EGM96误差阶方差。在全球范围内,Grace_sta重力场的大地水准面与EGM2008相应阶次的大地水准面标准差约为3cm,与EGM96模型大地水准面差异则高达52cm。结果表明,Grace_sta足可以取代EGM2008重力场模型2～100阶次的低阶部分,新得到的稳态重力场模型可为海面地形分析提供了可靠的参考场。     

GM测高数据反演中国近海及邻域精细重力场

综合对比4种波形重跟踪算法,选择改进阈值法处理Jason-1GM数据,联合波形重跟踪后的Geosat和ERS-1GM数据,沿轨2Hz重采样以提高数据空间分辨率。通过数据质量控制剔除粗差数据,考虑海表面地形的影响,基于移去-恢复法和维宁-曼齐兹公式反演了中国近海及邻近海域(0°~45°N,100°~140°E)1′×1′的精细重力场。船测数据检核表明反演结果在开阔海域精度约4mGal,近岸浅水区约10mGal,均优于DTU10和V21.1模型。     

Improvement in the Determination of the Marine Geoid by Estimating the Bathymetry from Altimetry and Depth Soundings

Abstract

The contribution of bathymetry to the estimation of gravity field related quantities is investigated in an extended test area in the Mediterranean Sea. The region is located southwest of the island of Crete, Greece, bounded between 33^? ≤ ? ≤ 35^? and 15^? ≤ λ ≤ 25^?. Gravity anomalies from the KMS99 gravity field and shipborne depth soundings are used with a priori statistical characteristics of depths in a least-squares collocation procedure to estimate a new bathymetry model. Two different global bathymetry models, namely JGP95E and Sandwell and Smith V8, are used to derive the depth a priori statistical information, while the estimated model is compared against both the global ones and the shipborne depth soundings to assess whether there is an improvement. Various marine geoid models are estimated using ERS1 and GEOSAT Geodetic Mission altimetry and shipborne gravity data. In that process, the effect of the bathymetry is computed using both the estimated and the original depths through a residual terrain modeling reduction. The TOPEX/Poseidon Sea Surface Heights, known for their high accuracy and precision, and the GEOMED solution for the geoid in the Mediterranean are used as control for the validation of the new geoid models and to assess the improvement that the estimated depths offer to geoid modeling. The results show that the newly estimated bathymetry agrees better (by about 30 to 300 m) with the shipborne depth soundings and provides smoother residual geoid heights and gravity anomalies (by about 8–20%) than those from global models. Finally, the achieved accuracy in geoid modeling ranges between 6 and 10 cm (1σ).     

Comparison of Satellite Altimetric Gravity and Global Geopotential Models with Shipborne Gravity in the Red Sea

The determination of high-resolution geoid for marine regions requires the integration of gravity data provided by different sources, e.g. global geopotential models, satellite altimetry, and shipborne gravimetric observations. Shipborne gravity data, acquired over a long time, comprises the short-wavelengths gravitation signal. This paper aims to produce a consistent gravity field over the Red Sea region to be used for geoid modelling. Both, the leave-one-out cross-validation and Kriging prediction techniques were chosen to ensure that the observed shipborne gravity data are consistent as well as free of gross-errors. A confidence level equivalent to 95.4% was decided to filter the observed shipborne data, while the cross-validation algorithm was repeatedly applied until the standard deviation of the residuals between the observed and estimated values are less than 1.5 mGal, which led to the elimination of about 17.7% of the shipborne gravity dataset. A comparison between the shipborne gravity data with DTU13 and SSv23.1 satellite altimetry-derived gravity models is done and reported. The corresponding results revealed that altimetry models almost have identical data content when compared one another, where the DTU13 gave better results with a mean and standard deviation of ?2.40 and 8.71 mGal, respectively. A statistical comparison has been made between different global geopotential models (GGMs) and shipborne gravity data. The Spectral Enhancement Method was applied to overcome the existing spectral gap between the GGMs and shipborne gravity data. EGM2008 manifested the best results with differences characterised with a mean of 1.35 mGal and a standard deviation of 11.11 mGal. Finally, the least-squares collocation (LSC) was implemented to combine the shipborne gravity data with DTU13 in order to create a unique and consistent gravity field over the Red Sea with no data voids. The combined data were independently tested using a total number of 95 randomly chosen shipborne gravity stations. The comparison between the extracted shipborne gravity data and DTU13 altimetry anomalies before and after applying the LSC revealed that a significant improvement is procurable from the combined dataset, in which the mean and standard deviation of the differences dropped from ?3.60 and 9.31 mGal to ?0.39 and 2.04 mGal, respectively.     

Improvement in the Determination of the Marine Geoid by Estimating the Bathymetry from Altimetry and Depth Soundings

The contribution of bathymetry to the estimation of gravity field related quantities is investigated in an extended test area in the Mediterranean Sea. The region is located southwest of the island of Crete, Greece, bounded between 33^ˆ ≤ ϕ ≤ 35^ˆ and 15^ˆ ≤ λ ≤ 25^ˆ. Gravity anomalies from the KMS99 gravity field and shipborne depth soundings are used with a priori statistical characteristics of depths in a least-squares collocation procedure to estimate a new bathymetry model. Two different global bathymetry models, namely JGP95E and Sandwell and Smith V8, are used to derive the depth a priori statistical information, while the estimated model is compared against both the global ones and the shipborne depth soundings to assess whether there is an improvement. Various marine geoid models are estimated using ERS1 and GEOSAT Geodetic Mission altimetry and shipborne gravity data. In that process, the effect of the bathymetry is computed using both the estimated and the original depths through a residual terrain modeling reduction. The TOPEX/Poseidon Sea Surface Heights, known for their high accuracy and precision, and the GEOMED solution for the geoid in the Mediterranean are used as control for the validation of the new geoid models and to assess the improvement that the estimated depths offer to geoid modeling. The results show that the newly estimated bathymetry agrees better (by about 30 to 300 m) with the shipborne depth soundings and provides smoother residual geoid heights and gravity anomalies (by about 8-20%) than those from global models. Finally, the achieved accuracy in geoid modeling ranges between 6 and 10 cm (1σ).     

Mapping ocean properties in regions of complex topography

Two algorithms are presented for mapping ocean properties in regions of complex topography. These algorithms greatly reduce the distortion introduced into mapped fields by interpolation methods that use isotropic correlation functions in regions of non-uniform geomorphology. They were developed for inclusion in a new high-resolution seasonal atlas of temperature, salinity, oxygen, nitrate, phosphate and silicate covering the major seas around Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia (100–180°E, 50°S–10°N). Our schemes adjust the weighting of data-points to allow for bottom topography (topographic adjusted relief, TAR) and land barriers (barrier adjusted relief, BAR). The inclusion of these schemes in the mapping process allows the bathymetry to influence the mapped fields in a natural way, reduces leakage of structure between deep and shallow regions and produces far more realistic coastal gradients (it reduces the tendency to smear properties uniformly). In this study, the schemes are applied to a locally weighted least-squares filter, which involves projecting the data onto quadratic spatial functions. However, the approach should be applicable to other popular mapping techniques such as optimal interpolation. Examples are presented that demonstrate the improvements gained in mapping ocean properties in regions of complicated topography.     

基于ICESat-2和GSWD数据获取动态水域地形图的方法

传统的湖泊、海岸带测深主要是基于船载多波束系统或者机载激光雷达测深系统,但这些方式测量成本较高。因此提出了一种仅利用卫星观测数据,实现高分辨率动态水域地形图的获取方法,该方法基于ICESat-2单光子激光点云和Landsat图像数据的全球地表水数据集(GSWD),对所获取的高精度激光沿轨轮廓线与多年期湖泊水域边界等高线进行融合匹配。以美国最大的水库米德湖为实验区域,生成高程范围约为34 m的地形图结果,覆盖面积超过307 km~2,水平分辨率为30 m;在与机载激光雷达数据等现场实测结果的对比中,所绘制地形图均方根误差约为2 m。研究方法有望为水位波动较大或水质相对较好的内陆水体(例如湖泊)和沿海地区(例如潮间带)提供一种新的水陆交界区域地形图获取方法。     

Heterogeneous Gravity Data Fusion and Gravimetric Quasigeoid Computation in the Coastal Area of China

ABSTRACT

Different types of gravity observations are available over coastal areas. The main challenge for coastal geoid determination is the proper fusion of heterogeneous gravity data including land, shipborne, airborne, and altimetry-derived gravity data. This paper describes the gravity data fusion and the computation of the gravimetric quasigeoid in the coastal area of mainland China. An iterative procedure of the weighted least-squares prediction based on rectangular harmonic functions is used for merging the land, altimetric, shipborne, and airborne gravity data. Applying the analytical continuation method in Molodensky's theoretic frame, the merged gravity data are then used to determine the gravimetric quasigeoid model by using the generalized Stokes' integral in a remove-compute-restore fashion. The gravimetric quasigeoid model is compared with the height anomalies determined at 662 GPS leveling points over the coastal region of mainland China, where both the geodetic height and the normal height are known. The standard deviations of the differences in the coastal provinces range from 1.8 to 4.4 cm. For the entire computation area, the mean and standard deviation of the differences are 27.9 and 3.9 cm, respectively.     

EGM96与EGM2008地球重力场模型精度比较

给出了由地球重力场模型计算重力异常和垂线偏差的公式,利用36阶、360阶EGM96、EGM2008地球重力场模型计算了国内某地区格网点重力异常和地面垂线偏差,并将其与实测数据进行比较,从而对这两种模型的精度进行了分析和比较。结果表明,在表示国内某地区格网点重力异常时,EGM2008模型精度较高;在表示地面垂线偏差时,两种模型的精度相当。     

基于多源遥感的中国沿海地区填海造地特征研究

填海造地是沿海地区最为重要的海域使用活动,全面准确掌握沿海地区填海造地活动特征对于海域空间资源综合管理具有重要意义。本文从填海造地海域使用过程出发,将填海造地活动划分为在填区、成陆区、建设区,并采用遥感和GIS技术,判别提取2008-2015年期间沿海地区填海造地影像,并结合海岸地貌特征和开发利用类型对其空间分异特征进行综合分析。结果表明:2008-2015年期间累计填海造地201 738.56 hm2,填海在填区、填海成陆区、填海建设区面积分别为44 607.00 hm2、100 949.65 hm2、56 181.91 hm2;总体空间分布上填海造地在部分地区呈集聚分布态势,与海岸地貌类型紧密关联,低潮出露潮滩海岸填海造地有109 614.38 hm2,河口海湾区域填海造地可达132 767.41 hm2;港口+工业、城镇+旅游两种组合类型是沿海地区典型的填海造地区域开发利用类型。     

基于最小二乘配置法和奇异值截断法向下延拓航空重力数据的仿真研究

基于最小二乘配置法建立的航空重力异常与其相应地面重力异常的协方差函数,由于协方差矩阵严重病态,观测误差被放大从而影响向下延拓结果的稳定性和精度;引入基于 GCV 法选择正则化参数的奇异值截断法后,能抑制协方差矩阵的病态性对观测噪声的放大影响。 基于 EGM2008 重力场模型分别计算陆地和海域的航空重力异常作为基础数据,用本文方法向下延拓获取相应的地面重力异常,实验结果验证该方法的有效性。     

A baroclinic discontinuous Galerkin finite element model for coastal flows

Numerical modelling of coastal flows is a challenging topic due to complex topography of the coastal zone, rapid flow dynamics and large density variations. Such phenomena are best simulated with unstructured grid models due to their highly flexible spatial discretisation. This article presents a three-dimensional discontinuous Galerkin finite element marine model. Discontinuous Galerkin spatial discretisation is combined with an explicit mode splitting time integration scheme. Slope limiters are introduced to guarantee high quality of the tracer fields in the presence of strong gradients. Free surface movement is accounted for by means of an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) moving mesh method. Water volume and tracers are conserved. The conservation properties and baroclinic adjustment under gravity are tested with numerical benchmarks. Finally, the model is applied to the Rhine river plume in an idealised setting.     

Short-term instability of the coastal waters off Tuapse

We present the results of the investigation of the hydrodynamical regime of the coastal zone off Tuapse. We identified the spatial and temporal scales of the dynamic inhomogeneities. The intensity of the vertical component of the relative vorticity and its distribution in the waters of the coastal zone are estimated. We demonstrate that the effects found in the distributions of the relative vortex’s intensity and its orientation are able to lead to the formation of blocking water in marine coastal zones or, inversely, to prompt the ventilation of these waters. Based on the multidimensional statistical analysis, the relationship of the relative eddy distribution and the dynamical topography of the coastal waters was revealed which simplifies the problem of the blocking or ventilation of the coastal waters.     

Defining the seaward extent of New Zealand's coastal zone

The seaward extent of New Zealand's coastal zone (defined here in a biophysical sense as the area of terrigenous influence) was determined from remotely sensed ocean colour and turbidity data. The cross-shore behavior of the colour and turbidity fields were quantified at a number of transects around the coastline and the locations where these fields changed from coastal to oceanic signatures were identified. Results from these analyses suggest that the coastal zone can extend several hundreds of kilometers offshore. Furthermore, the seaward extent determined from these analyses was not correlated to the underlying bathymetry of the continental shelf and slope; features commonly used to define the offshore extent of coastal zones. The estimated seaward limits determined from the analyses of the remotely sensed data were compared to limited available in situ data and predictions from a numerical circulation model. Observations of coastal zooplankton species several hundreds of kilometers offshore suggest good agreement with the predicted seaward extent of coastal zones determined from the remotely sensed data. Offshore transport of surface particles predicted by the circulation model also suggested that pelagic organisms and suspended inorganic particles may be advected offshore at least several hundreds of kilometers.     

基于国产高分影像的海岸带盐田和水产养殖区图谱特征分析

海岸带区域水陆相接,盐业和水产养殖业发展迅速。本文基于国产高空间分辨率卫星遥感影像,对海岸带盐田和水产养殖区进行了全面的分析,总结了盐田和水产养殖区地物的颜色、色调、大小、形状、纹理、位置等遥感影像图谱特征,以期为盐田和水产养殖区遥感监测提供技术支撑。     

On the consequences of a long-term perspective for coastal management

The potential impacts of climate change on coastal zones combined with the ever increasing number of people living in these areas, motivate a more long-term perspective in coastal management. To explore whether such a perspective raises the need for developing coastal management strategies at larger spatial scales, this paper presents a case study for the dune-protected Holland coast. Long-term (200 years) coastal management strategies are set-up at different levels of spatial aggregation, accounting for specific characteristics of the coast itself and for types of land use in the hinterland. Using a combination of multi-criteria analysis and cost-benefit analysis the new coastal management strategies are compared to the long-term continuation of present coastal management practice. It appears that the large uncertainties that inevitably accompany a long-term perspective do not preclude the comparison of long-term coastal management strategies. Additionally, it appears that a long-term perspective favors solutions for coastal defense enhancement that are more spatially extended and alongshore uniform than those emerging from continuing today's coastal management practice for two centuries.     

借助EGM2008的海域重力异常反距离加权插值算法

构建高精度高分辨率的海域重力异常模型,是将海洋重力测量数据应用于全球高程基准统一和水下重力匹配导航等技术领域的关键步骤之一。针对反距离加权插值算法仅利用了海域重力观测值的空间信息,没有考虑重力观测值物理特性的缺陷,提出一种借助EGM2008重力场模型构建海域重力异常模型的反距离插值算法。以DTU10重力异常数值模型为基础数据,设计了海域重力测量数据格网化实验,结果表明本文算法能有效改进海域重力异常格网模型的计算精度。     

Regional-scale seafloor mapping and geohazard assessment. The experience from the Italian project MaGIC (Marine Geohazards along the Italian Coasts)

Recent developments in seafloor imaging and mapping techniques greatly improved our capability of identifying marine geohazards affecting continental margins. Geomorphic features can be detected in great detail by high-resolution multibeam imaging and regarded as geohazard indicators; the most common include slide scars and deposits, canyon headscarps and steep erosional flanks, fault-related seafloor unevenness, mud volcanoes, pockmarks, gravity flow deposits, erosional scours and bedforms indicating sediment mobility at diverse temporal/spatial scale. These processes are widespread on Italian continental margins and are potential indicators of geohazard for human settlements and infrastructures in the offshore and coastal zones. The national Project MaGIC (Marine Geohazards along the Italian Coasts) aims at documenting potential geohazards based on the acquisition of high-resolution multibeam bathymetry and on the production of maps of the geohazard-related geomorphic features for most of the Italian continental margins. With reference to this issue, we discuss some of the most frequent problems dealing with reconnaissance, interpretation and cartographic representation of geohazard-related geomorphic features at a regional scale.