复合壳聚糖保鲜液膜对冷鲜牛肉保鲜的研究

目的通过涂膜对牛肉进行保鲜,将质量浓度为10 g/L的4种天然植物精油(迷迭香精油、葡萄籽油、茴香籽精油及柠檬精油)添加到壳聚糖与玉米醇溶蛋白的复合涂膜保鲜液中,研究其在贮藏过程中对冷鲜牛肉的品质影响。方法通过测定牛肉的汁液流失率、p H值、TVB-N值、菌落总数和TBA值等指标,对牛肉品质进行综合评价来说明不同涂膜处理的保鲜效果。结果含质量浓度均为10 g/L的柠檬精油和葡萄籽精油的复合保鲜液对牛肉的保鲜效果最佳。结论使用包含柠檬精油和葡萄籽精油的质量浓度分别为10 g/L的复合保鲜液可对牛肉在温度为(4±1)℃的条件下保藏牛肉20 d以上。     

4种植物精油对草莓致病菌的抑制作用研究

通过研究小茴香、百里香、罗勒和迷迭香4种植物精油对灰霉、根霉及黑曲霉等草莓主要致病菌的抑制效果,筛选出对草莓有良好贮藏保鲜效果的植物精油。采用培养基稀释法进行筛选,并确定了其最低抑菌浓度。最后对该精油进行气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析和主要抑菌成分的气相色谱(GC)定量分析。结果表明,所选用的4种精油中,百里香精油具有广谱高效的抑菌性能,其对灰霉、根霉和黑曲霉的最低抑菌浓度均为2μL/L;百里香精油中的主要抑菌成分为百里香酚和香芹酚,且其相对质量分数分别为23.52%和3.76%,绝对质量浓度分别为181.594 9 mg/m L和27.665 6 mg/m L。     

菊粉天然复合保鲜剂对冷鲜猪肉保鲜效果的影响

目的 通过研究菊粉天然复合保鲜剂对冷鲜猪肉保鲜效果的影响,为冷鲜猪肉保鲜提供实验数据基础。方法 以冷鲜猪肉的感官评价为依据,分别采用单因素实验和响应面法优化菊粉天然复合保鲜剂（菊粉、壳聚糖、茶多酚和Nisin）配方,并考察其对贮藏期冷鲜猪肉感官品质、pH值、汁液流失率、脂肪氧化程度（TBA值）和菌落总数等指标的影响。结果 得到了菊粉天然复合保鲜剂的优化配方,菊粉为35.2 g/L,壳聚糖为21.5 g/L,茶多酚为9.5 g/L,Nisin为0.16 g/L。优化的菊粉天然复合保鲜剂可改善冷鲜猪肉的感官品质,减少汁液流失,减缓pH值和TBA值的升高及抑制细菌生长速度。在4 ℃贮藏条件下,可使冷鲜猪肉的货架期延长6 d。结论 菊粉天然复合保鲜剂能有效保持冷鲜猪肉的商品价值,可用于冷鲜猪肉的保鲜。     

百里香精油的抑菌作用及其对鲜切冬瓜的保鲜效果

通过GC-MS对百里香精油的化学成分进行了鉴定,研究了百里香精油对不同真菌和细菌的抑制效果及最低抑菌浓度,考查不同浓度百里香精油/壳聚糖复合保鲜液在室温条件下对鲜切冬瓜的保鲜效果。结果表明:百里香精油具有明显的抑菌作用,结合壳聚糖能够有效抑制鲜切冬瓜的腐烂,保持鲜切冬瓜的品质,延长其货架寿命。其中0.08%的百里香精油结合1%壳聚糖对鲜切冬瓜的保鲜效果最佳。     

微胶囊化植物精油在果蔬保鲜包装中的应用

植物精油的天然抑菌性和抗氧化活性使其在果蔬保鲜领域有着广泛的应用前景。然而,植物精油具有强烈气味、易挥发等缺点,应用效果不佳。微胶囊技术可以掩盖精油的强烈气味,保持其化学稳定性,且具有缓释效果,可以更好地发挥植物精油在果蔬保鲜包装方面的优良性能。介绍了植物精油的抑菌活性、抗氧化活性以及植物精油微胶囊的芯材、壁材和常用的制备方法,对植物精油微胶囊保鲜剂控释包装、复合保鲜薄膜包装和可食性涂膜包装在果蔬保鲜包装方面的研究现状进行综述,以期为微胶囊化植物精油在果蔬保鲜包装方面的进一步研究与应用提供参考。     

壳聚糖/肉桂精油复合涂膜对罗非鱼肉的保鲜效果研究

目的 研究低温贮藏条件下壳聚糖/肉桂精油复合涂膜对罗非鱼肉的保鲜效果,以期延长罗非鱼肉的货架寿命,探索贮藏保鲜罗非鱼肉的新方法。方法 在4 ℃贮藏条件下,测定对照组CK、壳聚糖涂膜组CS,以及3种壳聚糖/肉桂精油复合涂膜组CSC1、CSC2、CSC3(精油质量分数分别为0.3%、0.6%、0.9%)的罗非鱼肉的菌落总数、pH、色差值、挥发性盐基氮含量、感官评价等品质指标的变化,并比较不同涂膜处理对罗非鱼肉的保鲜效果。结果 在贮藏期间CSC3组对罗非鱼肉的保鲜效果较好,贮藏第10天时细菌总数为5.91 lg(CFU/g),pH值为6.53,色差值为7.31,挥发性盐基氮含量为0.28 mg/g,感官评分值为9.03分。结论 4种处理方式在4 ℃条件对罗非鱼鱼肉均具有保鲜效果,但CSC3组的保鲜效果最佳,与CK组相比可延长罗非鱼肉货架寿命4 d。     

鲜切山药保鲜护色研究

目的利用家用调味剂(蔗糖、食盐、白醋)对鲜切山药保鲜护色进行研究。方法利用L9(34)正交试验配置一定浓度的蔗糖、食盐、食醋复合浸渍液,并用聚乙烯薄膜进行包装,得出比较理想的鲜切山药贮藏方法。结果蔗糖、食盐、白醋都有很好的保鲜护色效果,单因素试验表明,当采用蔗糖、食盐、食醋(质量浓度分别为3,1,3 g/L)浸泡鲜切山药10 min后,其褐变度的减缓和PPO活性的抑制最为明显。正交试验结果表明,采用蔗糖、食盐、白醋质量浓度分别为4,2,3 g/L混合处理液浸泡10 min后,护色保鲜效果最好。结论经过特定浓度复配的蔗糖、食盐、白醋溶液能有效抑制鲜切山药的酶促褐变,起到保鲜护色的作用。     

MFC气凝胶的制备及其精油缓释性能研究

目的 利用孔隙率高、比表面积大和吸附性能好的微纤化纤维素（MFC）气凝胶与百里香精油结合,解决抗菌保鲜包装中精油释放过快的问题,实现精油的缓慢释放。方法 采用不同用量的内切纤维素酶预处理桉木漂白硫酸盐浆,通过高压均质制备MFC,经冷冻干燥制备MFC气凝胶,在基本性能表征的基础上,研究其精油缓释性能。结果 由百里香精油的GC-MS分析得出其主要抑菌成分为麝香草酚。MFC气凝胶均为三维多孔结构,比表面积和平均孔径的变化范围分别为2.0~5.1 m2/g和5.0~22.0 nm;当精油与MFC的质量比为1∶1时,MFC气凝胶的精油初始保留率为4.38 mg/g（每克气凝胶中保留4.38 mg精油）,向密闭容器释放的精油量均呈现出先增大后减小,随后逐渐稳定的趋势,释放速率平均为3.1%。结论 MFC气凝胶为高孔隙率、中孔材料,可延长精油释放时间,具有优异的缓释性能。     

复合保鲜剂对鲜切天麻贮藏品质的影响

目的通过探究复合保鲜剂对鲜切天麻保鲜效果的影响,为鲜切天麻采后保鲜提供参考依据。方法以鲜切天麻为实验材料,采用四因素三水平正交实验考察茶多酚、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、壳聚糖复配对鲜切天麻感官评价的影响,以鲜切天麻感官评价为控制指标,筛选出适宜鲜切天麻的复合保鲜剂配方。结果复合保鲜剂的最佳配方为茶多酚质量分数1.25%,柠檬酸质量分数0.50%,抗坏血酸质量分数0.20%,壳聚糖质量分数0.90%。与采用清水处理相比较,该复合保鲜剂在4℃下贮藏15d,能有效维持鲜切天麻的硬度和色差L*值,延缓其天麻素和多糖含量的下降,保持鲜切天麻PPO活性和POD活性。结论复合保鲜剂能有效地保持鲜切天麻的商品价值,可用于鲜切天麻采后保鲜。     

小茴香/柠檬草提取精油对鲜切网纹瓜的保鲜效果

将小茴香和柠檬草精油复配制备保鲜剂,对接种交连孢的鲜切网纹瓜进行货架寿命研究。通过检测失重、总酸含量、可溶性固形物含量、Vc含量的变化和感官指标,综合评价保鲜剂性能。结果表明:体积分数为0.50%的保鲜液组(小茴香187.5μL,柠檬草62.5μL)对鲜切网纹瓜的保鲜效果最好,可以有效抑制交连孢生长,减缓营养物质的流失,其保鲜周期是空白组的1.5倍。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.