裂褶菌及裂褶菌多糖研究进展

裂褶菌是一种十分重要的食药兼用真菌,含有丰富的生理活性物质,裂褶菌多糖作为一种极有开发前景的生物活性物质已得到国内外的普遍重视。综述了裂褶菌的生物学特性、营养成分、药用价值、栽培现状以及裂褶菌多糖的化学分析和药理作用的研究进展,并讨论了裂褶菌和裂褶菌多糖的研究前景。     

菌寄生真菌分子生物学研究进展

菌寄生真菌（mycoparasites）是一类具重要理论和应用价值的真菌．它们不仅对植物病害有防治潜力,而且对阐明生物间的寄生现象及信号传递有重要意义．近几年,菌寄生真菌的研究有较大进展,重点有两个方面。一个属理论研究领域,研究方向集中在菌寄生真菌与寄主真菌相互识别的分子机制;另一个属应用研究领域,集中在菌寄生真菌产生的细胞壁降解酶的调节、纯化、基因克隆以及外源细胞壁降解酶基因转人菌寄生真菌中等方面．本文论述如下．1菌寄生真菌与寄主真菌相互识别的分子机制生物间相互识别的分子基础是当今生命科学研究的热门,也是生…     

菌寄生属3个新种和2个中国新记录种（英文）

对采自我国不同地区的菌寄生属标本进行分类研究,发现了该属的3个新种。鹅膏菌寄生Hypomyces amaniticola生长于鹅膏属真菌的子实体上,子囊壳埋生或半埋生于菌丝层中,橘黄色至黄褐色,卵圆形至梨形;子囊圆柱形,具8个孢子;子囊孢子长椭圆形至椭圆形,两端钝圆,无分隔,表面光滑。拟完整菌寄生H.completiopsis以牛肝菌为寄主,子囊壳橘黄色至黑褐色,梨形至近球形;子囊圆柱形,具8个孢子;子囊孢子纺锤形至披针形,两端具细尖,表面具疣。云南菌寄生H.yunnanensis子囊壳半埋生或近表生,黄褐色至褐色,梨形至近球形;子囊孢子近纺锤形,两端具细尖,1个分隔,表面具疣。提供了新种的详细宏观和微观特征描述及图示。此外,发现该属的2个中国新记录种,即小孢菌寄生H.microspermus和盘菌菌寄生H.stephanomatis,对我国材料的形态特征与原始描述进行了比较。     

菌寄生真菌的研究进展

菌寄生真菌能寄生在其他真菌并抑制其生长这一特性,在防治病原真菌时显示巨大潜力。综述了近年来菌寄生真菌在寄生过程中的识别、信号传导、侵染机制等方面的研究进展,并讨论菌寄生真菌的应用前景。     

捕食线虫丝孢菌的菌寄生性测定

研究了节丛孢Arthrobotrys、单顶孢Monacrosporium和隔指孢Dactylella三个捕食线虫丝孢菌属16个菌株,对水稻立枯丝核菌RhizoctoniasolaniAG1、大豆核盘菌Sclerotiniasclerotiorum、茄科镰刀菌Fusariumsolani和恶疫霉Phytophthoracactorum四种常见土壤植物病原真菌的菌寄生性。结果表明供试菌可以通过弹簧式菌丝圈缠绕、类附着胞结构吸附、简单的菌丝缠绕或者贴附寄主菌丝生长四种方式寄生病原菌。其中,绝大多数菌株对立枯丝核病菌有寄生作用,一些供试真菌对其它三种病原真菌有寄生现象。利用孢子液浸泡法测定了其中5种捕食线虫真菌对核盘菌菌核的寄生能力,显示有较高寄生率。     

普通裂褶菌真菌学及实验室研究进展

普通裂褶菌是一种条件致病菌,可侵犯人体多个器官多种组织,导致各种表现形式的疾病,如脑脓肿、脑膜炎、鼻窦炎、肺部真菌球、蜂窝肺、肺结节、甲真菌病等.由于普通裂褶菌感染引起的真菌病病例少见报道,临床医生对其认识不足,再加上某些实验室不具备鉴定条件,所以感染该菌的病例常被漏诊、误诊.现将近年来临床分离的普通裂褶菌株真菌学及实...     

裂褶菌培养、鉴定及氨基酸组成分析

目的:获得裂褶菌的纯培养物,鉴定培养菌丝,并分析子实体及菌丝氨基酸含量.方法:利用孢子分离法、组织分离法培养菌丝,扫描电镜观测其菌丝特征,结合ITS区序列分析,并利用出菇试验分析其菌丝体,全自动氨基酸分析仪分别测定裂褶菌子实体、菌丝体氨基酸组成.结果: 菌丝体ITS区序列与子实体完全一致,出菇试验亦表明裂褶菌菌丝体培养成功,子实体及菌丝体均含有丰富的氨基酸成分,两者氨基酸种类及含量相当,菌丝体总氨基酸含量14.01%,子实体总氨基酸含量15.59%,其中菌丝体必需氨基酸的含量(38.60%)比子实体稍高(37.95%).结论:裂褶菌菌丝亦具有丰富的营养价值,可作为重要的氨基酸来源及功能性食品.     

裂褶菌营养菌丝蛋白质成分的分析

对裂褶菌菌丝中蛋白质的氨基酸组成及含量进行了测定。结果表明 ,裂褶菌中所含粗蛋白的质量分数为 2 8.76 % ,所测定的 17种氨基酸总质量分数为 12 0 .13g·kg- 1 。其中 7种必需氨基酸的质量分数为 4 5 .36g·kg- 1 ,占氨基酸总量的 37.76 % ;10种非必需氨基酸的质量分数为 79.5 0g·kg- 1 ,占氨基酸总量的 6 2 .2 4 %。     

菌寄生属研究进展

菌寄生属通常寄生于其他真菌子实体上,是子囊菌的重要类群之一,在生物医药和工农业等方面具有经济重要性。简述了菌寄生属在资源与分类、系统发育和寄主专化性等方面的研究现状及进展。已有的分子系统学研究表明,菌寄生属是多谱系类群,形成多个分支,各分支与其无性型特征和寄主种类有关。今后需进一步澄清属种概念,建立稳定的有性阶段-无性阶段对应关系,在全面了解其物种多样性和地理分布特点基础上,深入探讨种间系统发育关系。     

裂褶菌菌株G18对孔雀石绿染料的脱色优化

通过对兔眼蓝莓幼果组织中分离得到的内生真菌G18进行形态特征、ITS序列和系统进化分析鉴定菌株G18为裂褶菌Schizophyllum commune。同时,对菌株G18产生的3种木质素降解酶进行监测,发现G18菌株可以分泌漆酶、木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶。为明确裂褶菌G18对染料的脱色能力,利用裂褶菌G18对固体条件下8种染料进行脱色能力的检测,筛选出较易脱色的染料后,对该染料的脱色条件进行优化。结果表明,裂褶菌G18对8种染料均可以脱色,对孔雀石绿染料的脱色效果最好。裂褶菌G18对孔雀石绿的脱色优化结果为pH 7.0、20.0g/L淀粉、1.0g/L尿素、1.0g/L硫酸锌、接菌量9片（d=5.0mm）。     

Ceratostomella hyalocoronata, a new pyrenomycete from a stream in southern China

Ceratostomella hyalocoronata is described and illustrated as a new species from old decaying wood immersed in a stream in Guangdong Province, southern China. It is compared toC. hyalostoma, a temperate terrestrial species.     

Discovery of the second species of Pseudohypocrea (Hypocreaceae)

A new species of the monotypic genus Pseudohypocrea is described based on a collection from Tai Po Kau, Hong Kong, China. The fungus is characterized by globose to subglobose perithecia entirely immersed in a pulvinate reddish-brown stroma, cylindrical asci with smooth-walled and lemon-shaped part-ascospores, and occurring on dead leaves. Morphological features of the new species are described and compared with the only known species of the genus.poi     

海南炭角新种

在海南省炭角菌的调查研究中,发现一个生长于枯死落叶上的炭角菌属新种。它子座单个,顶端不孕,针刺状,柄细长,多毛,表面呈灰色,有圆锥状孔口。子囊壳埋生。通过与其他9种叶生炭角菌进行比较,确定为海南炭角菌 Xylaria hainanensis新种。     

Amphirosellinia gen. nov. and a new species of Entoleuca

The new genus Amphirosellinia is erected to include five xylariaceous fungi with erumpent or immersed perithecioid stromata. Amphirosellinia fushanensis, A. nigrospora and A. tennesseensis are newly described, whereas A. evansii and A. quercina are new combinations. Synnematous, geniculosporium-like anamorphs are known for A. fushanensis, A. nigrospora, A. tennesseensis and A. evansii; the anamorph of the latter species was produced on natural substratum, whereas those of the former three species were produced in culture. Dichotomous keys are presented for the Amphirosellinia species and for some genera that might be confused with Amphirosellinia. Entoleuca ellisii also is described as new. It readily can be separated from the known species in the genus by its smaller ascospore size range and short ascospore germ slit.     

Xylaria coprinicola, a new species that antagonizes cultivation of Coprinus comatus in China

The species known in China as the chicken-claw fungus is described as a new species, Xylaria coprinicola. This species is known as an antagonist of cultivation of the edible mushroom Coprinus comatus. Stromata of X. coprinicola are cylindrical, terminate in a sterile apex and arise in fascicles from a relative large submerged base; perithecia are immersed and have conspicuously conical ostiolar openings; ascospores are minute. Phylogenetic analyses based on combined partial sequences of rpb2, β-tub and α-act genes showed that X. coprinicola is closely related to those Xylaria species exclusively associated with termite nests.     

中国肉疣衣属地衣的初步研究*

肉疣衣属地衣为世界广布属之一,该属为壳状地衣,地衣体通常龟裂具疣,子囊果盘状一般无柄贴生,盘缘明显,侧丝分枝结网状,孢子大型。本文对中国肉疣衣属地衣进行了初步研究,并报道了该属地衣共16种,其中中国新记录5种,即寒生肉疣衣、柱芽肉疣衣、粉末肉疣衣、亚裂芽肉疣衣、亚绿肉疣衣。     

帕米尔木灵藓和细齿木灵藓（木灵藓科）的形态特征及其在中国的新分布

该文报道了采自新疆的木灵藓属中国2个新记录种——帕米尔木灵藓(Orthotrichum pamiricum)和细齿木灵藓(O.scanicum)。帕米尔木灵藓的识别特征为:叶尖钝,气孔隐型,多着生于孢蒴下部,外齿层齿片8对,干燥时蒴齿背曲,内齿层蒴条16,上部内曲;细齿木灵藓的识别特征为:叶尖部具细齿,气孔半隐型,蒴帽具分散的透明毛,内齿层和外齿层均16片,具8条黄色细沟,干燥时中部以上具沟。对这2种藓类的形态特征、生境和地理分布及与其相似种的形态学进行了比较分析,并绘制了每种的形态结构墨线图。木灵藓属植物在中国的新分布记录进一步表明,新疆地区富含生物多样性,并与中亚植物区系存在密切关系。     

Amplistroma erinaceum,a new species and its anamorph from Panama

The new species Amplistroma erinaceum, collected on wood of Anacardium excelsum, is characterized by light cream-coloured, rostrate to spinose stromata, and immersed perithecia and long ostiolar necks. Its relationship to other Amplistroma species within the Amplistromataceae (incertae sedis, Ascomycota) are studied based on morphological, cultural, and molecular sequence data of the large subunit ribosomal DNA (28S rDNA).     

Two new lineages of aquatic ascomycetes: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Atractospora</Emphasis> gen. nov. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rubellisphaeria</Emphasis> gen. et sp. nov., and a sexual morph of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Myrmecridium montsegurinum</Emphasis> sp. nov.

Two new genera, Atractospora and Rubellisphaeria, are described for perithecial ascomycetes occurring on decaying wood submerged in freshwater habitats. Their relationships with other morphologically similar fungi were investigated utilising four nuclear ribosomal and protein-coding loci. They are nested together with members of five orders and families and numerous genera incertae sedis in the Sordariomycetidae in a clade supported by Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Their closest relative is Lentomitella. Atractospora includes species characterised by dark, immersed to semi-immersed beaked ascomata lying horizontally to the host, stipitate asci with a pronounced non-amyloid apical annulus and hyaline, fusiform, septate, thick-walled ascospores with smooth or ornamented wall. Three novel species are introduced (A. decumbens, A. reticulata and A. verruculosa). A new combination for Aquaticola ellipsoidea is proposed in Atractospora based on molecular data and morphological characters. Rubellisphaeria, with a new species R. abscondita, is distinct by subhyaline to reddish brown, immersed ascomata with a lateral neck, short-stipitate asci and ellipsoidal smooth ascospores with a delayed formation of a middle septum. The sexual morph of the dematiaceous hyphomycete genus Myrmecridium was encountered for the first time on decaying wood submerged in a stream. It is nested in a strongly supported monophyletic clade of the Myrmecridiales. The novel species M. montsegurinum is described; it possesses papillate ascomata immersed beneath a clypeus with subhyaline to weakly pigmented ascomatal wall, long-stipitate asci with a non-amyloid apical annulus and three-septate, hyaline, ellipsoidal, delicately verruculose ascospores. A morphology-based key is provided to facilitate identification of species of Atractospora.     

Molecular phylogeny of the entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Cordyceps (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) and its evolutionary implications

Abstract Cordyceps is an endoparasite ascomycetous genus containing approximately 450 species with a diversity of insect hosts, traditionally included in the family Clavicipitaceae of Ascomycota. Establishing the relationships among species with a varied range of morphologies and hosts is of importance to our understanding of the phylogeny and co‐evolution of parasites and hosts in entomopathogenic ascomycetes. To this end, we used a combination of molecular index and morphological characters from 40 representative species to carry out comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analyses. Based on the phylogenetic tree, we used the program DISCRETE for inferring the rates of evolution and finding ancestral states of morphological character. The phylogenetic analyses revealed two important points. (i) Types of perithecia attached to stroma reflected an evolutionary trend in Cordyceps. The vertically immersed perithecia form was the ancestral state, superficial and obliquely immersed perithecia were derived characters, obliquely immersed was irreversible. Species with obliquely immersed perithecia were in a closely related group and were the derived group. (ii) A strong correlation between fungal relatedness and the microhabitat supported the hypothesis that the host jumps through commingling in soil microhabitats. Based on the results of these analyses, host switching explains the diversity of entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Cordyceps.