断块油藏油水过渡带油井部署界限研究

断块油藏油水过渡带储量丰度小,井网控制程度低,储量较难有效动用。通过研究断块油藏油水过渡带含油饱和度分布、油井产出规律,考虑经济因素的影响,提出了确定油水过渡带油井投产经济技术界限的方法,理清了油水过渡带产油能力、储量丰度等地质条件与投产经济技术界限的关系。基于实际油田特点和开发要求,建立不同条件下油井投产经济技术界限图版。该图版可以指导断块油藏油水过渡带调整井部署。     

块状底水稠油藏水平井部署界限模拟研究

近年来，水平井技术在辽河油田的应用得到了较快发展，取得了较好的开发效果。对于不同类型的油藏，水平井的部署应具有不同的适用界限。利用数值模拟方法，对块状边底水特超稠油油藏吞吐水平井的部署界限进行了深入研究。研究结果表明：油藏底水能量大小、油水过渡带稠油氧化层是影响避水厚度的主要因素，同时给出了适合冷41块油藏特点的水平井部署设计方法。该项研究成果对其他类似油藏水平井部署具有较强的借鉴意义。     

整体优化分类治理改善稠油转周效果

孤岛稠油热采区位于孤岛披覆背斜构造侧翼,纵向上分布为处于稀油与边底水之间的油水过渡带,平面上围绕孤岛油田呈环状分布,具有油层厚度薄、原油黏度大、储层埋藏深、泥质含量高、出砂严重、受水侵影响大等特点。目前已进入高含水高轮次深度开发阶段,稳产难度大。根据稠油单元油藏类型、开发效果的不同,划分为正常单元油井、水侵单元井、低压易窜井、薄层强敏感稠油井,针对这4类油井实施稠油整体优化、分类治理思路,开展转周优化以及相应的治理工作,提高了稠油转周的开发效果。     

启动压力影响下确定油藏有效动用半径

低渗透稠油储层具有启动压力梯度,油藏储量的有效动用受到更多条件的限制。基于低渗储层基本渗流特征,文中分析了油藏弹性能量开发中的不稳定渗流过程,并采用稳定逐次逼近法求解包含启动压力梯度项的渗流方程;考虑启动压力梯度影响,建立了在低渗透油藏衰竭开发过程中满足油井开井日产油量要求的有效动用半径的求解方法;结合油田实际情况,分析了低渗透储层中压力和压力梯度分布规律,以及油藏储量极限动用、有效动用半径的变化规律。研究表明,对于此类油藏,要综合考虑技术和经济条件确定油藏储量有效动用的界限,才能合理部署油藏开发井网。     

孤岛东区稠油油藏控水降黏吞吐技术界限研究

针对孤岛东区稠油区块油水过渡带附近井网不完善;纵向水淹差异大,顶部动用差,储量控制程度低,以及常规完井无法转周引效的问题,建立并完善了孤岛东区普通稠油油藏的典型井地质模型,考察了原油黏度、渗透率、含油饱和度和净总比等因素对稠油化学降黏吞吐生产效果的影响,从而形成化学降黏吞吐的油藏筛选条件。依据现场不同类型油藏实施参数、效果,结合数值模拟研究,明确了稠油油藏化学降黏吞吐油藏技术界限,实现较好的开发效果。     

小断块油藏油水过渡带提高采收率技术研究

正江苏油田小断块油藏开发中后期,在油水过渡带的挖潜中,存在剩余油分布复杂及描述难度大、挖潜井效益差异明显、注采井网适应差、含水上升快等问题。为此,中石化总公司设立《小断块油藏油水过渡带提高采收率技术研究》的课题,围绕改善小断块油藏油水过渡带挖潜     

水平井蒸汽吞吐经济技术界限

利用水平井蒸汽吞吐开发薄层、超稠油以及具有边底水等复杂条件的稠油油藏具有较好的优势,但是水平井投资大,风险高,研究水平井蒸汽吞吐经济技术界限十分必要.基于油藏数值模拟和动态经济评价方法,研究了无边底水、边水以及底水3类稠油油藏水平井蒸汽吞吐的油层有效厚度界限、油价边界值以及地面原油粘度界限.底水稠油油藏含水率上升最快,开发效果最差,因此经济技术界限也最为苛刻.当油价为50美元/bb1时,地面原油粘度为10 000 mPa·8的无边底水、边水以及底水稠油油藏进行水平井蒸汽吞吐开发的油层有效厚度界限分别为2.7,2.9和13.8 m.建立不同油价下的经济技术界限图版以及定量关系式,便于根据油价波动动态地指导不同类型稠油油藏水平井蒸汽吞吐经济开发.     

强底水稠油油藏水平井三维水驱物理模拟实验

珠江口盆地海相砂岩稠油油藏底水活跃,夹层分布复杂,开发难度较大,现有的常规实验规范无法准确地描述此类油藏的波及规律。基于南海东部X稠油油藏特征,设计了水平井三维水驱物理模拟实验,抽提出原油黏度和夹层分布范围作为影响水驱开发效果的主控因素,分析了强底水稠油油藏水驱开发中的水脊形态与波及规律。结果表明：稠油油藏水脊变化过程为局部锥进—局部见水—局部上托—围绕见水点拓展;稠油油藏水驱存在明显的油水过渡带,在开发后期波及范围增大有限,可采用大排量提液措施,重点挖潜在波及区油水过渡带中的剩余油;稠油油藏水驱应关注水平井沿程非均质性;对于含夹层稠油油藏,小范围夹层底部剩余油较少,大范围夹层易发生底水绕流形成次生边水,沿井筒方向波及范围增大幅度较大,在夹层下部残存大量剩余油,表现为“屋檐油”。该成果可为强底水稠油油藏治水防水及剩余油挖潜提供方案。     

欢喜岭油田薄层稠油资源勘探潜力分析

薄层稠油储量在欢喜岭油田未探明储量中占有较大比重,以薄层稠油油藏为主要勘探对象,采用"三老"资料复查技术,围绕出油气井点进行小层对比,结合三维地震与储层反演落实构造和储层,利用电性图版、PNN测试技术结合沉积微相研究确定油水分布规律,初步探明石油地质储量1 200×104t,并采用水平井钻探技术进行勘探开发部署,优选薄层难采储量进行试生产取得较好效果,为同类型油藏勘探提供了借鉴.     

胜利油田浅层稠油油水关系复杂井防砂技术研究

胜利油田浅层稠油油藏存在出砂严重、上下隔层较薄、断层发育以及油水关系复杂等缺点,无法落实勘探储量,严重制约着油藏的开发。针对浅层稠油油藏油水关系复杂井的地质特点,从出水原因分析和研究了适用的堵水防砂主导工艺技术,探索出该类油井防砂技术途径。经在东辛、陈庄等油田现场推广应用14井次,取得显著的防砂效果。     

从石油峰值论到石油枯竭论

对石油产量的变化和峰值的预测是有前提的,预测者或者是面对简单的油田,且其储量和开发方式无大变化,或者是限定储产量的变化速度和最大可探明储量等。对基本符合这些限定的"封闭系统",预测的成果可大致符合实际情况。而对不断开拓新区新领域、发现新油田和不断革新采油工艺提高采收率的"开放系统",预测结果多会有很大(甚至定性)的误导作用。此外,还须考虑到石油生产受社会因素的影响甚大。峰值论的鼻祖Hubbert 1956年预测美国1969-1971年石油产量达到峰值时恰逢油田及开发方式变化不大的简单情况,他言中了。而其他对世界石油峰值的预测都把复杂情况简单化,看不到石油在发展中实施着战术和战略接替,因而失败了。虽然近20年来世界石油的储产量一直为上升趋势,但石油峰值论和枯竭论等言论在媒体炒作下却流传甚广,导致公众对石油供应安全甚为恐慌,成了高油价的幕后推手之一。     

致密油与页岩油的概念与应用

通过国内外大量的文献调研,了解和分析了致密油和页岩油术语的不同含义与应用情况,对比了它们之间的异同点,并提出了应用和完善致密油和页岩油概念的建议。致密油含义有广义与狭义之分;页岩油除用于指油页岩加工的石油外,其含义也有广义和狭义之分。致密油与页岩油异同点表现为3种情况:①致密油与页岩油概念完全不同,属于不同的非常规石油资源类型;②致密油与页岩油含义完全相同,可以互换使用;③致密油与页岩油概念既有关系,也有差别。在应用致密油和页岩油术语时,要遵循"尊重习惯、方便交流"的原则。致密油和页岩油有不同含义,不要只从字面上机械理解,要真正理解它们的实际内涵。对于致密油和页岩油术语使用中遇到的问题,应采取"不断完善,适时修正"的原则,不断完善致密油和页岩油术语的定义,使它们的定义和应用更加科学、规范,同时也要方便、适用和与国际接轨。     

Gas and oil production from waterflood residual oil: effects of wettability and oil spreading characteristics

In the depressurisation of reservoirs already produced to waterflooded residual oil, solution gas is released when the reservoir pressure drops to below the bubble point. This gas becomes mobilised when the critical gas saturation has been reached. Additionally, the oil itself can become mobile from its residual state and can also be produced under suitable physical conditions. The critical gas saturation, the rate of saturation change, and the gas saturation remaining at the end of the depressurisation process (unrecoverable gas) are important parameters in determining the overall economic performance when depressurising a reservoir.In this, and previous work, we are demonstrating that these quantities depend additionally upon other factors which affect the fluid distribution and the rate of gas generation, particularly the surface and interfacial properties. For instance, earlier visual experiments in glass micromodels suggested that wettability and oil spreading coefficient could substantially influence both the value of the critical gas saturation and the growth pattern for the developing gas bubbles, and thus the gas flow. In order to confirm these observations and to provide quantitative data, further experiments in large sintered packs, with different matrix wettability and with oils having different spreading coefficients (e.g. oil spreading onto a gas–water interface), have been carried out and are reported here. These new experiments show that the magnitude of the critical gas saturation for a water-wet system is about the same irrespective of whether the oil is spreading or non-spreading, but it is much higher than for the oil-wet case. In addition, oil is also produced but the rate of production is dependent upon the rock wettability and the oil characteristics. We find that in a water-wet medium, for spreading oils, the physical form of the oil becomes transformed from being immobile ganglia into mobile oil films, which can then be transported by the gas. For non-spreading oils, oil has to be pushed out by the gas as discontinuous ganglia so less is oil produced. In contrast, in an oil-wet system, the oil phase already exists as a continuous film on the surface of the solid so that the generation of gas effectively expands the oil phase, enabling the oil to be produced in larger quantities even at lower gas saturations.These new experiments give further evidence that rock wettability has an important influence on the performance of gas production from residual oil. Additionally, significant amounts of oil may be recovered after waterflooding from the residual condition, which could have a beneficial impact on the economics of the depressurisation.     

Cryogenic technologies for storage of oil and oil products

Technologies and principles of operation of plants for recovery of light hydrocarbon fractions (LHF) by direct liquefaction of LHF in low-temperature Stirling machines and use of an intermediate loop containing liquid nitrogen are discussed.     

辽河油区稠油及高凝油勘探开发技术综述

辽河坳陷油气资源丰富,地质条件复杂,油品类型多样,其中稠油、高凝油开发在辽河油区勘探开发中占有重要的地位。在勘探开发过程中,辽河油田对稠油、高凝油的形成机制和分布特点进行了系统研究,针对稠油、高凝油油气藏的特性,开展了室内实验研究,充分利用各种技术手段,形成了具有辽河油区特色的稠油和高凝油开发主导技术,在辽河油区稠油、高凝油开发中取得了明显效果。论述了稠油和高凝油勘探开发历程,对辽河油区稠油、高凝油多年勘探开发进行了系统总结,并对存在的难点进行了分析,为辽河坳陷及类似地区稠油和高凝油的勘探开发提供了一定的参考价值。     

Experience of making pumps for oil and oil products delivery

Various versions of pump designs with an axiradial impeller and an impeller running in conjunction with a preconnected endless screw are examined. Recommendations are offered regarding alteration of the design of the flow section of the axiradial impeller for improving pump characteristics.     

Study on the process of oil recovery from oil sludge and tailing oil sands by blending extraction

Abstract

The raw materials of this study were oilfield sludge and the tailings extracted from the oil sands of Yumen. The mineral composition and particle size distribution were characterized by X-ray diffraction and gradient screening. In this study, we put forward a new process of oil sludge and oil sand tailings blending extraction. Tailings mainly contained high crystallinity of quartz and calcium carbonate. Tailings with particle size greater than 75?μm accounted for more than 95%. Oil sludge mainly contained clay minerals. Through the co-extraction experiment of different proportions of oil sludge and tailings, we can get the best condition of blending extraction. The results showed that m (tailing oil sands): m (oil sludge) = 0.5, v (solvents): m (sample) = 2, temperature 60?°C and contact time 20?minutes were the optimum technological conditions. Under the optimum conditions, the yield of the first stage co-extraction was up to 81.8%. The total yield of secondary co-extraction oil was up to 89.4%. This study overcame the problem of low yield of oil extracted from oil sludge.     

辽河油区稠油分类及其储量等级划分

以原油在油层中的流动状态及工业性开发潜力为出发点，根据辽河油区５个油田１７个稠油区块２５５个稠油样品分析结果，采用地层温度下脱气原油粘度为主要指标，地面原油密度作为第二指标，将稠油分为常规稠油，重稠油，特稠油和超稠油四类。     

石油峰值理论及世界石油峰值预测

追溯了石油峰值理论的起源,对国内外一系列关于石油峰值理论模型的定量研究表明,石油峰值理论模型大体有3种类型:①基于生命有限体系的生命模型;②基于概率论和统计学理论的随机模型;③基于生产实践和理论推理的广义数学模型.从预测模型的发展过程中可以看出,国外从单循环模型发展到多循环模型,侧重于模型的纵向发展;而国内从翁氏模型发展到一系列的预测模型,侧重于模型的横向发展.利用广义翁氏模型对世界石油产量峰值进行的预测结果是:世界石油的峰值产量约为40.3×10⁸t,峰值出现时间大约在2020年.