油气润滑测试系统中ECT软场效应研究

电容层析成像系统的传感器具有"软场"特性,即敏感场分布受被测介质的影响。为获得高质量的重建图像,利用COMSOL软件快速求解油气润滑测试系统ECT的灵敏度矩阵,运用COMSOL和MATLAB联合仿真,对该管道内层流和环状流2种典型流型的灵敏度场的软场效应进行分析,并且应用LBP算法和OTSU算法,分别在考虑和忽略软场效应的情况下对2种流型进行图像重建。仿真结果表明,软场效应改变了灵敏度分布;润滑油介质靠近管壁时,检测敏感度较高;采用软场效应改变的灵敏度矩阵进行图像重建,将有效提高重建图像精度。     

电容层析成像系统传感器优化设计

针对电容层析成像系统的数据采集系统存在的灵敏度低,检测信号微弱,信噪比低等问题,分析电容传感器各结构参数对系统物理性能的影响,建立了传感器敏感场场域的数学模型,从软场角度,介质分布,敏感场的均匀性以及传感器结构参数等方面进行了分析,确定了传感器的优化设计函数。采用响应面方法对隐式函数进行拟合,得到响应面方程并加以验证,获得了一组传感器优化参数,完成了传感器的优化设计。图像重建结果表明,采用优化后得到的传感器重建精度高,对ECT系统的研究具有重要意义。     

循环流化床上ECT传感器灵敏场的有限元分析

电容层析成像传感器的敏感场受多相流介质分布的影响,软场特性给图像重建带来很大困难,为了提高重建图像质量,对敏感场分布进行分析是非常必要的.该文以12电极方形电容传感器为基础,对电容层析成像技术应用于循环流化床研究做了简单阐述,着重研究了用有限元法对方形电容传感器敏感场分布的计算机仿真,讨论了负敏感场的处理方法.     

油气润滑ECT系统图像重建中病态问题分析

建立油气润滑ECT系统图像重建的数学模型,分析油气润滑ECT系统图像重建中产生病态性的主要原因和影响因素。采用条件指标-方差分解比(CIVDP)方法,对油气润滑ECT系统图像重建中灵敏度矩阵的病态进行诊断分析。分析表明:油气润滑ECT系统图像敏感场的灵敏度矩阵列向量间存在很强的复共线性关系,即存在很强甚至严重的病态性;油膜厚度和极板数目影响图像重建的病态性,通过对灵敏度数据列的回归分析与残差处理,可有效削弱病态程度。     

基于加权SVD截断共轭梯度的ECT图像重建算法

针对电容层析成像技术中的“软场”效应和病态问题,基于灵敏度矩阵的奇异值分解理论,提出了一种加权SVD截断共轭梯度的ECT图像重建算法,给出了算法的数学模型,完成了算法的收敛性分析和证明,并将其应用在电容层析成像系统的图像重建中。仿真和实验结果表明,同LBP算法和CG算法相比,该算法有成像效果好,成像速度快,易于实现等特点。     

电容层析成像系统(ECT)软场特性研究

电容层析成像(ECT)系统阵列传感器的敏感场受被测介质的影响,这一"软场"特性是ECT应用于两相流参数测量中的一个主要问题.本文介绍了基于有限元模型的仿真实验,通过数据分析研究了多个影响灵敏场分布的因素及其规律.     

高介电常数介质对电容层析成像传感器灵敏场影响的研究

以有限元仿真实验为基础,通过高介电常数介质在ECT传感器内不同分布时灵敏场的比较研究,结果表明,传感器内部各处灵敏度变化不仅与管内高介电常数介质的大小和分布有关,还与该点在灵敏场中所处的位置有关.总结一般规律为高介电常数介质所在的区域以及附近的区域灵敏度变化最大;越靠近电极附近的区域灵敏度的变化越大;高介电常数介质对灵敏场的影响在传感器内部呈马鞍形分布.     

电容层析成像传感器场域剖分及图像重建算法

电容层析成像传感器的敏感场受多相流介质分布的影响，软场特性给图像重建带来很大困难，为了提高重建图像质量，对敏感场分布进行分析是非常必要的。采用有限元法，通过对敏感机理的分析，提出一种利用不等间距的场域剖分方法，对敏感场分布进行计算机仿真，依据敏感场计算的数据及测量结果，提出了基于遗传算法的图像重建算法。实验证明有限元模型是正确的，说明利用不等间距的剖分形式可以得到较好的仿真结果，重建的图像具有较高的精度。     

油气润滑ECT传感器的轴向屏蔽电极及其影响*

建立UMIST型（带轴向接地屏蔽电极）和METC型（带轴向驱动屏蔽电极）油气润滑ECT传感器的三维物理模型,根据三维物理模型推导电容值和灵敏度数学表达式,并分析轴向屏蔽电极对传感器的敏感性和灵敏度均匀性的影响;采用线性反投影算法（Linear Back Projection,LBP）进行图像重建,并比较重建图像与真实图像的相对误差和相关系数。结果表明：2种轴向屏蔽电极均可消除边缘电容并提高传感器的敏感性;带轴向接地屏蔽电极使得传感器的灵敏度更加均匀,而带轴向驱动屏蔽电极的传感器则相反。带轴向接地屏蔽电极的传感器更适用于油气润滑中环状流的识别,其重建图像与真实图像的相对误差降低了28.79%,相关系数提高了14.05%。     

两相流电容层析成像中图像重建的研究

电容层析成像(Electrical Capacitance Tomography,ECT)技术是目前最具发展前景的多相流参数检测方法,它可重建两相流在其流经管道横截面上的分布图像.对12电极的电容传感器进行了数学描述,建立了电容敏感场分布的数学模型及其有限元模型,分析了敏感场的算法,利用有限元法实现了敏感场的仿真,并且研究了敏感场分布的规律.在此基础上利用灰度图像重建的方法重现出不同流体分布状态下油管横截面的灰度图像,为两相流在线检测仪器的设计提供了理论依据.     

Preconditioned Landweber iteration algorithm for electrical capacitance tomography

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) has been used to obtain the cross-section images of processes with different dielectric materials inside. Image reconstruction with ECT is to retrieve the permittivity distribution of materials inside the sensor from the capacitance measurements. Algorithms for ECT image reconstruction should be both precise and fast in order to satisfy the requirements of real-time monitoring of the dynamic behavior of processes. Several algorithms have been developed for ECT image reconstruction. The Landweber iteration is the most precise one. However, the low convergence rate of the Landweber iteration limits its application for on-line imaging.This paper introduces an iterative algorithm based on the Landweber method with preconditioning for ECT image reconstruction. A preconditioner, which is equivalent to a filter, is applied to the Landweber iteration. The convergence of this algorithm is analyzed. Its performance is evaluated by using simulated and experimental data corresponding to certain typical permittivity distributions. Preliminary numerical and experimental results show that this algorithm converges more rapidly than the Landweber iteration without preconditioning. Therefore, image reconstruction iteration can be accelerated, which makes on-line quantitative image reconstruction possible.     

Decoupling the joint effect of moisture and mass in dense phase pneumatic conveying

Electric capacitance tomography (ECT) is advantageous for online imaging of pneumatic conveying of solids. From the ECT images, the spatial distribution of the mass of the material can be displayed at a very fast speed. However, as the mass distribution and the permittivity of the solids simultaneously affect the values of the measured capacitance arrays, they cause a coupled effect on the ECT images. In situations where the permittivity of the solids is influenced by the moisture, and this influence cannot be separated from the influence of the mass, or cannot be accounted for by an appropriate means, the measurement will be erroneous, as ECT images are usually interpreted as the distribution of the mass alone. This study aims to tackle the problem by an attempt to decouple the combined influence of the mass and the permittivity. A sensor of narrow electrodes is designed for the purpose of detecting only the variations in the permittivity. Simulation and experimental results both demonstrated that the influence of the permittivity and the mass of the solids can be decoupled under certain conditions, which provide a mechanism to correct the possible errors due to the unknown variation of the solids permittivity, or moisture.     

Image reconstruction of electrical capacitance tomography based on optimal simulated annealing algorithm using orthogonal test method

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a visualization measurement method for two-phase flow. Imaging permittivity distributions using electrical capacitance tomography has always been one of the most significant issues studied by scholars, and the algorithm will have a great impact on the accuracy of image reconstruction result. This paper applies simulated annealing (SA) algorithm to image reconstruction in ECT. However, some parameters of SA algorithm need to be optimized in order to obtain better reconstructed images in ECT. The influence of different parameter values in SA algorithm for image reconstruction in ECT is studied, and a set of optimal parameters of the SA algorithm is obtained based on the orthogonal experimental design method in this paper. At the same time, simulation and static experiments are conducted. Reconstructed images by SA algorithm with optimized parameter are compared with the linear back projection (LBP) and Landweber iterative algorithms. The results show that better images can be obtained for typical oil-gas two-phase flow using SA algorithm. The quality and shape fidelity of reconstructed image for the central object are obviously improved.     

Magnetic induction tomography guided electrical capacitance tomography imaging with grounded conductors

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is an imaging technique commonly used for imaging dielectric permittivity of insulating objects. In applications such industrial process tomography and non-destructive testing (NDT), the objects under test may exhibit variations in both dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity. In particular, a sample that includes high conductivity, such as metal, can cause a large change in electrical field in ECT. The metal sample in imaging area will cause a large change in the sensitivity map of ECT compared to free space, which will make the ECT image reconstruction inaccurate. This effect is more severe in grounded conductor than floating conductors, so this paper focuses on grounded conductor. In order to update the sensitivity map, one needs to gain information about the conductivity distribution in ECT problem. Magnetic induction tomography (MIT) is sensitive to electrical conductivity and not sensitive to permittivity variations; therefore, it can be used to visualize the conductivity distribution of the target under test. In this paper, a dual-modality MIT and ECT system is proposed to image a medium including conductors and dielectrics. Both simulated and experimental results are presented, which demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.     

Inversion of electrical capacitance tomography data by simulated annealing: Application to real two-phase gas–oil flow imaging

In this work we apply a highly optimized simulated annealing (SA) inversion method to the reconstruction of permittivity images from real two-phase gas–oil flow electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) data. We test the SA inversion method using several flow regimes generated by varying gas and oil flow rates in a test loop facility. The SA-based permittivity inversions have some advantages over other reconstruction approaches based on linear least-squares inversion: they can find good solutions starting with poor initial models, can easily implement complex a priori information, and do not introduce smoothing effects in the final permittivity distribution model. A major disadvantage comes from the fact that SA is computationally very intensive and leads to relatively slow reconstructions when calculation of the forward problem is not very fast. In this work we employ a linearized and numerically improved forward model based on the use of a sensitivity matrix. We find this novel approach to be faster and more accurate than traditional linear methods.     

基于MCMC方法的电容成像图像重构算法

研究基于概率统计的电容成像图像重构算法,以马尔科夫随机场的方式给出介电常数分布的先验概率,利用电容成像(electrical capacitance tomography,ECT)线性模型得到似然函数,通过马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗(Markov chain Monte Carlo,MCMC)方法对介电常数分布的后验概率密度进行采样,马尔科夫链的转移核利用Metropolis-Hastings方法得到,结合嵌套迭代提高计算效率。仿真结果表明,嵌套迭代-MCMC方法在正则化参数设置合适的条件下,可以得到较好的图像质量,基于MCMC方法图像重构算法为解决ECT图像重构问题提供一种新思路。     

内—外置电极ECT传感器两相流成像仿真研究

本文利用仿真方法研究一种新型具有内置电极的矩形电容层析成像传感器。其由4个内置电极和12个外置电极组成。通过有限差分方法求得普适的矩形敏感图分布，并进一步对其进行处理得到针对这种特殊传感器的专门敏感图。对三种典型的物质分布进行了成像研究，并与无内置电极的12电极测量装置进行比较。计算结果显示了具有内置电极的传感器比无内置电极传感器具有更高的成像质量。     

3D ECT reconstruction by an improved Landweber iteration algorithm

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a relatively mature non-invasive imaging technique that attempts to map dielectric permittivity of materials. Recently, 3D ECT has gained interest because of its potential to generate volumetric images. The study of a fast and accurate image reconstruction algorithm is a challenge task, especially for 3D reconstruction. In this paper, we propose an improved Landweber iteration algorithm. We incorporate an additional acceleration term into the cost function and apply an adaptive threshold operation to the image obtained in each iteration for reducing artefacts. The algorithm proposed is tested by the noise-free and noise-contaminated capacitance data. Sensitivity matrixes and capacitance data of a 3D ECT sensor are obtained by using the finite element (FE) method. Extensive simulations in 3D reconstruction are carried out. The results verify the effectiveness of these improvements. Both the reconstruction time and the artefacts in the reconstructed image are reduced obviously. The experimental results of 3D reconstruction of objects in the shape of letters U and L confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm further.     

非闭合电极电容层析成像传感器在冻土测试中的应用

为了实现电容层析成像技术对冻土冻结冰峰面的在线、非侵入测试,研制出了满足冻土测试要求的非闭合电极电容层析成像传感器,并对该种传感器的电容分布特性进行了实测;确定出了适合冻土测试的的高、低介电常数的标定物质;搭建了冻土一维冻结实验系统.对含水量8%的湿土样冻结过程的冰峰面迁移进行了电容层析成像测试,并利用IMNSNOF图像重建算法重建出了冻结过程各时刻的冻结截面物质分布图像,由图像可确定出冻土中已冻土、未冻区以及冰峰面的位置.电容层析成像测试结果与温度测试结果相吻合.