石莼属(Ulva)和浒苔属(Enteromorpha)绿藻的RAPD分析

于１９９７年下半年在大连石油庙海区采集石莼、孔石莼、砺菜、缘管浒苔、肠浒苔、管浒苔、刚毛藻等７种海藻样品,采用ＲＡＰＤ技术对大连地区绿藻门石莼属和浒苔属进行了初步的分子系统学研究。所试６０个引物中有３２个经扩增得到了２３７个多态片段。应用ＰＨＹＬＩＰ软件包,按照ＵＰＧＭＡ法和Ｎ－Ｊ法聚类分析的结果均表明,缘管浒苔（Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｍｏｒｐｈａ ｌｉｎｚａ）与石莼属有较近的亲缘关系,应深水探究其分类地位     

不同氮磷比值下浒苔与石莼的竞争作用研究

近年来，海水富营养化导致近海海域大型海藻过量繁殖，成为世界性的环境问题。自2007年以来，浒苔绿潮在黄海海域连续暴发，造成巨大经济损失。为探究浒苔大规模暴发与氮磷比值(N/P)的关系，及其与其他大型绿藻在不同N/P下的竞争机制，研究了浒苔(Ulva prolifera)与石莼(Ulva lactuca)在不同N/P下单独培养和共培养时的生长情况，探究了浒苔及石莼生长的变化；结合苏北浅滩海域现场N/P的调查结果，分析了浒苔绿潮暴发的可能机制。研究结果表明:(1)浒苔单独培养时，在一定范围内高N/P能促进浒苔的生长，氮对于浒苔的影响大于磷。(2)石莼单独培养时，低N/P下石莼长势最好，但改变N/P对石莼的影响并不显著。(3)浒苔和石莼共培养时，浒苔生长受到了一定限制，低N/P下浒苔生长受限更显著。(4)苏北浅滩海域高N/P更适合浒苔的生长，可能是浒苔绿潮能够大规模暴发的原因之一。     

福建沿岸海域浒苔藻类的营养成分含量与食用安全

对福建沿岸海域浒苔（Enteromorpha）样品的主要组成成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物质含量的研究表明,浒苔属高膳食纤维（49．0％～59．1％）、高蛋白质（19．60％～38．24％）、低脂肪（0．20％～0．55％）的藻类．浒苔中17种氨基酸总量（Ctaa）与蛋白质含量的比值为74．1％～91．0％;其必需氨基酸含量（Ctaa）占C11从的35．4％～40．0％,CⅢ与非必需氨基酸含量（C。Ⅲ）之比为0．55～0．67,且呈味氨基酸的含量丰富（47．1％）,氨基酸组成均衡．浒苔油脂中脂肪酸组成丰富,n一3PUFA含量达油脂总量的20．0％～26．4％,其中含有EPA、DHA．浒苔中矿物质含量较高,尤其富含镁、钙、铁、锌、硒、钾等人体必需矿物元素．有害元素测定结果表明,中、低潮区浒苔的铅、汞、镉、砷含量均能够符合《无公害食品海藻》安全指标的限量要求,养殖区、高潮区部分浒苔的Pb含量超标．研究结果认为,在低污染海区生长的浒苔是一种高蛋白质、高膳食纤维、低脂肪、矿物元素丰富且安全的海洋食品．     

4种不同来源浒苔中多糖的提取分离及理化性质

为探讨不同季节以及不同地点采集的浒苔其多糖理化性质差异,采用水提醇沉法对黄海海域青岛沿海春(原料1)秋(原料3)两季采集的浒苔、2008年夏季爆发浒苔(原料2)以及东海海域福建沿海采集的浒苔(原料4)的多糖进行了提取,得到了4种冷水提取多糖PC1-4和4种热水提取多糖PH1-4。分别对8种浒苔多糖利用Q-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换色谱法纯化后得到了12个组分。对各组分的总糖含量、糖醛酸含量、硫酸根含量以及蛋白含量进行了测定,利用气相色谱法测定了单糖组成,结果显示不同季节不同海域采集样品的化学组成及单糖组成不同。     

长牡蛎和紫贻贝对浒苔微观繁殖体生物控制的可行性研究

近年来我国绿潮灾害频发,滤食性贝类对浒苔的生物防控是潜在的防控策略之一。本研究基于实验室内可控实验,探究了长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)和紫贻贝(Mytilusedulis)对浒苔微观繁殖体的滤食作用,并在江苏如东紫菜养殖区进行了长牡蛎和紫贻贝离底式平挂养殖试验。室内滤除实验结果表明,牡蛎和贻贝均可有效截留浒苔微观繁殖体,平均截留速率分别为6892和1589ind/(ind·h),部分被截留的颗粒失去萌发活性,有效滤除速率为3980和574ind/(ind·h)。现场养殖实验结果表明,长牡蛎和紫贻贝可在紫菜养殖区生长存活,每天约能滤除水体中63.7万个浒苔微观繁殖体。研究证实了两种贝类对微观繁殖体的有效滤除能力及江苏浅滩进行牡蛎和贻贝养殖的可行性。养殖方式的进一步的优化改进,以及研究江苏浅滩其他滩涂贝类对浒苔的防控潜力,还需进一步深入开展。     

常见石莼科绿藻的生物学特征及分子系统学分析

生物学研究及种类鉴定是绿潮研究的热点和难点之一.本文系统阐述了石莼科绿藻常见种类的生物学特征,探讨了系统分类研究难点,并利用ITS、rbcL等基因序列以及质体蓝素氨基酸序列进一步研究分析了石莼科10种绿藻的序列结构特征和分子系统学关系.研究显示,石莼科浒苔属和石莼属绿藻rbcL和ITS序列差异未体现出属间分化的差异,根据rbeL序列和ITS序列分别构建的系统进化树中,石莼和孔石莼、肠浒苔、扁浒苔都聚类到同一进化枝上,而裂片石莼和网石莼、浒苔和缘管浒苔聚类到另一进化枝上,这显示出在分子进化水平上较为一致的结果,为浒苔属和石莼属系统分类深入研究提供一定的证据;根据质体蓝素所构建的系统进化树中,阿氏石莼和孔石莼在NCBI上发表的质体蓝素氨基酸序列在第1进化枝中,浒苔的质体蓝素氨基酸序列在第2进化枝中.但在第1进化枝中,孔石莼的3个质体蓝素氨基酸序列没有完全分布在同一个分支上.     

大型海洋绿藻5.8S rRNA基因序列及系统发育分析

采用PCR方法，将扩增的产物直接测序，测定了孔石莼Ulva pertusa和浒苔Enteromorpha prolifeFa的5．8S rRNA基因序列，与肠浒苔、扁浒苔、缘管浒苔、礁膜、北极礁膜、袋礁膜和格氏礁膜等7种已知的大型海洋绿藻的同一基因序列合并进行比较，分析了核苷酸序列差异和碱基替换特点，并构建系统发生树。结果表明，浒苔和孔石莼的颠换率为0．690％，小于浒苔与肠浒苔、扁浒苔、缘管浒苔的颠换率；且浒苔与孔石莼之间的Kimura双参数距离也小于浒苔与肠浒苔、扁浒苔以及缘管浒苔之间的平均Kimura双参数距离。相对于浒苔属的其他物种，浒苔与孔石莼的亲缘关系更近。在构建的系统发生树中，缘管浒苔与孔石莼聚为一类，表现出与石莼属物种更近的亲缘关系。     

海面上的“魔鬼草原”——浒苔

<正>浒苔,是绿藻门石莼科里最为著名的一个属种,通体鲜绿色,由单层细胞组成,围成管状或粘连为带状,中空或者至少在藻柄和边缘呈中空,单条或有分枝。藻体基部的任何一个细胞都可以生出丝状假根,向下形成固着器。"浒"字本义指离水稍远的岸上平地,"苔"字指的是一种无花的植物,喜欢生长在潮湿的地     

广东省近岸海域贝类腹泻性毒素含量与胃含物的分析

通过对2005年4月至9月广东近岸海域贝类81个样品的腹泻性贝毒素进行小白鼠生物法检测,结果表明:(1)DSP毒素含量值≥0.05MU/g的有34个样品,其中翡翠贻贝和牡蛎所占的比例最大;同种贝类的腹泻性贝毒素存在一定的季节差异,秋季含量最高。(2)对其中腹泻性贝毒素含量值较高的8个样品进行胃含物海洋微藻种类的鉴定,结果是波纹巴非蛤、三棱骨螺和结蚶胃含物样品中含有产腹泻性贝毒的利玛原甲藻(Prorocentrum lima)和原甲藻(Prorocentrum sp.)。     

扁浒苔PCR 快速检测方法研究

扁浒苔(Ulva compressa)能够导致绿潮灾害,对其开展快速检测技术研究是预防和控制其危害的重要技术手段。根据石莼属不同种类核糖体基因转录间隔区域(ITS)的序列设计了一对检测扁浒苔的特异性引物,并对其反应条件和体系进行了优化。PCR特异性检测结果表明,供试扁浒苔均扩增出与预期大小相一致的330 bp产物,而对缘管浒苔(Ulva linza)、浒苔(U.prolifera)、曲浒苔(U.flexuosae)、孔石莼(U.pertusa)的检测结果全为阴性。PCR灵敏度试验表明,该PCR体系最低可以检测到10 pg的扁浒苔DNA模板。本快速检测方法为扁浒苔的早期识别与有效治理提供了科学依据,对相关扁浒苔产业和生态学等研究也具有一定参考意义。     

Effect of food quality on energy uptake

The dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory assumes that the feeding of an organism in relation to food density follows the type-II functional response when food consists of purely digestible organic matter. However when faced with a food source high in inorganic content, an organism needs to adapt physiologically to maximise organic extraction. Indeed filter-feeding marine bivalves inhabiting turbid coastal waters cope with large fluctuations in food quality by selectively ingesting and pseudofaeces production. Data from feeding experiments with the New Zealand greenshell mussel Perna canaliculus have demonstrated that inorganic particles contribute some uncertainty to the estimate of the half-saturation coefficient. Incorporating inorganic matter into the functional response would improve the prediction of energy uptake.     

A 15-month study of zooplankton ingestion by farmed mussels (Mytilus edulis) in Bantry Bay, Southwest Ireland

There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that bivalve molluscs routinely ingest zooplankton. To elucidate further these observations, a 15-month study of zooplankton ingestion by farmed mussels was conducted using mussel long-lines in Bantry Bay, Ireland. Stomach content analysis of the mussels showed that there was evidence of zooplankton ingestion throughout the sampling period, but that highest mean numbers of zooplankters were ingested by mussels in the spring and summer months. Various zooplankton species were present in mussel stomachs. Harpacticoid copepods were found more often in stomach contents than calanoid copepods, probably due to their proximity to the bivalves' inhalent siphons. Barnacle cyprids featured in large numbers in stomach contents, but only for a period of 3 months which broadly corresponded with their pelagic phase. Sizes of ingested zooplankton ranged from 126 μm to 6 mm, but more of the smaller zooplankters (e.g. crustacean nauplii) were ingested. When lengths of ingested copepods were compared with those found in plankton net samples, it was found that the net-sampled copepods were significantly larger than those found in mussel stomachs, suggesting that mussels select for smaller categories within the zooplankton available to them. Soft bodied zooplankton was rarely found in mussel stomachs but their absence may be due to rapid digestion or they may have been destroyed in the preservation process. Ingestion of zooplankton by bivalves is discussed in the context of the impacts mussel farms have on resident zooplankton populations.     

Diet composition and resource partitioning in two small flatfish species in the German Bight

Since the late 1980s, the small-sized non-commercial flatfish species solenette (Buglossidium luteum) and scaldfish (Arnoglossus laterna) have increased in abundance in the southern North Sea. Because these species are considered as possible competitors for prey of commercial flatfish, this study aimed at advancing knowledge of their feeding ecology.Between January 2009 and January 2010 stomach contents of solenette and scaldfish and benthic infauna were sampled seasonally in a study area in the German Bight. The objectives were to investigate the seasonal variability of feeding activity and diet composition of both flatfish species related to benthic prey availability.For both flatfish, the highest feeding activity was found in summer, at the same time that the highest prey densities occurred in the study area. A reduced feeding activity was observed during the winter of 2010, but not in the winter of 2009, probably related to higher 2009 water temperatures.In all seasons, diet composition of solenette was dominated by meiofauna, mainly harpacticoid copepods. Macrofauna prey species, namely juveniles of bivalves and echinoderms became important in spring. An increase in amphipods and cumaceans was found in the stomach contents during summer and autumn, simultaneously with their increased abundance in the benthic infauna. In contrast, polychaetes were rarely found in the diet, but dominated the infauna during all seasons.Diet composition of scaldfish was dominated by larger and mobile prey, and, during all seasons, was mainly comprised of crustaceans. Amphipods characterised the diet in both winters, while decapods such as Crangon spp. and Liocarcinus spp. were the dominant prey from spring to autumn. Additionally, juveniles of flatfish (Pleuronectids) and bivalves were found in the scaldfish diet in spring, replaced by cumaceans in summer. No dietary overlap between both flatfish species was found across seasons, indicating partitioning of prey resources between solenette and scaldfish. Their different feeding strategies and prey preferences, in turn were influenced by the seasonal variability of available prey.     

Fatty acid composition of phytoplankton, settling particulate matter and sediments at a sheltered bivalve aquaculture site

Fatty acid biomarkers were used to investigate the biogeochemistry of a former blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) aquaculture site in a shallow, sheltered cove in northeastern Newfoundland. High levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in net-tow and sediment trap samples indicated a substantial phytoplankton source of organic matter, and fluctuations in specific fatty acid biomarkers reflected the changing abundances of diatoms and dinoflagellates. In comparison, sediments contained very low levels of PUFA (<15%) and were dominated by terrestrial and bacterial markers. In a separate study, blue mussels were grown at this closed site, providing the opportunity to examine the relationship between lipid supply, as recorded by net-tow and trap samples, and bivalve requirements. The average plankton fatty acid composition throughout the year agreed well with that of the adult blue mussels, suggesting that fatty acids were provided in proportions very similar to the bivalves' requirements. The fatty acid composition of the blue mussels was typical of those collected elsewhere, with PUFA proportions near 50%. However, examination of fatty acid data of plankton sampled in other areas revealed that the plankton in the current study may have been unusual in providing fatty acids at levels required by the bivalves.     

Analyses of stomach contents and stable isotopes reveal food sources of estuarine detritivorous fish in tropical/subtropical Taiwan

Detritivorous fish generally refers to fish that primarily ingest unidentified organic detritus. We analyzed stomach contents in combination with stable isotopes to trace and compare the food sources of the large-scale mullet Liza macrolepis and other detritivorous fish species in subtropical mangrove creeks and a tropical lagoon in Taiwan. The volume of organic detritus always contributed >50% of the stomach content of L. macrolepis in the two habitats. However, consumed items were distinct between the two habitats and corresponded to the types in which they reside. The consumed items in the lagoon were more diverse than those observed in the mangroves. In the mangroves, the diet composition of L. macrolepis was primarily determined by season, not by body size. In the lagoon, there were no clear seasonal or size-dependent grouping patterns for the diet composition. There were significant seasonal and spatial variations in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of potential food sources and L. macrolepis. However, neither δ¹³C nor δ¹⁵N values of L. macrolepis were correlated with fish body size. Joint analyses of stomach contents and stable isotopes indicated that benthic microalgae on sediments were the most important assimilated food in both seasons for the dominant detritivorous fish in the mangroves, whereas a greater reliance on microalgal and macroalgal periphyton on oyster-culture pens was observed in the lagoon. Mangrove and marsh plants and phytoplankton, which are mostly locally produced within each habitat, were of minor importance in the assimilated food.     

Differential recruitment of introduced Pacific oysters and native mussels at the North Sea coast: coexistence possible?

Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg 1793) have been introduced into the Wadden Sea (North Sea), where they settle on native mussel beds (Mytilus edulis L.), which represent the only extensive insular hard substrata in this soft-sediment environment. As abundances of C. gigas rose, some mussel beds became increasingly overgrown with oysters, whereas others did not. Field experiments revealed that recruitment of C. gigas was higher in the lower intertidal than in the upper subtidal zone, that it was higher on conspecifics than on mussels, and that it was not affected by barnacle epigrowth except when settling on mussels. Mussel recruitment is known from inter- and subtidal zones. It occurred equally on oyster and mussel shells but showed a clear preference for barnacle epigrowth over clean shells. Assuming that settlement and recruitment are key processes for species abundances on the North Sea coast, it is predicted that the positive feedback in oyster settlement will lead to rapid reef formation of this invader at the expense of mussel beds. Mussels, however, may escape competitive exclusion by settling between or on the larger oysters especially when barnacles are abundant. Experimental patches with mussels were more often covered by fucoid algae (Fucus vesiculosus forma mytili Nienburg) than patches with oysters, and oyster recruitment was poor underneath such algal canopies. Thus, fucoids may provide the native mussels with a refuge from the invading oysters and the two bivalves may coexist, provided food is not limiting.     

东太平洋赤道海域鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)和茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)的食性比较研究

柔鱼亚科(Ommastrephinae)近缘种鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthisoualaniensis)和茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)为重要的大洋性经济头足类,二者在东太平洋赤道海域均有分布。研究以同一航次捕获的两种头足类为研究对象,结合传统胃含物分析和DNA条形码技术对二者食物组成及其差异开展研究,以分析同域近缘头足类间的摄食习性及差异。结果表明,鸢乌贼和茎柔鱼均以鱼类、头足类和甲壳类为主要食物来源,ANOVA显示,两者在Shannon多样性指数和饵料生物头足类和鱼类N%上均存在显著差异, SIMPER分析进一步表明,种间胃含物组成差异最主要体现在鱼类的种类组成和个数百分比上。研究结论直观反映了同域近缘头足类物种食物特化的现象,为后续探究头足类近缘种共存机制提供了数据支持。     

福州沿海龟足的食性研究

龟足（Capitulum mitella Linnaeus）的食物组成可分为4类,动物性食物、植物性食物、有机碎屑和无机颗粒。动物性食物主要以桡足类为主,植物性食物主要以硅藻类为主,有机碎屑在龟足的食物组成中占据重要地位。龟足食物的食物多样性指数在夏季最高,冬季最低。小规格龟足主要摄食植物性食物和有机碎屑,未见摄食动物...     

Variations in the quantity and composition of seston from an estuary in southern Chile on different temporal scales

Estuaries are characterised by highly variable environmental conditions largely driven by tidal and atmospheric forces. This study investigates variation in the physical environment and the composition of the seston on various temporal scales in the Quempillén estuary, southern Chile. The water column was sampled throughout the tidal cycle at various times of the year. Total particulate matter, particulate inorganic matter, particulate organic matter, particle numbers, total particle volume, proximate biochemical composition and energy content of the seston, chlorophyll a and chloropigments were routinely measured. In each of the months in which sampling took place, two or three tidal cycles were examined. The information not only helps to explain the dynamics of the estuary, but is essential for an understanding of the physiology and ecology of the suspension-feeders which exploit the seston as a food source, the most dominant being the gastropod Crepipatella dilatata. Temperature and salinity were generally highest during summer, but seston quality, defined by energy content and biochemical composition (lipid, protein and carbohydrate) was higher at the end of winter and during spring. Chlorophyll a values were greatest in late spring (November). Many of the variables studied changed frequently according to the phase of the tidal cycle, and in several cases significant differences were observed among tidal cycles from the same month of the same year. In general the variables measured did not exhibit consistent patterns linked to the tidal cycle, possibly because any such patterns were masked by atmospheric conditions (wind and rain) that dominate the region and greatly influence the estuary. The quantity and quality of the seston available to suspension-feeders is largely determined by these atmospheric forces, which cause an influx of terrigenous material from adjacent areas and also resuspend bottom sediment. These effects are magnified by the shallowness of the estuary (<2 m depth). The food supply for C. dilatata and other suspension-feeders therefore varies on temporal scales varying from hourly (tidal cycle) to daily/weekly (atmospheric forces) to monthly (seasonal influences), but inhibition of feeding by low salinity sometimes limits the ability of C. dilatata to exploit fully the available organic matter.