基于正交试验法研究DP590点焊工艺

通过正交试验法研究DP590冷轧板电阻点焊性能。以剪切载荷为评价指标,通过极差分析和方差分析,研究工艺参数影响点焊接头拉剪载荷的显著程度,并获得DP590冷轧板的最优工艺参数,测量接头的熔核直径并分析其失效模式,观察接头显微组织。结果表明,焊接电流对剪切载荷的影响最为显著,其次为焊接时间,电极压力影响较小;最优工艺参数为:焊接电流8.5 k A,焊接时间360 ms,电极压力3.6 k N;当焊接电流大于5.5 k A时,接头失效模式均为熔核剥离失效;熔核区显微组织为板条状马氏体和贝氏体,热影响区组织为细小马氏体。     

Optimization design of resistance spot welding parameters of magnesium alloy

By means of the quadratic regression combination design process, the regression equations of nugget diameter and tensile shear load of spot welded joint were established. Effects of welding parameters on the nugget diameter and the tensile shear load were investigated. The results show that effect of welding current on nugget diameter is the most evident. And higher welding current will result in bigger nugget diameter. Besides, interaction effect of electrode force and welding current on tensile shear load is the most evident compared with others. The optimum welding parameters corresponding to the maximum of tensile shear load have been obtained by programming using Matlab software, which is 4, 7 kN electrode force, 28 kA welding current and 4 cycle welding time. Under the condition of the optimum welding parameters, the joint having no visible defects can be obtained, nugget diameter and tensile shear load being 6. 8 mm and 3 256 N, respectively.     

Ti/Al异种金属微电阻点焊接头特征及性能研究

对0.2 mm厚的1060纯铝和TC4钛合金薄板进行了微电阻点焊试验,研究了焊接电流I、焊接时间T和电极压力F对接头力学性能的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对点焊接头的连接特征及断裂行为进行了深入研究,采用微区射线衍射仪(micro-XRD)测定了焊点的物相组成。结果表明：在焊接电流为0.3 ~ 0.7 kA范围内,焊点的拉剪力随着焊接电流的增加先增加后趋于平稳,在焊接时间2~6 cyc范围内,焊接时间对焊点的拉剪力无显著影响,在电极压力为40~280 N范围内,随着电极压力增加焊点拉剪力先增加后降低;当I=0.7 kA、T=3 cyc、F=160 N时点焊接头的拉剪力最高为91 N,断裂发生在热影响区;1060/TC4异种金属微电阻点焊形成了共同的熔核,熔核与TC4之间界面较为平整,但是与1060的结合面呈凹凸不平,在熔核内部生成了AlTi₃、Al₂Ti和Al₃Ti金属间化合物,焊核与铝侧界面处生成了针状化合物Al₃Ti,对焊点的强度起到重要作用。     

Braze‐welding of electrical conductors to concentric plugs

In resistance spot welding of thin sheet–thick sheet–thick sheet joint, when the sheet thickness ratio is large (sheet thickness ratio = total thickness of sheet joint/thickness of the thin sheet positioned on the outside of the joint), how to stably secure the nugget between the thin sheet and the adjoining thick sheet is a key issue. If the sheet thickness ratio is so large, nugget formation between the thin sheet and thick sheet is extremely difficult. In order to control of the nugget (position of formation, shape, etc. of the nugget) during welding for three sheets joint with a high sheet thickness ratio, optimum welding process was investigated. The developed ‘two-step force, two-step current’ welding process was suitable for high sheet thickness ratio joint and relaxed the constraints on the sheet thickness ratio. In Step 1 (first part of welding period) of the welding process, a nugget is reliably formed between the thin sheet and thick sheet by applying conditions of low electrode force, short welding time, and high current. In the subsequent Step 2 (second part of welding period), a nugget is formed between the two thick sheets by applying high welding force and a long welding time. In the weld results of a three sheet joint (0.7+2.3+2.3 mm; sheet thickness ratio: 7.6) using mild steel GA (0.7 mm) as the thin sheet and 780 MPa high strength GA (2.3 mm) in the two thick sheets, ‘two-step force, two-step current’ spot welding process showed the wide available welding current range.     

镀锌板无飞溅点焊电极设计及试验

针对传统汽车镀锌板点焊时易产生飞溅以及参数可调范围窄等问题,提出在传统平电极端部设置盲孔以降低飞溅的方法,通过与传统电极镀锌板点焊时的对比试验可知,在电极压力2 kN、焊接时间200 ms时,无飞溅的焊接电流区间为:传统电极6~7 kA,盲孔型电极6.5~9.5 kA,且熔核直径均不小于5 mm,接头抗剪切力高于3.6 kN;盲孔型电极能够有效降低汽车镀锌板点焊时的飞溅、毛刺等质量问题,满足焊接质量要求的可选参数范围宽,对改善点焊质量及提高参数调试效率有一定的实用意义。     

热补偿电阻点焊铝合金接头的性能

采用热补偿电阻点焊的方法焊接铝合金A5052板,分析了焊接电流、焊接时间及电极压力等焊接参数对熔核尺寸与接头抗剪强度的影响,并分析了接头抗正拉强度与焊接电流的关系.铝合金的热补偿电阻点焊接头抗剪力及熔核直径随焊接时间延长而增大,随电板压力的增大而减小.当焊接电流为12kA时,接头拉剪力达到最大值,约5.5 kN.试验结...     

Heat distribution in welds by short-time high-current post-heating and its improving effect on cross tension strength: development of resistance spot welding with pulsed current pattern for ultrahigh-strength steel sheets

In order to achieve high joint strength in resistance spot welding of ultrahigh-strength steel, the effect of adding a ‘pulsed current pattern’ consisting of a combination of short cool time and short-time high-current post-heating was investigated. Finite element analysis (FEA) for post-heating patterns and experimental evaluation for joint strength were conducted using 980 N mm^?2 grade steel sheets. FEA shows that the short-time high-current post-heating leads to rapid heating in the nugget and heat-affected zone (HAZ) compared to a conventional temper pattern sheet interface higher than the centre of the nugget. The pulsed current pattern utilizes the effect of this high-current post-heating to properly reheat the nugget and HAZ, which prevents brittle fracture through the nugget without remelting it, even in a short cool time of eight cycles. The experimental results show that the pulsed current pattern improves the failure mode from partial plug failure to plug failure and increases cross tension strength (CTS). The pulsed current pattern does not decrease the hardness of the nugget and results in retention of sufficient tensile shear strength (TSS), while the softened nugget by the conventional temper pattern causes lowering of TSS. A wider proper current range with high CTS over 10 kN and plug failure can be obtained in pulsed current pattern than in the conventional temper pattern.     

Ni在钢/铝电阻点焊中的作用

以DC01钢板与5082铝合金板为基材,在电极压力3 kN、焊接时间300 ms、保持时间100 ms条件下,研究了电阻点焊中焊接电流(9~12 kA)及Ni镀层对接头剪切力、正拉力、界面相组成的影响。结果表明,随焊接电流的提高,熔核尺寸增大,接头力学性能提高。剪切力比正拉力高一个数量级。在10 kA焊接电流下,镀Ni钢/铝接头的剪切力和正拉力均比钢/铝直接焊接时强度明显提高,这与钢/铝界面形成了Al 3Ni合金相,抑制了脆性Fe 2Al 5金属间化合物的生成有关。     

Effect of variable electrode force on weld quality in resistance spot welding

Abstract

Resistance spot weldability is defined as the acceptable welding current ranges as determined by the weld lobe in resistance spot welding. Nowadays many studies have focused on the effect of welding current and welding time under constant electrode force on the weld quality and weldability. There is little research on the influence of variable electrode force on the weld quality and weldability because of the difficulty in controlling variable electrode force using pneumatic gun. In the present study, first, the influence of three stages of electrode force, including squeeze force, welding force and forging force, on the quality of welds is analysed. Then a design of experiment approach is applied to analyse the influence of the three stages of electrode force on welding quality and thus to obtain optimum parameter of variable electrode force by controlling the electrode force with servo gun. The comparisons of tensile shear strength, nugget size, weld lobe width and wear rate of electrode tip between variable force and constant force are carried out. The results show that the weld quality and weldability can be increased evidently using optimum parameter of variable electrode force without accelerating the electrode wear rate.     

钛合金胶接点焊与电阻点焊接头性能对比分析

分别对1.5 mm厚的钛合金板进行胶接点焊和电阻点焊连接,获得了不同焊接电流下的胶接点焊和电阻点焊接头,从熔核的C扫描图像、接头的失效载荷和断口形貌等方面,对比分析了胶接点焊和电阻点焊的接头强度及失效样貌. 结果表明,通过观察A扫描信号的变化与C扫描图像的特征,能够很好的划分接头的热影响区、熔合区、熔核区以及检测出接头的熔核直径和焊接缺陷. 随着焊接电流(7.0～10.0 kA)的逐渐增大,接头熔核直径及失效载荷呈递增趋势;当焊接条件相同时,胶接点焊接头的熔核直径普遍大于电阻点焊接头,但接头的强度相当. 当电流在7.0～8.5 kA时,接头强度不足,熔核区的断口处出现大小不等的韧窝,呈现出韧性断裂特征;当电流为10.0 kA时,接头强度较高,主要呈现出韧性断裂与准解理断裂特征.     

基于二维DIC技术的电阻点焊板件变形分析

结合二维数字图像相关技术(DIC),针对焊接电流、通电时间及电极力对电阻点焊过程中工件翘曲变形量的影响规律进行了深入研究和讨论. 结果表明,利用二维DIC技术获得的工件变形过程与电阻点焊各个阶段相吻合,而且具有较高的精确度. 随着焊接电流和通电时间的增大,熔核形成造成的翘曲变形增大;随着电极力的增大,熔核形成造成的翘曲变形减小,同时电极下压造成的变形增大.二维数字图像相关技术在电阻点焊过程中的首次尝试为电阻点焊工艺的研究和焊接质量的提高提供了新的方法,对电阻点焊工艺的发展和完善具有重要意义.     

单面双点和单面点焊接形式对电阻点焊焊点强度的影响

采用外界铜板作为导电体的点焊,有单面双点和单面单点两种形式.用一台并列双电极式加辅助电极形式的焊接设备焊接三种搭接接头形式的试件,试件搭接方式分别是:薄板在铬锆铜乎台接触,厚板在电极侧,完成单面双点和单面单点的焊接;厚板在铬锆铜平台侧,薄板在电极侧,用单面双点方式进行焊接焊接电流、压力、时间相同的条件下,对三种形式的焊接试样分别进行拉伸试验和金相试验,分析拉伸力、熔核中的气孔尺寸和熔核尺寸,得出在表面不涂装的不锈钢车辆的侧墙、端墙生产中的焊接影响因素.     

铝合金电阻点焊的熔核形成过程

点焊过程中熔核形成过程对焊接结构的强度和耐用性具有非常重要的影响.文中采用高速摄像技术研究了焊接电流和电极压力对铝合金电阻点焊形核过程的影响.结果表明,铝合金电阻点焊熔核首先在工件/工件接触面中心处形成,然后沿着水平方向生长,同时垂直方向也有少量的生长,一直扩展到电极头端面直径.熔核尺寸在点焊前80 ms时迅速长大,120 ms后基本保持不变,表明过长的焊接时间是没有必要的.随着电极力的增加,工件会经历较大的塑性变形,导致没有熔核形成.因此常规点焊时,不应采用过高的电极压力.     

钛与低碳钢的电阻点焊

采用电阻点焊方法对纯钛与低碳钢Q235进行焊接试验，利用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了熔核区组织特性，探讨了焊接电流对熔核尺寸和抗剪载荷的影响. 结果表明，受焦耳热的影响熔核直径随焊接电流的增加而增加，抗剪载荷则随焊接电流的增大而呈先升后降的变化趋势，焊接电流为8 kA时所得接头的抗剪载荷最大，约2.85 kN. 在钢侧熔核区观察到了靠近钢侧厚度约为30～50 μm的TiFe2+α-Fe共晶组织层和粗大TiFe柱状晶；钛侧熔核区主要由靠近钛侧约12 μm厚的TiFe+α-Ti共晶组织层和TiFe柱状晶构成，且观察到了宏观分层现象.     

Effect of welding current on strength and microstructure in resistance spot welding of AZ31 Mg alloy

In this paper, resistance spot welding were performed on lmm-thickness magnesium AZ31B plates. The effect of welding current on the microstructure and tensile shear force was investigated. It was found that the welding current governed the nugget growth, and the nugget could not form if current levels were insufficient. The nugget revealed a homogeneous, equiaxed, fine-grained structure, which consisted of non-equilibrium microstructure of α-phase dendrites surrounded by eutectic mixtures of α and β（ Mg17All2 ） in the grain boundaries. With increasing welding current, the size of grains in nugget would be more smaller and uniform, and the width of plastic rings would be larger. Tensile shear tests showed that tensile shear force of the joints increased with increasing welding current when the welding current was smaller than 17 000 A. The maximum tensile shear force was up to 1980 N.     

The small-scale resistance spot welding of refractory alloy 50Mo-50Re thin sheet

This paper is a review of the recent studies of small-scale resistance spot welding (SSRSW) of a refractory alloy 50Mo-50Re thin sheet (0.127 mm thick). The effects of seven important welding parameters—hold time, electrode material, electrode shape, ramp time, weld current, electrode force, and weld time—were studied systematically in an attempt to optimize the welding quality. The diameter of a weld nugget was found to be only 30–40% of the electrode diameter in SSRSW. This was due to the relatively low electrode force used in SSRSW compared with the high electrode force employed in large-scale resistance spot welding (LSRSW) where the diameter of the nugget was almost 100% of the electrode diameter. Large pores often found in the nugget during SSRSW could result from shrinkage during solidification due to fast cooling or fromdue to agglomeration of residual volatile elements absorbed during powder metallurgy processing of the material.     

非等厚异种钢电阻点焊熔核成形的多元非线性回归模型

利用多元非线性回归正交组合的方法进行试验设计,分析两种厚度不一的异种钢板电阻点焊工艺.试验将表征非等厚异种钢材料电阻点焊熔核形状的熔核直径、熔核偏移,作为考察指标,将焊接脉冲电流、电极压力、焊接时间、热处理脉冲电流4个工艺参数,以及各参数之间的交互作用作为影响指标的因素,得到可预测熔核形状参数的回归数学模型.结果表明,优化的回归数学模型可实现该类非等厚异种钢电阻点焊接头熔核成形的较为有效的预测.在模型的基础上分析各工艺参数及各交互作用对焊点质量的影响规律,可进而对该类材料电阻点焊工艺参数进行优化设计.     

镀锌钢板电阻点焊的多元非线性回归模型

为了研究用于家用轿车车身制造的镀锌钢板电阻点焊工艺,采用多元非线性回归正交组合的方法设计试验.试验将电阻点焊熔核形状参数和焊接接头抗剪强度作为考察指标,将焊接电流、电极压力、通电时间、预热电流四个参数,以及各参数之间的交互作用作为影响指标的考察因素,得到可预测熔核形状和焊接接头力学性能的四元二次回归数学模型,并通过方差分析对模型进行优化.结果表明,优化的回归数学模型可实现焊接接头熔核成形及力学性能较为准确的预测.在模型的基础上研究各参数及各交互作用对焊点质量的影响规律,从而可实现电阻点焊工艺参数的优化设计.     

变电极力对管板单面电阻点焊质量的影响

根据管板单面电阻点焊结构特点,建立了采用伺服焊枪的管板单面电阻点焊试验系统.针对管板焊接过程中变形大、形成环形熔核质量不可靠等问题,提出了基于改变焊接过程中电极力来提高焊点质量的方法,并研究变电极力对管板焊焊点强度及焊接变形影响的规律.结果表明,通电阶段熔核生成初期减小电极力,可明显提高焊点拉剪强度,减小焊接变形;冷却阶段减小电极力对焊点质量也有所提高,但影响较小.研究结果对管板焊接工艺参数的制定及单面电阻点焊在车身焊装中广泛安全的应用具有重要意义.     

Experimental study of single sided sheet to tube resistance spot welding

Abstract

To reduce weight and improve performance, hydroformed tubes are being widely used in automotive structure fabrication and the single sided sheet to tube resistance spot welding (SSRSW) is considered as a feasible method for joining a tube to other parts. However, in the sheet to tube SSRSW process, it is difficult to assure welding quality because of large welding deformation due to a lack of support inside the tube. The present paper investigates the influences of welding parameters, such as electrode force and welding current, on the welding deformation and quality of the sheet to tube SSRSW using electrode displacement and tensile shear tests. The effects of different electrode force patterns on the welding quality are investigated utilising the force characteristics of a servo gun. It is found that the welding deformation is influenced by both the electrode force and the welding current, and the tensile shear strength declines with larger electrode force and higher welding current. However, the tensile strength could be enhanced significantly and the welding deformation decreased greatly by reducing the electrode force in the welding stage or holding stage. In order to decrease manufacturing cost and improve weld quality, the reduced electrode force is recommended for the sheet to tube SSRSW process.