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笔者在《古代四川井盐生产中的化学成就》和《古代四川井盐生产中的物理学成就》两文中,从化学和物理学的角度,对四川古代井盐生产中卓越科技成就作了初步探索。笔者在这篇文章中,将从盐矿地质学的角度,对四川古代盐业科技成就作进一步的探索。 由于井盐生产的特殊性,开发井盐的先辈一直处在对与盐矿储存状态有关的地形、地貌、岩层、岩性、盐矿共性状况等 相似文献
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盐业资本的积累和利润去向——自贡盐业资本家比较研究之二 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
众所周知,盐业尤其四川井盐业,是中国资本主义发展史上的一个比较典型的行业。富荣盐场在全川盐业中资本主义萌芽程度最高,盐场经营规慎庞大,分工细密,雇佣劳动高度发展,商业资本和高利贷资本通过各种形式大量转入盐业资本,土地也以投资的方式变为井盐生产资料,从而实现了盐业资本的积累过程。勿庸置疑,研究自贡盐业资本的积累和利润去向,对于探索 相似文献
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追溯四川井盐业发展的整个进程,我们发现移民入川在古代四川井盐的发展进程中占有举足轻重的地位。移民入川为四川井盐业的开发带来了他省先进的生产技术和生产工具、引进了大批的科技人才、治盐专家和大量的资金:同时,提供了充足的劳动力包括资本主义萌芽进程中的雇佣工人,而且由于人口原因拓宽了食盐销售商品市场,等等。移民入川成为古代四川井盐业发展的一个非常重要的外在原因。 相似文献
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·盐业史研究慨况·盐业与盐业史研究关于中国的盐务史让四川井盐史的研究走向世界关于井盐经济史的通信 一致瑞士友人傅汉思书中国盐业史研讨会述要·盐业科技史·一'} ‘ 明代前期封建官府统制下的盐业 薛宗正1986。l一29 自贡盐业契约考释(连载一一五)彭泽益1986.1—3 ‘ 彭久松1986.1~1988.4千家驹1986。l一6 滑代四川的盐榷与盐枭 鲁子健1986.1—56冉光荣1986·1—159 清代两广盐商及其特点 王小荷1986.1—65 清代扬州盐商衰败原因综述吴天颖1988·1—70 张连生1986.1—81王芳1988·l一73 川盐缉私略论 宋良曦1986.1—8 中国近代盐政… 相似文献
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抗日战争时期的四川盐业 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
抗日战争时期,沿海海盐产区相继沦陷,四川成为全国盐产中心,井盐生产快速发展。保证了大后方鄂、湘、黔、滇、陕、甘、西康和四川八省的军需民食,大大充裕了抗战财政,为抗战胜利作出了重大贡献。川盐生产发展,市场扩大,资本大量向自贡盐场集中,推动了井盐制作技术工艺的革新、现代机械设备的推广,为四川盐业现代化生产奠定了物质技术基础。 相似文献
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明末清初,四川遭受长达数十年的战乱破坏,人丁稀少,田园荒废,经济衰败,兴盛的四川井盐业,亦经战乱的浩劫,盐政“荒废已极”,“从前盐灶,夷塞无余”。平定后,清政府多次调查四川井盐状况,为恢复和发展井盐生产,采取了一系列鼓励移民入川、允许自由开凿自由生产和自由贩运、减轻税课等较积极较松宽的政策。于是“蜀业如蹶而复振”。随着井盐生产的迅速恢复和全面发展, 相似文献
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自贡巨厚丰富的井盐文化遗产具有极其重要的历史价值、科学价值和观赏价值,是自贡文化旅游的最大特色及核心优势。为了科学保护与合理利用自贡井盐文化遗产,本文提出了以西秦会馆为中心构建盐文化长廊和在吉成井盐业遗址建立"中国盐业科技博物馆"的设想,从盐文化和盐业科技两方面再现自贡盐业的发展历程,展示自贡独特而深厚的文化底蕴。 相似文献
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Objectives
To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.Design
Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.Main outcome measure
Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.Results
The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.Conclusions
In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.6 Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.7 In Ukraine, two studies3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine. 相似文献16.
了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。 相似文献
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目的 了解山西省食源性致病菌的污染现状.方法 按照2010年度《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》进行.结果 1 576份样品中共检出阳性菌株149株,检出率为9.45%,其中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性弧菌污染比较严重,总检出率为9.50%和8.22%,金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的总检出率分别为3.02%、1.11%和0.87%.不同类别食品中致病菌的检出率差异较大,生肉中致病菌的检出率高居榜首为49.33%,主要污染菌为沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌;沙拉中致病菌的检出率为17.39%,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;生食水产品中致病菌的检出率为16.94%,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性孤菌;熟肉制品中致病菌的检出率为9.84%,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌;中式凉拌菜中致病菌的检出率为8.89%,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜榨果汁中致病菌的检出率为6.67%,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜冻水产品中致病菌的检出率为5.00%,主要污染菌为副溶血性弧菌;婴幼儿配方粉/米粉/谷粉/豆奶粉中阪崎杆菌的检出率为1.11%.结论 山西省多种食品均存在食源性致病菌不同程度的污染,应加大对散装食品、即食食品和生食水产品的监管. 相似文献
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Tareq M. Osaili Abbas F. Al Jamali Ibrahim M. Makhadmeh Mohammad Taha Sukiena K. Jarrar 《Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance Communications》2016,9(3):223-229
Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake. 相似文献
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在劳动成本很高的国家,纺织厂遇到了难以找到合适的工人和辅助人员以从事繁重的筒子搬运工作的问题,而且这种问题日益严重。因为按照不同的纱线支数和筒管尺寸,成吨的纱线筒管必须由人工尽快地搬运到位。 相似文献