城市节能

随着我国进入快速城市化的历史阶段,很多单体建筑节能设计无法解决的问题,如城市交通能耗的降低、既有建筑的节能改造、城市能源系统的低碳化、城市能流的合理化等,都需要从城市或城区层面统筹协调。将城市能源供应分成三个层次,即城市、社区和终端,又可以分成生产、输配和用户三个环节。同时将城市能源消耗分成生产性能耗和消费性能耗两部分,以及产业、交通、建筑三个领域,分别分析了它们的能耗特点和节能措施,并提出了城市节能的关键性能指标。     

节能建筑中常用几个性能指标的论述

导热系数、蓄热系数、传热系数等是建筑热工设计中常用的几个性能指标。本文通过论述，指出这几个系数之间的关系及它们对建筑物保温性能的影响。     

城市供热系统的节能措施

指出了目前城市供热系统存在的主要问题,阐述了城市供热系统在保证供热质量的情况下,在生产,输送和使用的各个阶段可采取的节能措施。     

城市集中供热系统节能措施

首先介绍了城市集中供热的含义以及目前我国城市集中供热存在的问题,重点分析了集中供热系统的节能措施,提出城市有关部门应当加强对供热系统的节能管理,引用先进的供热设备提高节能效率,加强设备的运行监测。     

欧洲城市低碳发展的节能规划与启示

能源作为城市发展的基本动力。是实现低碳城市的根本与基础。通过系统总结。分析丹麦．法国、英国等欧洲城市节能规划管理实践．从国家能源战略、区域规划。社区能源规划三个层面思考我国城乡规划过程中的节能途径,建议应突出城乡节能在国家能源战略中的地位．制定城乡统筹的区域能源发展规划,开展以低碳化社区能源规划为基础的城市节能应用等。     

谈谈空调系统的节能问题

通过空调节能问题的探讨，引起各行业对能源浪费的重视，希望广大设计者在设计过程中多考虑能耗的节省，为国为民做出有意义的贡献。     

城市既有住宅节能改造研究

城市既有住宅的节能改造可以有效降低建筑能耗,文章通过分析我国城市既有住宅当前用能和改造情况,提出了采暖地区和防热地区不同的改造技术路线以及进一步推进我国城市既有住宅节能改造的保障措施、对策。     

城市生态节能建筑的发展趋势

党和政府提出要大力发展节能省地型住宅，这对于推进全国建筑节能工作具有重要的战略意义。据统计，全国每年新建房屋近20亿平方米，95％以上仍是高能耗建筑，建筑能耗已占全国总能耗的30%左右。     

Socio-economic and spatial indicators for household energy for a tropical urban community in urban Manila

Partly based on a household energy survey, this paper highlights the need to understand the complexities of the increasing urban growth rate around the world. The community, Baranggay 557 in the city of Manila is described, including structure and energy patterns, thus leading to an approach towards indicators and the rudiments of an energy policy. Cette etude, qui se fonde en partie sur une enquete relative a la consommation domestique d'energie, met en lumiere la necessite de mieux comprendre la complexite engondree par le taux rapide de croissance urbaine dans le monde. On y trouve une analyse de la collectivite en question - Baranggay 557 a Manille - qui en expose la structure et les modes de consommation d'energie. Les donnees ainsi recueillies font apparaitre des indicateurs, ainsi qu'une premiere ebauche de politique en matiere d'energie.     

节能量保证型合同能源管理在建筑节能中的应用

阐述了节能量保证型合同能源管理的实施流程、财务模式,给出了常用的节能解决方案,并针对节能解决方案介绍了节能量的测量与验证方法及节能量的修正方法,对节能量保证型合同能源管理的节能收益进行了分析。     

卷烟工业企业公用工程系统运行能效指标研究与应用

空调系统、蒸汽锅炉系统和除尘系统是卷烟工业企业公用工程系统的主要能源消耗系统,国家、行业标准对以上系统制定了一些系统能效指标,卷烟企业的三级能耗定额管理也有相应的系统能效指标,但是这些指标均存在一定的问题.按照能效指标制定的原则,指出了现有能效指标的优缺点,提出了适用于运行阶段评价的系统能效指标.     

Key performance indicators and assessment methods for infrastructure sustainability—a South African construction industry perspective

This paper identifies key performance indicators (KPI) for infrastructure delivery and maps computational methods required to achieve sustainability objectives in developing countries. It builds on previous research that developed taxonomy of infrastructure sustainability indicators and computational methods, to propose an analytical decision model and a structured methodology for sustainability appraisal in infrastructure projects in a developing country like South Africa. The paper uses the ‘weighted sum model’ technique in multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and the ‘additive utility model’ in analytical hierarchical process (AHP) for multi-criteria decision-making, to develop the model for computing the sustainability index—a crisp value for evaluating infrastructure design proposals. It discusses the development of the KPIs that are encapsulated within the analytical model. It concludes by discussing other potential applications of the proposed model and methodology for process automation as part of integrated sustainability appraisal in infrastructure design and construction in developing countries.     

Modeling the performance of residential building envelope: The role of sustainable energy performance indicators

The success of modeling the sustainable performance of the residential building envelope will be to a great extent associated to the sustainable energy performance indicators used. The sustainable energy performance indicators that these building assessment models are developed around should be chosen by taking into account the targeted objectives. However, it is very common to find building performance assessment models that do not take into account these considerations and therefore have a limited capability and scope. This leads to inadequate aggregate indicators for the actual assessment of the sustainable performance of the building envelope for a sustainable energy efficient building. The focus of this paper is to investigate the principal sustainable energy performance indicators for modeling the sustainable performance of the residential building envelope and develop an approach for determining the most appropriate sustainable energy performance indicators. In doing that, this paper provides an overview of previous research on sustainable energy performance indicators and discusses conceptual framework for developing sustainable energy performance indicators. In order to identify these indicators that influence the capability of building performance assessment models, a comprehensive survey of construction industry professionals was conducted using questionnaire survey technique while the data was analyzed using correlation analysis techniques.     

Assessing biological indicators for remediated anthropogenic urban soils

Anthropogenic urban soils, including brownfield soils, are currently characterised and evaluated using mainly physico-chemical properties. Our objective was to determine if biological indicators could provide a more comprehensive soil quality assessment relative to sustainability, identifying contamination issues, and effectiveness of remediation strategies. Plant, invertebrate and microbial assays and functional processes were evaluated at 10 brownfield/anthropogenic urban locations at different stages of remediation in northwest England. Extreme sites were discriminated on the basis of earthworm counts and a small number of indicators likely to be related to their activity. It was concluded that identifying a universally-applicable benchmark suite of biological indicators is very unlikely without considerable advancement of knowledge and technology.     

Evaluation of energy performance indicators and financial aspects of energy saving techniques in residential real estate

The energy consumption in the existing residential building stock accounts for about 40% of the total energy consumption in the built environment. Different types of energy performance indicators to assess the energy consumption of buildings were and still are internationally under development. In this paper we compare the methodologies and accuracies of three Dutch energy performance indicators by applying them to eight houses. This application shows that the actual domestic energy use is linearly correlated with the estimated energy consumption given by the energy performance indicators, but 7-25% lower.Based on the energy performance indicators and actual energy use, we offer a methodology to incorporate additional revenues within the financial analysis of energy saving techniques. These revenues are related to the value of the dwelling in which the techniques are installed. We use the same houses to analyse the financial returns on energy saving investments. By assigning the value increase of real estate to two popular specific energy saving techniques, namely wall and roof insulation, it is found that the payback period could be 40-50% shorter than when it is solely based on investment costs and energy prices.     

Key issues for sustainable urban stormwater management

Since ancient times, it is understood that stormwater from constructed areas should be managed somehow. Waste and pollution transported by stormwater poses quantity and quality problems, affecting public health and the quality of the environment. Sanitation infrastructures in urbanized regions have different development levels and the perception of stormwater changed considerably during the centuries and especially in recent years. Still, there is an evident worldwide heterogeneity when analyzing the lack of studies on urban stormwater conducted in some Asian or African countries.Strategies for sustainable stormwater management are needed at different decision levels (political, regional or local scale, for instance) but all of them need information and a clear understanding of the possibilities that are at stake as well as the main consequences of each decision. A sound approach to stormwater management should be flexible, based on local characteristics, and should take into consideration temporal, spatial and administrative factors and law, among other issues. Economic or technical constraints define different decision scenarios.Best Management Practices should be seen as an opportunity for development and improvement of social, educational and environmental conditions in urbanized and surrounding areas. Therefore they require an ample perspective and the participation of different stakeholders. High-quality decision needs time and a fair overview of the problem: the purpose of this document is to contribute to sustainable stormwater management, informing on the most relevant factors that should be assessed and their interaction. A flowchart has been produced and is presented, indicating the most relevant steps, processes and information that should be taken into account in urban development.     

Modelling and performance prediction of an integrated central cooling plant for HVAC energy efficiency improvement

The aim of this paper is to explore methods to reduce the energy consumption of a central cooling plant. To achieve this, we have developed a new design for heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) efficiency improvement. A storage tank together with an immersed heat exchanger is installed in the discharge line between the compressor and condenser. The heat exchanger uses the make-up water of the cooling tower to reduce the refrigerant temperature entering the condenser. To investigate the potential of energy savings, we used a real-world commercial building with a central cooling plant, located in a hot and dry climate, for our case study. The energy consumption and relevant data of the existing central cooling plant were acquired over the course of a typical week in summer. The integrated system has been modeled and analyzed to achieve energy conservation. The performance of the proposed cooling system was simulated using a transient simulation software package. Comparison of the proposed system with existing cooling plant is included in this paper to demonstrate the advantages of our new configuration. Results show that up to 18% power saving can be obtained by using our design.     

基于能耗数据和指标的空调系统节能诊断方法及应用

建立了典型的空调系统划分及能耗指标体系,提出了一种基于空调系统分项耗电量及建筑耗冷量的节能诊断方法,并给出了应用该方法开展节能诊断的案例.