南海东部重矿物分布特征及其影响因素

对南海东部 1 88个站位表层沉积物样品 63～ 1 2 5μm粒级重矿物的研究表明 ,重矿物种类有50种 ,最高含量可达 1 2 .82 % ;平均含量较低 ,为 1 .1 1 % ,;矿物组成以普通角闪石、铁锰微结核、磁铁矿、普通辉石为主。重矿物来源复杂多样 ,包括陆源、火山、自生等各种来源的矿物。陆源重矿物多分布在水深 3 50 0 m以浅的北部陆坡 ,主要来源于台湾海峡和台湾岛 ;此外还有经巴士海峡由洋流带入的吕宋岛等的剥蚀物 ,珠江物质对研究区的影响较小。自生沉积矿物主要分布于 1 6°N～ 2 0°N之间的下陆坡区和深海平原 ,其中铁锰微结核富集于沉积速率较低的氧化环境 ,自生黄铁矿则富集于局部还原环境或生物壳室中。火山碎屑矿物主要分布于 1 5°N两侧的深海平原和海山区 ,来源于海底火山岩的剥蚀物和附近弧状列岛的火山喷发物。沉积环境是影响重矿物分布的主要因素。     

楚科奇海-加拿大海盆表层沉积物中的粘土矿物

楚科奇海-加拿大海盆表层沉积物中主要存在3种粘土矿物组合:1)伊利石-高岭石-绿泥石-蒙皂石,仅见于加拿大海盆北部;2)伊利石-绿泥石-蒙皂石-高岭石,主要见于楚科奇海中部;3)伊利石-绿泥石-高岭石-蒙皂石,普遍见于研究区内除上述两海区以外的广大区域.就各粘土矿物的区域变化而言,总体上由楚科奇海向加拿大海盆,伊利石和高岭石呈含量增加趋势,绿泥石和蒙皂石含量呈减少趋势.根据粘土矿物的质量分数和粘土矿物间比值的区域变化,可大体以(74°30′N,175°W)和(71°30′N,150°W)两点连线为界,将研究区分为南、北两个明显不同的粘土矿物分区:南区以绿泥石和蒙皂石含量较高为主要特征,其中S/I和S/K普遍较高、而K/I和K/CH则普遍较低;北区则以伊利石和高岭石含量较高为主要特征,其中S/I和S/K普遍较低,而K/I和K/CH则普遍较高.粘土矿物的这种分布格局和区域变化表明,在北冰洋的楚科奇海-加拿大海盆海域,不论是粘土矿物的来源还是其分布变化的控制因素,都存在着明显的南、北之别:在该海域的南部,粘土矿物主要来源于阿拉斯加的岩石风化产物、育空河的入海物质以及东西伯利亚海沿岸主要河流的入海物质,其分布主要受来自太平洋的水流结构和西伯利亚沿岸流所控制;而在该海域的北部,粘土矿物则主要来源于加拿大马更些河的入海物质和由北冰洋欧亚海盆扩散而来的细粒物质,其分布主要受北冰洋的跨极漂流、来自大西洋的水流结构以及波弗特涡流等所控制.     

南海粘土矿物组合特征及其环境意义

利用X射线衍射法(XRD)对南海12个海底表层沉积物和20个悬浮物样品中粘土矿物组成和分布特征进行了综合分析。结果表明:(1)研究区的表层沉积物粘土矿物以伊利石为主,其次为绿泥石、高岭石、伊/蒙间层矿物以及蒙皂石;悬浮物粘土矿物是以绿泥石为主,其次为高岭石、蒙皂石、伊利石以及伊/蒙间层矿物。(2)粘土矿物的组成和分布特征主要受气候条件、物质来源、水动力条件及相互间稀释作用的制约。伊利石的含量随离岸距离和水深的增加呈增大趋势;高岭石则在近岸区特别是河口区富集;绿泥石在西部沿岸海区的含量较低,在东部岛弧和北部台湾岛附近海区的含量较高;蒙皂石与火山作用密切相关,在东部火山岛弧附近海区含量较高。(3)粘土沉积物的来源以河流输入为主,海洋自生和风尘搬运对该区的沉积影响不大。(4)深海悬浮物粘土矿物的组成变化能够很好地指示短尺度气候环境的变迁,伊利石的结晶程度对气候和环境变化反映灵敏,其随所处环境的压力增大而变差。     

黄海全新世泥质体表层沉积物重矿物特征及其指示意义

基于对黄海56个表层沉积物样品的碎屑重矿物和粒度分析,研究了黄海全新世泥质体底质表层沉积物的重矿物特征及其指示的物源和环境信息。结果表明:泥质体重矿物含量低且组成变化大,矿物组合主要为普通角闪石-不透明矿物-片状矿物-绿帘石-自生黄铁矿,泥质体可分为三个矿物区:泥质体北部矿物区(Ⅰ区)、山东半岛沿岸矿物区(Ⅱ区)和泥质体南部矿物区(Ⅲ区),泥质体之外西南侧分布着南黄海西部矿物区(Ⅳ区)和南黄海南部矿物区(Ⅴ区)。Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区明显受黄河物质控制,Ⅲ区物源较为复杂,除黄河物质外,东海北部陆架和长江物质也对其产生一定影响。自生黄铁矿的富集指示了冷水团的存在和弱还原的沉积环境;多种矿物的含量分布指示了切变锋的存在,其"水障"作用对泥质体的空间分布和矿物组成造成了很大影响,对沉积物的运移趋势也具有显著限制作用。     

青岛近岸海域表层沉积物重矿物分布及物源

对青岛近岸海域127个表层沉积物样品和周边入海河流22个表层沉积物样品重矿物分析,系统地研究了重矿物分布特征和物质来源。结果表明,研究区矿物组合为普通角闪石—绿帘石—黑云母—褐铁矿—自生黄铁矿,可划分为3个矿物分区。田横岛—千里岩岛矿物区(Ⅰ区)矿物组合为普通角闪石—绿帘石—褐铁矿—黑云母—阳起石,物源主要来自五龙河等沿岸河流,黄河物质也有贡献;崂山头东部矿物区(Ⅱ区)矿物组合为普通角闪石—绿帘石—褐铁矿—石榴子石,物源以残留沉积和沿岸侵蚀物为主;海阳—乳山近岸矿物区(Ⅲ区)矿物组合为普通角闪石—自生黄铁矿—黑云母—水黑云母—绿帘石—褐铁矿,沉积物受黄河影响显著,沿岸河流和岛屿侵蚀物也有影响。     

青岛近岸海域表层沉积物重矿物分布及物源北大核心CSCD

对青岛近岸海域127个表层沉积物样品和周边入海河流22个表层沉积物样品重矿物分析,系统地研究了重矿物分布特征和物质来源。结果表明,研究区矿物组合为普通角闪石—绿帘石—黑云母—褐铁矿—自生黄铁矿,可划分为3个矿物分区。田横岛—千里岩岛矿物区(Ⅰ区)矿物组合为普通角闪石—绿帘石—褐铁矿—黑云母—阳起石,物源主要来自五龙河等沿岸河流,黄河物质也有贡献;崂山头东部矿物区(Ⅱ区)矿物组合为普通角闪石—绿帘石—褐铁矿—石榴子石,物源以残留沉积和沿岸侵蚀物为主;海阳—乳山近岸矿物区(Ⅲ区)矿物组合为普通角闪石—自生黄铁矿—黑云母—水黑云母—绿帘石—褐铁矿,沉积物受黄河影响显著,沿岸河流和岛屿侵蚀物也有影响。     

南海北部海域粘土矿物分布特征

南海北部海域海底沉积物中的粘土矿物组分为伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石、蒙脱石和混层矿物,根据粘土矿物在该海域的分布规律和海底地形、水动力条件、沉积作用等特征可划分为三种类型的粘土矿物区.从粘土矿物组合类型可知,该海域粘土矿物主要来源于我国大陆.南部深海区的粘土矿物除了来自北部大陆外,菲律宾火山岛弧和南面马来西亚携带来的高岭石也是深海区粘土矿物的来源之一.而116°E以西海域,绿泥石向深海方向增加可能与末次冰期珠江古河道携带的残留绿泥石和高岭石向绿泥石转变有关.海底火山是黄岩岛附近海域蒙脱石和绿泥石增高的原因之一.从整个海域粘土矿物分布格局可知,该海域的粘土矿物组合类型主要受源区气候和周围的陆源岩石类型所控制.     

渤海表层沉积物中的粘土矿物

对渤海30多个表层样作了粘土矿物分析,结果表明,广泛存在的粘土矿物是伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石和蒙脱石.伊利石为优势矿物,平均含量为60%;次之为高岭石,平均18%;绿泥石与蒙脱石为次要矿物,平均都在10%左右.渤海粘土矿物在表层沉积物中的分布图式受物源控制,其中黄河的入海泥沙影响最大.海区的水动力特征与地球化学环境(如盐度)也是影响粘土矿物分布的重要因素.根据粘土矿物的分布与组合特征,可将渤海划分为两个矿物省:辽东湾矿物省与渤海湾-莱洲湾矿物省,而这后一个矿物省明显地反映了黄河泥沙入海后的运移、扩散与沉淀的特征,这对渤海沉积物来源的研究以及了解黄河三角洲的形成过程与对它的开发利用都是有意义的.     

长城湾,阿德雷湾沉积物中粘土矿物研究

本文分析了采自南极长城湾、阿德雷湾的21个粘土矿物样品。X射线衍射分析、差热分析及化学分析表明,海区粘土矿物主要由蒙脱石(51～70％)、蒙脱石—伊利石、蒙脱石—绿泥石混层矿物(23～65％)、伊利石(16～42％)、绿泥石(7～17％,含蛭石)及高岭石(4～18％)组成。粘土矿物的分布,在长城湾内,以蒙脱石—伊利石混层矿物为主,在长城湾湾口区,则以蒙脱石为主。显然,这一特征受到物质来源及海湾地形的影响。海湾区粘土矿物主要来自毗连陆地玄武岩类的风化产物,伊利石主要来自邻近海域,以蒙脱石及其混层矿物为主的组合及其化学组成表明,海湾邻近陆地曾经历过较强的化学风化作用阶段。     

东海大陆架沉积物中粘土矿物的研究

本文运用X射线衍射仪、差热仪、电子显微镜照相等完成了东海大陆架200多个沉积物粘土矿物样品的分析,并对东海陆架区粘土矿物组成、分布、物质来源、粘土矿物组合分区及其影响因素等问题作了讨论。     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,