REE and Sr-Nd isotope characteristics of hydrothermal chimney at Jade area in the Okinawa Trough

Hydrothermal chimney is a product of hydrothermal activity on the seabed. Chimney samples dredged from Jade hydrothermal area in Izena depression of the Okinawa Trough, are characterized by relatively enriched light rare earth elements (LREE) and strongly positive Eu anomalies. ^87Sr/^86Sr and ^143Nd/^144Nd of these samples are exactly between those of seawater and of acidic pumice, averaged at 0.708928 and 0.512292, respectively. These characteristics imply that the main source of hydrothermal sulfide at Jade area is possibly the undersurface acidic rocks. The mineralizing mechanism can be summarized as follows: Large amount of mineralized material would be leached out and LREE-enriched hydrothermal solution would be subsequently produced as a result of thermo-chemical exchange reaction between acidic volcanic rocks and heated seawater that penetrated in advance from upper water mass. The spurting out from the seabed and quickly crystallizing in the seawater of hydrothermal solution are responsible for the formation of Cu-Zn sulfide and barite-amorphous SiO2 minerals that are characterized by enriched LREE and positively strong Eu anomalies.     

Petrology, Geochemistry and Nd-Sr-Pb Isotopic Properties of Volcanic Rocks in Daheishan Island, Penglai, Shandong Province

The major elements, trace elements, K-Ar age and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic systems of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks in Daheishan Island and Cishan, Penglai, Shandong Province are measured. The volcanic rocks ( olivine-nephelinite and nepheline-basanite ) in DaheishanIsland erupted periodically in an interval of 0.32 Ma, from 8.72 Mm 8.39 Ma, 8.08 Ma to 7.73Ma. The volcanic rocks are all rich in light REEs. They are similar to the OIB-type alkali basalt in the trace elements normalized model by primordial mantle: rich in high field elements such as Nb and Ta, and imcompatible elements such as Cs, Rb, Ba, Th, U. The volcanic rocks show a depletion of K and Rb elements. It is suggested by the trace elements that the olivine-nephelinite in Daheishan Island is originated fi‘om deep resources under the continental mantle, ε Nd (0) values of the volcanic rocks in Daheishan Island and Cishan are 5.31 - 8.51 and 7.33 respectively, suggesting that the volcanic rocks are from the depleted mantle resources, which have higher Sm/Nd ratios than the CHUR. ^143Nd /^144Nd ratios of Daheishan Island olivine-nephelinite and Cishan alkali basalts are 0.512 910 - 0.513 074 and 0.513 014 resoeetivelv. The ^87Sr /^86Sr of Daheishan lsland volcanic rocks are lower than that of Cishan, 0.703 427 - 0.703 482 and 0.703 895 respectively. The Daheishan Island olivinenephelinite has the Pb isotopic values as follows: ^206Pb /^204pb= 18.028 9 ～17.972 8,^207Pb /^204Pb= 15,435 8 - 15.402 2 and ^208Pb /^204Pb=38.087 6 - 37.997 5, lower than those of Cishan basanite. The Cishan basanite has ^206Pb / ^204Pb = 18.240 1, ^208Pb /^204Pb = 15.564 5 and ^208Pb /^204Pb=38.535. The authors suggest that the olivine-nephelinite in Daheishan Island is similar to the E-type MORB or Hawaii OIB, and the alkali basalts in Cishan similar to the Kerguelen OIB. The dominant mantle components of DM PREMA and perhaps DM( Dupal type ) are the dominant mantle components for volcanic rocks in Daheishan Island and Cishan. The PREMA component plays an important role.     

西太平洋海山年龄及地球化学:地幔过程及岩石成因

Research on seamounts provides some of the best constraints for understanding intraplate volcanism, and samples from seamounts reveal crucial evidence about the geochemical makeup of the oceanic mantle. There are still many seamounts in the West Pacific Seamount Province(WPSP) that have not been studied, meaning their ages and geochemistry remain unknown. A better understanding of these seamount trails and their evolutionary history, investigated with age and geochemistry data, will enable better understanding of the geological processes operating underneath the Pacific Ocean Plate. Here, new ~(40)Ar/~(39) Ar ages and trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data for seven basalt rocks from four seamounts in the WPSP are provided. Chemically, these rocks are all Oceanic Island Alkali basalt(OIA type); analysis of olivine phenocrysts shows that the magmas experienced strong olivine fractionation and changed from olivine + plagioclase to olivine + plagioclase + clinopyroxene cotectic during their evolution. Rare earth element(REE) patterns and a spider diagram of the samples in this study show OIB(Ocean Island Basalt) like behavior. The range of ~(87)Sr/~(86) Sr values is from 0.704 60 to 0.706 24, the range of ~(206)Pb/~(204) Pb values is from 18.241 to 18.599, and the range of ~(143)Nd/~(144) Nd values is from 0.512 646 to 0.512 826; together, these values indicate magma sources ranging from EMI to EMII. Finally, new ~(40)Ar/~(39) Ar age data show that these seamounts formed at ～97 and ～106 Ma, indicating that some may have undergone the same formation processes as seamounts in the eastern part of the Magellan Seamount Trail, but other seamounts likely have different origins.     

Sulfur isotopic composition of seafloor hydrothermal sediment from the Jade hydrothermal field in the central Okinawa Trough and its geological significance

Eighteen samples of hydrothermal sediments from the Jade hydrothermal field in the central Okinawa Trough have been analyzed. Sulfur isotopic values for 10 sulfide samples vary from 5.2 × 10~(-3) to 7.2× 10(-3), δ~(34)S values for 7 sulfate samples vary from 16.3 × 10~(-3) to 22.3 × 10~(-3), and 1 native sulphur sample has a δ~(34)S value of 8.2× 10~(-3). The major sources of sulfur for hydrothermal sediment are intermediate to acid volcanic rocks and sea water sulfate, and it is possible that the partial sulfur of hydrothermal sediment is from the pelagic sediment by the interaction between hydrothermal fluid and sediment. The reasons of causing the distinct differences in sulfur isotopic values for sulfide samples from hydrothermal sediment ( compared with other hydrothermal fields), are the differences in the sources of sulfur, the magmatic activity and the tectonic evolution in different hydrothermal fields. The sulfur evolution is a long and complex process in the seafloor hydrothermal system     

冲绳海槽中部伊平屋脊火山岩地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成：对岩石成因和地幔源区的指示

As an active back-arc basin, the Okinawa Trough is located in the southeastern region of the East China Sea shelf and is strongly influenced by the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate. Major element, trace element and Sr-NdPb isotopic composition data are presented for volcanic rocks from the Iheya Ridge(IR), the middle Okinawa Trough. The IR rocks record large variations in major elements and range from basalts to rhyolites. Similar trace element distribution characteristics together with small variations in ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(0.703 862–0.704 884), ~(144)Nd/~(143)Nd(0.512 763–0.512 880) and Pb isotopic ratios, demonstrate that the IR rocks are derived from a similar magma source. The fractional crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and amphibole, as well as accessory minerals, can reasonably explain the compositional variations of these IR rocks. The simulations suggest that approximately 60% and 75% fractionation of an evolved basaltic magma can produce trace element compositions similar to those of the intermediate rocks and acid rocks, respectively. The analysis of their Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic content ratios suggest that the source of the rocks from the IR is close to the depleted mantle(DM) but extends to the enriched mantle(EMII), indicating that the mantle source of these rocks is a mixture between the DM and EMII end members. The simulations show that the source of the IR volcanic rocks can be best interpreted as the result of the mixing of approximately 0.8%–2.0% subduction sediment components and 98.0%–99.2% mantlederived melts.     

Rare earth element geochemistry of hydrothermal deposits from Southwest Indian Ridge

The REE compositions of hydrothermal deposits and basalt samples from the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) were determined with ICP-MS.The results show that there are significant differences between different types of samples although all samples show relative LREE enrichment.The contents of REE in hydrothermal sulfides and alterated rocks samples are lower (from 7.036 × 10 6 to 23.660 × 10 6),while those in the white chimney deposits are relatively higher (ranging from 84.496 × 10 6 to 103.511 × 10 6).Both of them are lower than basalts.Chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns show that sulfides and alterated rocks samples are characterized by significant positive Eu anomalies.On the contrary,white chimney deposits have obvious negative Eu anomalies,which may be caused by abundant calcite existing in the white chimney samples.Both the content and distribution pattern of REE in sulfides suggest that REE most possibly is originally derived from hydrothermal fluids,but influenced by the submarine reducing ore-forming environment,seawater convection,mineral compositions as well as the constraint of mineral crystallizations.     

伊豆-小笠原前弧地区Hahajima海山蛇纹石化橄榄岩岩石学和地球化学研究

Serpentinites, which contain up to 13 wt% of water, are important reservoirs for chemical recycling in subduction zones. In the past two decades, forearc mantle serpentinites were identified in different locations around the world. Here, we present petrology and whole rock chemistry of ultramafic and mafic rocks dredged from the Hahajima Seamount, which is located 24–40 km west to the junction of the Izu-Bonin Trench and the Mariana Trench. Nearly all the collected samples are extensively hydrated, and olivine grains in ultramafic rocks are replaced by serpentine minerals, with only one sample preserving remaining trace of orthopyroxene. Our new results show that the Hahajima serpentinized peridotite samples are all MgO-rich(～42 wt%), but have low contents in Al_2O_3, CaO, rare earth and high field strength elements, which is consistent with the overall depleted character of their mantle protoliths. Model calculations indicate that these Hahajima peridotite samples were derived from 10%–25% partial melting of the presumed fertile mantle source, which is generally lower than those of peridotites from Torishima Forearc Seamount, Conical Seamount and South Chamorro Seamount(mostly25%). All the serpentinites from these four forearc seamounts show strong enrichment in fluid-mobile and lithophile elements(Li, Sr, Pb and U). In details, Hahajima Seamount serpentinites do not have obvious enrichment in Cs and Rb, and display remarkably high abundances of U. These observations indicate that the serpentinization of Hahajima peridotites occurred by addition of seawater or low temperature seawater-derived hydrothermal fluid, without or with little contribution from slab-derived fluids. The geochemical signature of serpentinites from Hahajima Seamount could be interpreted as the result of the combination of extensive partial melting and subsequent percolation of seawater through the mantle wedge.     

Petrogenesis of volcanic rocks from Eastern Manus Basin: indications in mineralogy and geochemistry

To understand the petrogenesis and magma evolution history in the Eastern Manus Basin(EMB),geochemistry of pyroxene and plagioclase mineral phenocrysts in basaltic andesites and dacites were reported.The plagioclase-melt thermometry showed that,plagioclase in dacites crystalized in 1027.2–1028.5°C under 3.37–5.08 kbar,whereas in basaltic andesite was 1181.4–1187.0°C under 1.79–4.46 kbar.Pyroxene compositions and invariable La/Sm vs La values of whole rock powders indicate that lavas were erupted in rapid cooling rate and mainly controlled by fractional crystallization(FC).In addition,oscillatory zonings in plagioclase and pyroxene phenocrysts indicated small local perturbations and degassing episodes in the magma chamber.Some high Mg#clinopyroxene antecrysts were found in EMB lavas.The highest Mg#of parental EMB melts is 69,which falls into the range of initial partial melts from upper mantle peridotite source(68–75).In terms of isotopic compositions,the EMB lavas most likely originated from Indian-type MORB mantle which was infl uenced by subduction components.In details,the subduction components are mainly derived from the dehydration of a subducted altered oceanic crust,and the contribution of sediment infl uence is minor.The Pb isotopic compositions and end member modeling further suggest that the source of subduction components is more likely from the Pacifi c Plate instead of the Solomon Plate.     

Geochemical and isotopic characteristics of volcanic rocks from the northern East China Sea shelf margin and the Okinawa Trough

Volcanic rocks both from the northern East China Sea (NECS) shelf margin and the northern Okinawa Trough are subalkaline less aluminous,and lower in High Field Strength Elements (HFSE).These rocks are higher in Large Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE),thorium and uranium contents,positive lead anomalies,negative Nb-Ta anomalies,and enrichment in Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE).Basalts from the NECS shelf margin are akin to Indian Ocean Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB),and rhyolites from the northern Okinawa Trough have the highest 207 Pb/ 204 Pb and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios.The NECS shelf margin basalts have lower 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios,ε N d and σ 18 O than the northern Okinawa Trough silicic rocks.According to 40 K– 40 Ar isotopic ages of basalts from the NECS shelf margin,rifting of the Okinawa Trough may have been active since at least 3.65–3.86 Ma.The origin of the NECS shelf margin basalt can be explained by the interaction of melt derived from Indian Ocean MORB-like mantle with enriched subcontinental lithosphere.The basalts from both sides of the Okinawa Trough may have a similar origin during the initial rifting of the Okinawa Trough,and the formation of basaltic magmas closely relates to the thinning of continental crust.The source of the formation of the northern Okinawa Trough silicic rocks was different from that of the middle Okinawa Trough,which could have been generated by the interaction of basaltic melt with an enriched crustal component.From the Ryukyu island arc to East China,the Cenozoic basalts have apparently increasing trends of MgO contents and ratios of LREE to Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE),suggesting that the trace element variabilities of basalts may have been influenced by the subduction of the Philippine Sea plate,and that the effects of subduction of the Philippine Sea plate on the chemical composition of basaltic melts have had a decreasing effect from the Ryukyu island arc to East China.     

南大西洋沉积物中多环芳香化合物的组成特征研究

10 samples of sediments obtained from the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge were measured for the abundances and distributions of polycyclic aromatic compounds(PAHs). The total concentrations of PAHs(∑PAHs) ranged from 2.768 to 9.826 μg/g dry sediment. The ∑PAHs was higher in sample 22V-TVG10 and sample 26V-TVG05 which were close to hydrothermal fields, with the lowest value in sample 22V-TVG14 which was farthest from hydrothermal fields, suggesting a probable hydrothermal origin of ∑PAHs of samples. Approximately nine kinds of PAHs were identified, and low molecular mass tricyclic and tetracyclic aromatic compounds were predominant in the samples. The concentrations of fluoranthene which were typical as hydrothermal alteration compounds were the highest among PAHs with dry weight between 0.913–3.157 μg/g. The phenanthrene homologue was most abundant in the samples, and the ratios between parent phenanthrene and methylphenanthrene which probably reflected the degree of hydrothermal alteration ranged from 0.097 to 1.602. The sample 22V-TVG10 possessing a maximum ratio value showed the intense influence of the hydrothermal alteration on this sample, which might further imply that PAHs in sediments were mainly derived from the hydrothermal alteration.     

REE and Sr-Nd isotope characteristics of hydrothermal chimney at Jade area in the Okinawa Trough

Hydrothermal chimney is a product of hydrothermal activity on the seabed. Chimney samples dredged from Jade hydrothermal area in Izena depression of the Okinawa Trough, are characterized by relatively enriched light rare earth elements (LREE) and strongly positive Eu anomalies. 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd of these samples are exactly between those of seawater and of acidic pumice, averaged at 0.708928 and 0.512292, respectively. These characteristics imply that the main source of hydrothermal sulfide at Jade area is possibly the undersurface acidic rocks. The mineralizing mechanism can be summarized as follows: Large amount of mineralized material would be leached out and LREEenriched hydrothermal solution would be subsequently produced as a result of thermo-chemical exchange reaction between acidic volcanic rocks and heated seawater that penetrated in advance from upper water mass. The spurting out from the seabed and quickly crystallizing in the seawater of hydrothermal solution are responsible for the formation of Cu-Zn sulfide and barite-amorphous SiO2 minerals that are characterized by enriched LREE and positively strong Eu anomalies.     

东马努斯海盆PACMANUS热液区Cu的物质来源：质量守恒模拟证据

东马努斯海盆位于巴布亚新几内亚的俾斯麦海域，是一个正在扩张的弧后盆地，与其活动热液喷口相关的热液产物，是现代海底系统中富含铜最丰富的矿产资源之一。火山岩与这种成矿作用有着密切的关系，然而通过海水对火山岩的淋滤作用是否可以为富含Cu的硫化物提供充足的Cu元素。PACMANUS热液区位于东马努斯海盆，质量守恒模拟在该热液系统的应用表明，由于水岩反应中较低的淋滤、转移和沉淀效率，通过热液流体对稳定反应区（0.144 km³）的简单淋滤无法满足硫化物矿床中Cu的需求。即使在100%的淋滤、转移和沉淀效率条件下，为了满足PACMANUS热液区硫化物中Cu的总量，仍需要0.166 km³体积的火山岩参与淋滤作用。
形成富含金属元素的岩浆流体的关键在于金属元素可以在挥发分中富集。首先，俯冲物质对地幔楔的交代作用，导致了东马努斯海盆地区生成的岩浆具有较高的氧逸度，进而使其岩浆房中富集Cu元素。其次，Pual Ridge的安山岩包裹体的气泡中富含Cu元素，进一步证实了在东马努斯海盆，Cu元素通过岩浆脱气作用向挥发分中运移。数值模拟结果显示，每1 km³体积的岩浆就可能向热液系统中运移0.236 Mt Cu。因此，岩浆脱气作用可能比淋滤作用更显著。     

大西洋洋中脊海底表层热液沉积物的铅同位素组成及其地质意义

新测得 TAG热液区中 6件海底表层热液沉积物样品的铅同位素组成 ,其变化范围不大 ,具有均一性的特征。在 Pb- Pb图解上 ,热液沉积物的铅同位素数据大多落在 MARB的铅同位素组成范围内 ,与大西洋沉积物和 Fe- Mn结核相比明显具较少的放射成因铅 ,反映其上部洋壳岩石为该区热液沉积物的形成提供了铅。对比研究表明 ,因不同地质 -构造环境中的海底热液区为热液沉积物形成提供物源的情况不同 ,是导致有沉积物覆盖洋中脊中热液沉积物的铅同位素组成与无沉积物覆盖洋中脊不同的主要原因。海底扩张中心的扩张速率与热液沉积物的铅同位素组成有一定的对应关系 ,但其并不是热液沉积物铅同位素组成的唯一控制因素     

冲绳海槽Jade热液场烟囱物稀土元素和锶、钕同位素地球化学特征

热液烟囱物是弧后扩张盆地现代海底热液活动成矿系统的重要产物.冲绳海槽中的伊是名(Izena)海洼Jade热液活动区烟囱物稀土元素特征表现为轻稀土元素相对富集,并具有铕的较强的正异常.87Sr/86Sr和143Nd/144Nd的平均值分别为0.708928和0.512292,介于冲绳海槽海水和海槽酸性浮岩中的值之间.这些特征表明,Jade热液活动区的热液硫化物矿床的成矿物质来源于下伏的酸性火山岩.矿床的成矿机制可描述为:下渗的海水被加热,它与酸性火山岩发生水-岩热化学交换反应时淋滤出大量的成矿物质形成以富含轻稀土元素为特征的热水溶液;当热液喷出并发生快速结晶沉淀时,形成了以具有轻稀土元素相对富集和铕的正异常为特征的铜-锌硫化物和重晶石-非晶质SiO₂型矿石.     

黄河三角洲贝壳堤的铅同位素特征

依据黄河三角洲王子岛海滩潮间带活贝壳和黄河三角洲贝壳堤中贝壳样品的铅同位素记录,初步探讨渤海湾南部最近6000多年来海水铅同位素变化特征及其环境意义,发现：①黄河三角洲贝壳堤中贝壳的铅同位素变化较大,^206Pb／^204Pb范围在18．207～18．648之间,平均值18．470;^207Pb／^204Pb在15．36～15．757之间,平均值15．619;^208Pb/^204Pb在37．947～38．945之间,平均值38．599。②渤海湾南部1．5～2．0kaBP海水放射性成因稳定铅同位素^206Pb、^207Pb、^208Pb相对于现在王子岛海滩潮间带海水亏损。③总体上讲,渤海湾南部4．5～6．0kaBP海水放射性成因稳定铅同位素相对于1．5～2．0kaBP的富集。④黄河三角洲贝壳堤中多数贝壳样品的铅同位素分布在海洋沉积物的范围内,但少数样品分布异常,其^206Ph／^204Pb、^207Pb/^204Pb,^208Pb/^204Pb偏低,可能是受陆地或相邻海区的玄武质中铅的输入的影响。     

Constraints on biotic and abiotic role in the formation of Fe-Si oxides from the PACMANUS hydrothermal field

Fe-Si oxide deposits were recovered from the PACMANUS (Papua New Guinea-Australia-Canada-Manus) hydrothermal field in Eastern Manus basin. Samples were loose and fragile. Optical and scanning electron microscopy showed that the samples had abundant rod-like or twisted filamentous and granular structures. Electron probe microanalysis revealed that these filaments and grains were mainly composed of Fe and Si. The presence of spherical grains on the surface of the filaments suggests the intergrowth of biotic and abiotic reactions. Biotic and abiotic kinetics competition always exists in the redox gradient. Based on the physico-chemical conditions of PACMANUS hydrothermal fluids, we calculated a strict abiotic oxidation rate of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺, which is approximately 0.0123 g/min. If the fluids had been erupting consistently and the concentration of Fe²⁺ was constant, 3.232 kg per year of Fe would be deposited in this vent. The amount of Fe oxides around the studied vent was larger than the amount determined by strict abiotic kinetic calculation. Bacteria may also play an important role in Fe oxidation. A mesh-like microenvironment constructed by biogenic filaments ensured adequate Fe²⁺ and low oxygen content for the growth of bacteria. Moreover, this structure promoted the deposition of abiotic Fe-Si oxides.     

海底热液活动的环境与产物

近23年的调查研究，使我们认识到分布于洋中脊、弧后盆地、岛弧和热点等环境的海底热液活动发育在多种围岩类型之上，包括超基性岩石、基性岩石、中性岩石、酸性岩石和沉积物。海底热液活动经历了岩浆去气作用、流体-岩石/沉积物相互作用和流体-海水混合，获取了岩浆、岩石、海水和沉积物的物质，构成了热液循环，产生了高温、低氧、高或低pH值、富含Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、As等元素以及气体组分（甲烷、氢等）的喷口流体，影响了海水、沉积、岩石和生物环境，形成了热液柱、硫化物、含金属沉积物和蚀变岩石等热液产物，组成了海底热液系统。未来，促进海底热液活动探测技术和热液产物测试方法的发展，对海底热液区的岩石、喷口流体、热液柱、硫化物、含金属沉积物以及热液循环、生物活动的持续观测与研究，无疑将为人类探知海底地质过程及生命活动、保护海底热液环境和合理开发利用海底资源提供有力的工作支撑。     

基于ROV的近海底地形测量及其在马努斯盆地热液区的应用

针对重点的特殊深海研究区（如热液冷泉、洋中脊区域）,在船载多波束数据获得研究区大面积地形资料的基础上,有必要选取典型深海小靶区进行高分辨率地形测量为进一步深入研究提供保障。根据船载多波束实测数据选取PACMANUS热液区作为靶区,基于长基线定位,利用“发现”ROV搭载多波束系统进行近海底全覆盖地形测量。结果表明,依托于船动力定位系统及差分GPS,长基线为ROV提供了可靠的高精度定位,使得近海底测量的地形数据分辨率数倍优于船载多波束测得的地形数据的分辨率。高分辨率地形清晰的显示了PACMANUS热液区锥形丘体等特殊微地形,与已发现的热液点和火山区有很好的对应。进一步分析发现,该区域活动的热液区主要发育于坡度大于30°斜坡上的地形突变区,其成因仍需深入研究。利用ROV搭载多波束近底测量是获取深海小靶区高分辨率地形的可靠途径和方法,有利于提高深海海底研究的针对性,将促进我国深海科学研究的发展。