表面形变强化层中裂纹的萌生与扩展

研究了缺口根部强化层中疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展。结果表明疫劳性能的提高主要归因于喷丸引起的缺口根部残余压应力,其能提高裂纹的闭合力,延缓短裂纹的扩展速率,而对萌生的作用极微。工作应力低时可出现非扩展裂纹。在残余压应力场中长裂纹的扩展可用Newman改进模型进行计算。在残余压应力峰值位置出现最大闭合力和最小裂纹扩展速率,计算和实测值基本一致。     

齿面几何结构对面齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命的影响

基于坐标变换和啮合原理推导出面齿轮齿面方程,建立不同齿面参数(压力角、模数)的面齿轮传动有限元模型,分析了齿面参数对齿根弯曲应力、接触面积的影响以及弯曲应力沿齿高方向、齿宽方向的分布规律。面向磨齿及铣齿齿面粗糙度,根据修正的局部应力应变法计算了不同齿面粗糙度下的疲劳裂纹生成寿命,利用损伤容限设计法对疲劳裂纹扩展寿命进行了预测。研究结果表明,压力角对齿面弯曲疲劳寿命影响明显,尤其是对裂纹扩展寿命影响较大,增大压力角有助于提高齿面弯曲疲劳综合寿命;此外,磨削齿面较铣削齿面有利于提高齿面弯曲疲劳寿命。研究内容可为面齿轮抗疲劳设计提供依据。     

高速动车组斜齿轮的齿根裂纹萌生寿命数值计算

为分析高速动车组斜齿轮的齿根裂纹萌生寿命,采用UG建模软件建立了斜齿轮副的三维模型,并通过ABAQUS软件确定了裂纹萌生位置。基于疲劳损伤累积理论,对试验齿轮分别采用名义应力法和局部应力应变法模拟计算出裂纹萌生寿命;进行了高频疲劳试验,得到了裂纹萌生寿命,通过对比模拟结果与试验结果,确定了最佳损伤模型,计算得出了斜齿轮齿根的裂纹萌生寿命。分析了载荷、表面粗糙度、残余应力、齿顶修缘等因素对裂纹萌生寿命的影响规律。研究结果表明,载荷及表面粗糙度对裂纹萌生寿命的影响比较显著;裂纹萌生寿命随着残余压应力的增大而延长;适当的修形可延长斜齿轮裂纹萌生寿命。     

重载传动齿轮失效模式分析

通过对履带式车辆重载传动齿轮在服役过程中常见的失效模式进行讨论,从齿轮弯曲疲劳、齿面接触疲劳和齿面磨损3种主要失效模式的失效机理进行了分析,明确了齿根和齿面更易出现损伤,裂纹扩展导致齿轮失效,导致传动装置失效,造成车辆出现故障无法行驶。阐述了喷丸和超声滚压等表面残余应力控制技术作用于齿轮的强化机理,残余压应力能够有效降低促使裂纹扩展的拉应力,明确了成熟稳定的喷丸和超声滚压设备及体系化的工艺设计,能够保证重载传动齿轮表面强化的工业化批量生产。     

焊接残余应力对疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的影响

通过疲劳试验,研究焊接残余应力对疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展性能的影响,以及残余应力的再分配。试验结果表明,垂直于裂纹方向的纵向残余应力促进孔边疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展;残余应力随焊缝金属的应变松弛而降低,它对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响相应减小;残余应力场中疲劳裂纹扩展速率仍可以用Ｐａｒｉｓ ／公式计算。     

硬齿面齿轮齿根裂纹扩展特性与剩余寿命研究

为了研究齿根裂纹对硬齿面齿轮疲劳寿命的影响,以某渐开线硬齿面齿轮为研究对象,基于断裂力学方法和疲劳裂纹扩展理论,分析研究了齿轮齿根疲劳裂纹扩展机制;建立了考虑载荷大小、初始裂纹大小以及初始裂纹位置等因素影响的硬齿面齿轮齿根裂纹扩展剩余寿命分析模型,研究了齿根裂纹不同扩展阶段的应力强度因子演变规律与裂纹扩展机制;根据某渐开线硬齿面齿轮副弯曲疲劳试验数据,对所建计算模型进行了分析与验证,证明了模型的准确性。结果表明,与Ⅱ型裂纹、Ⅲ型裂纹相比,Ⅰ型裂纹应力强度因子最大,从齿面到裂纹深度方向,其值逐渐减小;随载荷、裂纹长度、裂纹宽度以及初始裂纹距齿宽中心位置的距离等因素的增大,裂纹扩展剩余寿命都随之减小。     

基于残余应力的轮齿齿根强化对弯曲疲劳强度影响研究综述

随着工程技术的不断发展,弯曲疲劳强度成为齿轮进一步发展的重要限制因素,且弯曲疲劳失效相较于齿面失效更具危险性。结合齿轮弯曲疲劳折断机理及裂纹扩展过程,系统阐述了齿根裂纹萌生重要影响因素(包括齿根过渡圆角、磨削台阶及残余应力场等)对齿根弯曲疲劳性能的影响;基于残余应力和表面及亚表面组织可控的齿面强化机理,进一步分析了改善齿轮弯曲疲劳性能的表面强化工艺(包括喷丸强化、齿根磨削工艺等)及其研究进展;着重探讨了齿根磨削对齿轮弯曲疲劳性能的影响。为工程实际中优化齿轮设计及制造、改善齿轮弯曲疲劳性能提供理论依据和技术参考。     

随机风载下齿轮副接触疲劳裂纹萌生寿命研究

对随机风场进行了模拟,得到了正常发电工况下主轴扭矩的时间历程;建立了齿轮副的三维有限元模型,计算了在静态载荷下齿轮副的应力应变。采用随机载荷雨流计数法对齿轮载荷进行雨流计数,并对结果进行了统计学分析,得到应力均值符合三参数威布尔分布。研究了服从三参数威布尔分布的分布参数对齿轮接触疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的影响。结果表明采用随机载荷相对于采用载荷均值齿轮的接触疲劳裂纹萌生寿命疲劳寿命下降,形状参数增大齿轮接触疲劳裂纹萌生寿命增大,尺度参数和位置参数增大齿轮的接触疲劳裂纹萌生寿命减小。     

时变摩擦因数对齿面接触疲劳寿命的影响研究

齿面摩擦力对齿面接触应力和接触疲劳寿命有着重要的影响。在对齿面接触疲劳寿命预估时,常忽略齿面摩擦力的影响,不利于齿面接触疲劳寿命的准确预估。为了准确预估齿面接触疲劳寿命,根据18CrNiMo7-6齿轮材料的齿面接触疲劳试验数据,基于三参数威布尔分布和名义应力法对R-S-N曲线进行拟合,在齿面接触应力的计算中引入时变摩擦因数,分析了时变摩擦因数对齿面接触疲劳寿命的影响,并通过齿面接触疲劳试验进行了验证。结果表明,由于时变摩擦因数的影响,采用传统的名义应力法所估计的齿面接触疲劳极限偏大,且随着应力的增大,摩擦因数对齿面接触疲劳寿命的影响呈减弱趋势。     

喷丸强化残余应力对疲劳性能和变形控制影响研究进展

作为机械表面强化技术之一,喷丸强化使工件表层发生形变硬化,引入较高的残余压应力,减少了疲劳应力作用下微裂纹的萌生并抑制其扩展,从而显著提高零件的抗疲劳断裂和抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力。基于喷丸残余应力解析计算模型,从余弦函数模型、接触应力模型和球腔膨胀模型三个方面介绍喷丸强化残余应力的产生,进而对喷丸残余应力的仿真预测及影响规律进行论述。为了提高试件疲劳强度而引入的残余压应力会带来影响形位精度的变形,基于此阐述了喷丸残余应力对疲劳性能的影响及其在疲劳过程中的演化,同时论述了喷丸残余应力变形预测及控制的研究现状,最后对喷丸残余应力未来的研究内容与发展方向进行展望。     

Analysis of Fretting Fatigue of Cavitation Shotless Peened Ti–6Al–4V

Fretting fatigue behavior of cavitation shotless peened titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V coupons was investigated using finite element method and a critical plane-based multi-axial fatigue parameter. Cavitation shotless peening (CSP)-induced compressive residual stress, which was larger at the contact surface than its counterpart from the shot peening (SP). However, compressive residual stress decreased more sharply with distance from the contact surface in CSP than in SP. Analysis using a critical plane-based multi-axial fatigue parameter demonstrated that the crack initiation would occur inside the cavitation shotless peened specimen which matched with the experimental observations. On the other hand, crack initiation would occur on the contact surface in the shot peened specimen which again was in agreement with experiments. The analysis also showed that the crack propagation part of the total fretting fatigue life was longer in the shot peened specimen than in the cavitation shotless peened specimen while the crack initiation part was almost equal from both peening methods. Therefore, CSP could not improve the fretting fatigue life/strength as much as the SP did but it improved relative to the un-peened specimen.     

Numerical Calculation and Experimental Research on Residual Stresses in Precipitation-hardening Layer of NAK80 Steel for Shot Peening

Shot peening can improve fatigue strength of materials by creating compressive residual stress field in their surface layers,and offers a protection against crack initiation and propagation,corrosion,etc.And fatigue fracture and stress corrosion cracking of NAK80 steel parts are improved effectively.Currently there lacks in-depth research in which the beneficial effect of the residual stress may be offset by the surface damage associated with shot peening,especially in terms of the research on the effective control of shot peening intensity.In order to obtain the surface residual stress field of NAK80 steel after shot peening,the samples are shot peened by pneumatic shot peening machine with different rules.The residual stress in the precipitation-hardening layer of NAK80 steel is measured before and after a shot peening treatment by X-ray diffraction method.In order to obtain true residual stress field,integral compensation method is used to correct results.By setting up analytical model of the residual stress in the process of shot peening,the surface residual stress is calculated after shot peening,and mentioning the reason of errors occurred between calculated and experimental residual stresses,which is mainly caused by the measurement error of the shoot arc height.At the same time,micro hardness,microstructure and roughness in the precipitation-hardening layer of NAK80 steel before and after shot peening were measured and surveyed in order to obtain the relation between shot peening strength and surface quality in the precipitation-hardening layer.The results show that the surface quality of NAK80 steel is significantly improved by shot peening process.The over peening effect is produced when the shot peening intensity is too high,it is disadvantageous to improve sample’s surface integrity,and leading to reduce the fatigue life.When arc high value of optimal shot peening is 0.40 mm,the surface quality is the best,and the depth of residual stress in the precipitation-hardening layer reaches to about 450 μm.Numerical calculation is very useful to define the process parameters when a specific residual stress profile is intended,either to quantify the benefits on a specific property like fatigue life or to help on modeling a forming process like shot peen forming.In particular,the proposed parameter optimization in the progress of shot peening and effective control of the surface texture provide new rules for the quantitative evaluations of shot peening surface modification of NAK80 steel.     

表面疲劳短裂纹在残余压应力场中的扩展

研究Ｉｎｃｏｎｅｌ７１８镍基合金表面短裂纹在喷丸残余应力场中的扩展行为。用扫描电镜中的疲劳加载装置对表面裂纹的闭合行为进行原位观察和测量。研究表明,表面短裂纹具有较穿透短裂纹更低的扩展门槛值,表面短裂纹的闭合与残余压应力场的大小和分布密切相关,残余压应力场中的表面短裂纹扩展及形状变化完全可以通过其闭合行为的变化进行解释。     

基于累积损伤的渗碳齿轮钢疲劳寿命预测模型构建

采用轴向高频疲劳试验机进行超高周疲劳实验,研究了不同应力比(R=0和R=0.3)下渗碳齿轮钢疲劳特性.结果表明:在应力比为0和0.3时,渗碳齿轮钢的失效形式分为表面失效和内部失效.内部失效过程分为疲劳裂纹萌生阶段(夹杂-细颗粒区(fine granular area,FGA))、稳定扩展阶段(FGA-鱼眼)和瞬间断裂(...     

喷丸强化在新能源汽车轴齿上的应用

针对某新能源输入轴上仿真安全因子偏低的齿轮进行喷丸强化,结合其喷丸强化重点区域进行了有效的工装和喷丸饱和曲线工艺设计。同时,对喷丸后的齿面粗糙度以及规定位置进行了残余应力测试。喷丸后的输入轴应力合格及满足整车耐久测试要求,确认合理的喷丸能有效改善轴齿的应力状态,提高其弯曲和接触安全系数。     

Gear crack propagation investigations

Analytical and experimental studies were performed to investigate the effect of gear rim thickness on crack propagation life. The FRANC (FRacture Analysis Code) computer program was used to simulate crack propagation. The FRANC program used principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics, finite element modelling, and a unique re-meshing scheme to determine crack tip stress distributions, estimate stress intensity factors, and model crack propagation. Various fatigue crack growth models were used to estimate crack propagation life, based on the calculated stress intensity factors. Experimental tests were performed in a gear fatigue rig to validate predicted crack propagation results. Test gears were installed with special crack propagation gauges in the tooth fillet region to measure bending fatigue crack growth. Good correlation between predicted and measured crack growth was achieved when the fatigue crack closure concept was introduced into the analysis. As the gear rim thickness decreased, the compressive cyclic stress in the gear tooth fillet region increased. This retarded crack growth and increased the number of crack propagation cycles to failure.     

含夹杂物轴承钢中裂纹的萌生与扩展

针对轴承钢中夹杂物周围应力集中导致的疲劳剥落,建立了一种结合连续损伤力学的内聚力模型,用于模拟滚动接触循环加载下的裂纹萌生与扩展。基于内聚力模型的损伤起始准则和损伤演化规律,利用VUMAT子程序结合连续损伤力学构造了新的损伤演化方式,实现循环加载下的损伤累积,建立了基于内聚力模型的疲劳损伤累积失效模型,对含夹杂物模型的疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展进行了模拟,并研究了载荷条件和接触区摩擦因数对裂纹萌生与扩展以及疲劳寿命的影响。研究结果揭示了微观裂纹的萌生与扩展过程,为认识滚动接触疲劳提供了基础。     

Kinematic modeling and deformation mechanics in shot peening of functional ceramics

The applications of functional ceramics are significantly limited by the brittleness and low reliability. Recent studies have shown that compressive residual stress can be created in ceramics by shot peening, which improves the contact strength and fatigue of ceramic components. However, the formation mechanism of residuals stress in shot peening is yet to understand. In this study, a pressure-dependent plasticity model has been incorporated into a finite element simulation model of shot peening to understand the process mechanism underpinning the residual stress formation. Since shot velocity is the key process parameter to dominate the impact energy which determines the deformation state of the peened surface and the resultant residual stress, a new kinematic model of shots has also been developed by incorporating air drag and travel distance inside and outside the peening nozzle. The results have shown that the shot velocity model can be used to predict shot velocity. The experiment-based model may help understand the process mechanism underpinning the residual stress formation.