Identification and validation of novel loci associated with wheat quality through a genome-wide association study

Understanding the genetic basis of quality-related traits contributes to the improvement of grain protein concentration (GPC), grain starch concentration (GSC), and wet gluten concentration (WGC) in wheat. In this study, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on a mixed linear model (MLM) was performed on 236 wheat accessions, including 160 cultivars and 76 landraces, using a 55K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array in multiple environments. A total of 12 stable QTL/SNPs that control different quality traits in this populations in at least two environments under stripe rust stress were identified. Among these 12, three, seven and two QTLs associated with GPC, GSC and WGC were characterized, respectively, and they were located on chromosomes (chr) 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5D, and 7D with the phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranging from 4.2 to 10.7%. Compared with the previously reported QTLs/genes, five QTLs (QGsc.sicau-1BL, QGsc.sicau-1DS, QGsc.sicau-2DL.1, QGsc.sicau-2DL.2, and QWgc.sicau-5DL) were potentially novel. KASP markers for the SNPs AX-108770574 and AX-108791420 on chr5D associated with wet gluten concentration were successfully developed. The phenotypes of the cultivars containing the A-allele in AX-108770574 and the T-allele in AX-108791420 were extremely significantly (P<0.01) higher than those of the landraces containing the G- or C-allele with respect to the wet gluten concentration in each of the environments. The KASP markers developed and validated in this study could be utilized in molecular breeding aimed at improving the quality of wheat.     

我国能源甜高粱育种现状及应用前景

简要介绍了高粱及甜高粱的生物学特性、起源分类与在农业产业中的作用,同时对高粱杂交育种历史进行回顾。并对杂交体系中的遗传资源与种质资源角度进行阐述。探讨目前甜高粱杂交的种质资源与育种体系存在的问题,以及今后发展能源甜高粱的育种目标和设计思路,并希望引起各界对甜高粱育种与能源产业的重视。     

Genome-wide association study and metabolic pathway prediction of barrenness in maize as a response to high planting density

Increasing the planting density is one way to enhance grain production in maize. However, high planting density brings about growth and developmental defects such as barrenness, which is the major factor limiting grain yield. In this study, the barrenness was characterized in an association panel comprising 280 inbred lines under normal (67 500 plants ha^–1, ND) and high (120 000 plants ha^–1, HD) planting densities in 2017 and 2018. The population was genotyped using 776 254 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers with criteria of minor allele frequency >5% and <20% missing data. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted for barrenness under ND and HD, as well as the barrenness ratio (HD/ND), by applying a Mixed Linear Model that controls both population structure and relative kinship (Q+K). In total, 20 SNPs located in nine genes were significantly (P<6.44×10^–8) associated with barrenness under the different planting densities. Among them, seven SNPs for barrenness at ND and HD were located in two genes, four of which were common under both ND and HD. In addition, 13 SNPs for the barrenness ratio were located in seven genes. A complementary pathway analysis indicated that the metabolic pathways of amino acids, such as glutamate and arginine, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway might play important roles in tolerance to high planting density. These results provide insights into the genetic basis of high planting density tolerance and will facilitate high yield maize breeding.     

The Mining of Citrus EST-SNP and Its Application in Cultivar Discrimination

Single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） are the most abundant sequence variations found in plant genomes and are widely used as molecular genetic markers in cultivar identification and genetic diversity studies. The objective of this study was to identify SNP markers useful for discrimination of citrus cultivars, since large numbers of expressed sequence tags （ESTs） of sweet orange are available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information （NCBI）. We now have the opportunity to discover SNP markers suitable for determining the haplotypes with which to distinguish very closely related cultivars and to assess genetic diversity within or between related species of citrus. SNPs and small insertions/deletions （Indels） from ESTs of sweet orange and satsuma were identified by the in silico SNP discovery strategy. 55 296 EST sequences of sweet orange and 2 575 of satsuma retrieved from the NCBI repository were mined for potential SNPs. Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences （CAPS） and sequencing approaches were used to validate putative SNPs in a sample of 30 citrus accessions. A total of 3 348 putative SNPs were identified based on the abundance of sequences and haplotype cosegregation. Of these 3 348 SNPs, the transitions, transversions and Indels ratios were 47.9, 36.1 and 16.0%, respectively. The SNPs occurred on average at a frequency of 1 per 164 bp in the coding region of citrus. 14 SNPs were randomly selected and genotyped according to 30 citrus accessions including 23 accessions of sweet orange; 11 SNPs displayed polymorphism with an average polymorphism information content （PIC） of 0.20 among 30 citrus accessions. The genetic diversity present in sweet orange was low, so the 14 SNP markers failed to discriminate different cultivars of sweet orange, but they did succeed in distinguishing accessions of inter-species of citrus. In this study, SNPs were mined from EST sequences of sweet orange and satsuma, which displayed potential capability as molecular markers to discriminate inter-species accessions of citrus. It is anticipated that these putative SNPs could be applied in citrus genetics research and breeding.     

Genome-wide development of interspecific microsatellite markers for Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum

Sugarcane has a large, complex, polyploid genome that has hindered the progress of genomic research and molecular marker-assisted selection. The user-friendly SSR markers have attracted considerable attention owing to their ideal genetic attributes. However, these markers were not characterized and developed at the genome-wide scale due to the previously lacking high-quality chromosome-level assembled sugarcane genomes. In this present study, 744305 and 361638 candidate SSRs were identified from the genomes of S. officinarum and S. spontaneum, respectively. We verified the reliability of the predicted SSRs by using 1200 interspecific SSR primer pairs to detect polymorphisms among 11 representative accessions of Saccharum, including S. spontaneum, S. officinarum, S. robustum, and modern sugarcane hybrid. The results showed that 660 SSR markers displayed interspecific polymorphisms among these accessions. Furthermore, 100 SSRs were randomly selected to detect the genetic diversity for 39 representative Saccharum accessions. A total of 320 alleles were generated using 100 polymorphic primers, with each marker ranging from two to seven alleles. The genetic diversity analysis revealed that these accessions were distributed in four main groups, including group I (14 S. spontaneum accessions), group II (two S. officinarum accessions), group III (18 modern sugarcane hybrid accessions), and group IV (five S. robustum accessions). Experimental verification supported the reliability of the SSR markers based on genome-wide predictions. The development of a large number of SSR markers based on wet experiments is valuable for genetic studies, including genetic linkage maps, comparative genome analysis, genome-wide association studies, and marker-assisted selection in Saccharum.     

Genetic diversity analysis and GWAS reveal the adaptive loci of milling and appearance quality of japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Northeast China

Milling and appearance quality are important contributors to rice grain quality. Abundant genetic diversity and a suitable environment are crucial for rice improvement. In this study, we investigated the milling and appearance quality-related traits in a panel of 200 japonica rice cultivars selected from Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in Northeast China. Pedigree assessment and genetic diversity analysis indicated that cultivars from Jilin harbored the highest genetic diversity among the three geographic regions. An evaluation of grain quality indicated that cultivars from Liaoning showed superior milling quality, whereas cultivars from Heilongjiang tended to exhibit superior appearance quality. Single- and multi-locus genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were conducted to identify loci associated with milling and appearance quality-related traits. Ninety-nine significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected. Three common SNPs were detected using the mixed linear model (MLM), mrMLM, and FASTmrMLM methods. Linkage disequilibrium decay was estimated and indicated three candidate regions (qBRR-1, qBRR-9 and qDEC-3) for further candidate gene analysis. More than 300 genes were located in these candidate regions. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was performed to discover the potential candidate genes. Genetic diversity analysis of the candidate regions revealed that qBRR-9 may have been subject to strong selection during breeding. These results provide information that will be valuable for the improvement of grain quality in rice breeding.     

甘蓝型油菜polCMS育性恢复位点的全基因组关联分析

【目的】甘蓝型油菜波里马细胞质雄性不育(pol CMS)在中国已被广泛应用于杂交种育种,其育性恢复程度表现出受1对主效基因的控制,并受微效修饰基因的影响。通过全基因组关联分析方法挖掘育性恢复位点,并对候选基因进行比较分析。【方法】通过芸薹属60K SNP芯片对308份甘蓝型油菜自然群体进行基因型分型,并用pol CMS系301A作母本,与上述材料分别进行杂交得到308份F1,每份F-_1分别于2013年和2014年进行种植,每年2次重复,于始花期根据花粉育性和花蕊发育情况调查F1植株的育性等级,同时对测交父本自然群体进行群体结构分析和亲缘关系评估,并结合测交父本的基因型分型结果和F_1的育性等级进行全基因组关联分析(GWAS)。从GWAS分析中显著的SNP左右100 kb区间或与显著SNP处于同一单体型块(R~20.5)的区间内预测候选基因,并对候选基因进行QTL比较分析和单体型或等位基因的效应分析。【结果】方差分析结果显示,两年F_1的育性等级存在显著差异(P0.01),但相关分析发现,两年的育性等级存在显著的正相关(r=0.52,P0.001)。群体结构分析显示,所有测交父本被分为3个亚群(冬性、春性和半冬性),亲缘关系分析发现,任何2个材料之间平均亲缘关系值为0.072,73%的任意材料间亲缘关系值小于0.1,其中,约53%的材料亲缘关系值为0。GWAS分析共检测到13个与育性恢复程度显著关联的SNP,构成了6个候选区间,分别位于A01、A09、C03、C06和C08 5条染色体上,单个SNP解释的表型变异介于2.53%—9.96%。从中共预测到6个与育性恢复位点相关的候选基因,其中4个编码的蛋白含有恢复基因特有的PPR保守基序。共线性分析发现,4个候选基因中的2个(Bna A09g46700D和Bna C08g40710D)位于A09和C08染色体部分同源区间,且与已克隆的pol CMS育性恢复位点ORF2同源。另外2个新鉴定到的候选基因(Bna C03g45840D和Bna C06g13000D)连锁的SNP等位基因或单体型变化都与育性等级显著相关(P0.001)。【结论】通过GWAS分析鉴定到多个与油菜育性恢复有关的候选基因,开发基于与这些基因连锁位点或SNP的功能标记将有助于对该不育系统进行恢复系和保持系的筛选。     

Establishment and application of an SNP molecular identification system for grape cultivars

We aimed to develop a set of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers that can be used to distinguish the main cultivated grape (Vitis L.) cultivars in China and provide technical support for domestic grape cultivar protection, cultivar registration, and market rights protection. A total of 517 high-quality loci were screened from 4 241 729 SNPs obtained by sequencing 304 grape accessions using specific locus amplified fragment sequencing, of which 442 were successfully designed as Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers. A set of 27 markers that completely distinguishes 304 sequenced grape accessions was determined by using the program, and 26 effective markers were screened based on 23 representative grape cultivars. Finally, a total of 46 out of 48 KASP markers, including 22 markers selected by the research group in the early stage, were re-screened based on 348 grape accessions. Population structure, principal component, and cluster analyses all showed that the 348 grape accessions were best divided into two populations. In addition, cluster analysis subdivided them into six subpopulations. According to genetic distance, V. labrusca, V. davidii, V. heyneana, and V. amurensis were far from V. vinifera, while V. vinifera×V. labrusca and V. amurensis×V. vinifera were somewhere in between these two groups. Furthermore, a core set of 25 KASP markers could distinguish 95.69% of the 348 grape accessions, and the other 21 markers were used as extended markers. Therefore, SNP molecular markers based on KASP typing technology provide a new way for mapping DNA fingerprints in grape cultivars. With high efficiency and accuracy and low cost, this technology is more competitive than other current identification methods. It also has excellent application prospects in the grape distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) test, as well as in promoting market rights protection in the near future.     

棉花产量构成因素性状的全基因组关联分析

【目的】 对铃重、衣分、单株铃数和籽指等棉花产量构成因素性状进行全基因组关联分析（genome-wide association study,GWAS）,发掘与其关联的标记位点、优异等位变异及候选基因,为棉花产量的分子育种提供理论依据。【方法】 以408份陆地棉品种（系）资源为材料,利用Cotton SNP 80K芯片,对6个环境的铃重、衣分、单株铃数和籽指4个产量构成因素性状进行基于混合线性模型（mixed linear model,MLM）的全基因组关联分析,检测与产量构成因素性状显著关联的位点、优异等位变异;进一步依据转录组数据的基因表达量,在显著关联的位点侧翼序列1 Mb区间挖掘可能的候选基因。【结果】 4个产量构成因素性状在不同环境下均表现出广泛的表型变异,其中,单株铃数变异系数最大为16.67%—22.66%,各性状的遗传率为48.4%—92.2%;除铃重与衣分间相关性不显著外,其他性状间均呈显著或极显著相关性;基于6个环境各性状表型数据的最佳线性无偏预测值（best linear unbiased prediction,BLUP）,GWAS共检测到分布于基因组的7个区间内23个与目标性状关联的SNP位点,其中,与铃重关联的位点5个,与衣分关联的位点1个,与单株铃数关联的位点9个,与籽指关联的位点8个,有3个位点（TM21094、TM21102和TM57382）同时与多个目标性状关联;鉴定到7个最优SNP位点的优异等位变异,分别为TM21099（TT）、TM57382（GG）、TM78920（CC）、TM53448（TT）、TM59015（AA）、TM43412（GG）和TM69770（AA）;利用转录组数据分析,在基因组的7个区间筛选到158个与产量形成可能的候选基因,GO富集分析和KEGG代谢途径分析发现,候选基因功能类别多样并参与了多种代谢途径。【结论】 在陆地棉品种（系）群体中共鉴定到23个与产量构成因素性状关联的SNP位点,筛选到158个可能与产量性状相关的候选基因。     

Genetic dissection of hexanol content in soybean seed through genome-wide association analysis

Hexanol is a major compound contributing to the off-flavors(the bean-like odor) of soybean derived soymilk. The most effective way to reduce the off-flavors of soymilk is the screening and utilization of soybean cultivars with improved hexanol content. However, no genome-wide genetic analysis for this particular trait has been conducted to date. The objective of the present study was to dissect the genetic basis of hexanol content in soybean seed through genome-wide association analysis(GWAS). A total of 105 soybean accessions were analyzed for hexanol content in a three-year experiments and genotyped by sequencing using the specific locus amplified fragment sequencing(SLAF-seq) approach. A total of 25 724 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) were obtained with minor allele frequencies(MAF)5%. GWAS showed that 25 quantitative trait nucleotides(QTNs) were significantly associated with the hexanol concentration in soybean seed. These identified QTNs distributed on different genomic regions of the 15 chromosomes. A total of 91 genes were predicted as candidate genes underlying the seed hexanol level and six candidates were predicted possibly underlying the seed hexanol by gene based association. In this study, GWAS has been proven to be an effective way to dissect the genetic basis of the hexanol concentration in multiple genetic backgrounds. The identified beneficial alleles and candidate genes might be valuable for the improvement of marker-assisted breeding efficiency for low hexanol level and help to explore possible molecular mechanisms underlying hexanol content in soybean seed.     

基于SRAP分子标记的剑豆遗传多样性分析

采用相关序列扩增多态性(Sequence-related amplified polymorphism,SRAP)分子标记方法,对收集到的来源于11个国家的19个剑豆种群进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:1)在扩增出的274条清晰条带中,具有多态性的有144条,占总数的52.6%;2)28对引物的多态性指数(Polymorphism information content,PIC)介于0.16~0.43,平均值为0.28;3)剑豆总遗传多样性指数(Ht)为0.285 6,基因流(Nm)为0.065 6;4)通过分子方差分析(Analysis of molecular variance,AMOVA)发现,剑豆种群间差异占总差异的88%,种群内差异占总差异的12%,种群间差异为剑豆差异的主要来源;5)主坐标分析(Principal coordinates analysis,PCoA)和基于遗传距离的聚类分析表明,19个剑豆种群可分为5个类群,每个类群均有不同的表型。     

水稻抽穗期性状QTL的全基因组关联定位分析

以253份水稻种质为材料,评价了群体材料的抽穗期特性,利用全基因组关联分析法对水稻抽穗期相关数量性状位点(QTL)进行定位。结果表明：种质群体抽穗期为45～100 d,变异系数为13.12%～13.39%,广义遗传率为50.94%;全基因组关联分析定位了29个与抽穗期相关的QTL,共60个显著关联SNP;预测15个QTL有23个与抽穗期调控相关的候选基因,分别编码类似于成花素的磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白、C2H2/CCCH/B–box类锌指蛋白和MYB/MADS/PHD–finger/AP2类转录因子。     

中国高粱地方品种和育成品种穗部表型性状精准鉴定及综合评价

【目的】 通过对高粱种质资源穗部表型多样性与遗传变异规律的研究,筛选高粱优异种质,丰富高粱穗部相关性状的遗传信息,为现有种质资源的保护、高效利用及新品种的选育等提供参考。【方法】 以320份来源于中国各地的高粱种质为供试材料,对其在2个不同生态环境下的12个穗部性状（粒长、粒宽、千粒重、籽粒硬度、籽粒容重、角质率、穗粒重、穗长、穗柄长、穗柄直径、一级枝梗长和一级枝梗数）进行精准鉴定。运用相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法对高粱种质资源进行综合评价,并根据综合评价F值及目标性状筛选出不同突出特点的优异高粱种质。【结果】 各数量性状分布频次呈中间高两边低的分布趋势,籽粒硬度、穗粒重和籽粒容重、角质率2年间的频次分布和曲线走势分别在保定和晋中试验点较为相似,多数性状只在一个年份或单个试验点呈正态分布;除穗长和一级枝梗数外,其余性状的均值在同年两点间存在差异;12个穗部性状的平均多样性指数（H'）分布范围为1.72—2.11,其中,籽粒硬度的多样性指数均值最高,一级枝梗长的多样性指数均值最低;籽粒硬度、角质率、穗粒重、一级枝梗长和一级枝梗数的变异系数均高于30.00%;所提取的4个主成分累计贡献率为65.39%;聚类分析将320份种质划分为3个类群,第Ⅰ类可作为筛选工艺（帚）用高粱的种质类,第Ⅱ类适用于粒用（酿造）高粱优异种质的选育,第Ⅲ类为穗部性状表现较差的种质;依据综合得分F值及目标性状筛选出具有不同突出特点的29份优异种质。【结论】 参试高粱种质资源穗部性状表型变异丰富,多样性程度较高;角质率和一级枝梗长的变异系数较高;粒长、粒宽、籽粒硬度、籽粒容重和穗粒重受环境条件影响较大,一级枝梗长相对稳定;筛选出优异种质29份。     

高粱抗炭疽病资源筛选及病情与产量损失的关系

【目的】针对高粱炭疽病（Colletotrichum sublineolum）在生产上突发流行问题,以利用寄主抗病性控制病害为目的,在人工接种条件下筛选高粱抗炭疽病资源,明确病害严重度与产量损失关系,为高粱抗炭疽病育种和田间病害产量损失评估提供科学依据和指导。【方法】 2016—2017年连续2年以高粱炭疽病菌（C. sublineolum）菌株SY-1为供试菌株,采用人工接种方法对74份国内外高粱种质资源抗高粱炭疽病特性进行测定和评价;利用已知对高粱炭疽病抗性不同的20份高粱资源作为供试材料,在人工接种条件下测定病害不同程度所造成的产量损失,并采用相关分析的方法分析高粱主要产量性状与炭疽病为害程度之间的关系。【结果】 从供试的74份资源中,筛选出表现高度抗病（highly resistant,HR）资源21份,占鉴定资源总数的28.38%;抗病（resistant,R）资源12份,占鉴定资源总数的16.22%;中度抗病（moderately resistant,MR）资源26份,占鉴定资源总数的35.14%;感病（susceptible,S）资源8份,占鉴定资源总数的10.81%;高度感病（highly susceptible,HS）资源7份,占鉴定资源总数的9.46%。病害严重程度与产量损失关系研究结果表明,高粱炭疽病对高粱单穗粒重和千粒重影响显著,不同病情级别间的穗粒重及千粒重损失率差异显著;病害严重程度（1—9级）间的穗粒重损失率幅度为0.37%—78.00%,千粒重损失率为0.03%—44.43%。相关分析表明,高粱穗粒重及千粒重损失率与病害级别均呈指数相关,随着病害级别的升高,高粱穗粒重及千粒重损失率逐渐升高,且穗粒重损失率比千粒重损失率升高更快。病害严重度与症状表现关系密切,高度抗病（1级）资源的病株叶片上有不规则圆形小斑点,无分生孢子盘产生;抗病（3级）资源的病株叶片上有不规则圆形及椭圆形小型病斑,有零星分生孢子盘;中抗（5级）资源植株叶片上有大量不规则圆形、椭圆形斑点,有黑色分生孢子盘和孢子形成,穗枝梗亦有椭圆形斑点;感病（7级）资源植株叶片上有不规则圆形、椭圆形、长条形病斑,有大量黑色分生孢子盘和孢子形成,穗部枝梗病斑明显,部分叶片枯死,个别植株近于死亡。高度感病（9级）资源植株叶片上病斑连片,有大量黑色分生孢子盘和孢子,穗部枝梗病斑较多,大部分叶片枯死,植株近于死亡。【结论】 筛选出21份高抗资源,明确了高粱炭疽病病情级别与高粱产量损失呈指数相关,随着病害级别的增高,高粱穗粒重及千粒重损失率相应升高。此外,高粱炭疽病不同病情级别相对应病害症状明显不同。     

AM真菌和磷对小马安羊蹄甲幼苗生长的影响

丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌在退化生态系统恢复与重建实践中具有重要作用。采用盆栽模拟方法,重点分析不同土壤磷条件下小马鞍羊蹄甲(Bauhinia faberi)幼苗接种AM真菌后,幼苗的形态、生物量积累、菌根侵染率和菌根效应(mycorrhizal growth response, MGR)在一个生长季内的动态变化。结果表明,Glomus mosseae和 Glomus coronatum能较好地侵染幼苗,两种AM真菌显著地增加幼苗根系、叶片数和生物量;接种AM真菌显著影响幼苗的生物量分配,而土壤磷对幼苗的生物量分配影响不明显,AM真菌和土壤磷对幼苗生长的交互作用显著;G. mosseae是小马鞍羊蹄甲的优势AM菌,其接种的幼苗根长、叶片数、生物量、侵染率和菌根效应都显著高于G. coronatum处理的幼苗;菌根效应显著,接种AM真菌能有缓解土壤磷素缺乏的限制作用,且随着苗龄增大促生作用表现更为明显。不同AM菌种对小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗生长的促生作用表现出的差异,提示在多元资源限制的干旱贫瘠环境中进行生物修复须为目标恢复物种筛选出高效的优势AM真菌。     

Comparative analysis of flower-meristem-identity gene APETALA2 (AP2) codon in different plant species

The flower-meristem-identity gene APETALA2(AP2), one of class-A genes, is involved in the establishment of the floral meristem and the forming of sepals and petals. Codon usage bias(CUB) identifies differences among species, meanwhile dynamic analysis of base composition can identify the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary relationships of a specific gene. In this study, eight coding sequences(CDS) of AP2 gene were selected from different plant species using the Gen Bank database. Their nucleotide composition(GC content), genetic index, relative synonymous codon usage(RSCU) and relative codon usage bias(RCUB) were calculated with R Software to compare codon bias and base composition dynamics of AP2 gene codon usage patterns in different plant species. The results showed that the usage of AP2 gene codons from different plant species were influened by GC bias, especially GC3 s. Overall, base composition analysis indicated that the usage frequency of codon AT in the gene coding sequence was higher than GC among AP2 gene CDS from different plant species. Furthermore, most AP2 gene CDSs ended with AT; AGA, GCU and UGU had relatively high RSCU values as the most dominant codon; the usage characteristic of the AP2 gene codon in Malus domestica was similar to that of Vitis vinifera; Paeonia lactiflora was similar to Paeonia suffruticosa and Solanum lycopersicum was similar to Petunia×hybrida. There was a moderate preference in the usage of AP2 gene codon among different plant species from relatively low frequency of optimal codon(Fop) values and high effective number of codons(ENC) value. This study has revealed the usage characteristics of the AP2 gene codon from the comparision of AP2 gene codon preference and base dynamics in different plant species and provide a platform for further study towards transgenic engineering and codon optimization.     

不同光周期对高粱叶片和蚜虫体内营养物质含量和相关酶活性的影响

为明确光周期对高粱和高粱蚜体内物质含量的影响,该研究设置了5个光周期,分别为2L∶22D、6L∶18D、10L∶14D、14L∶10D、18L∶6D,测定不同光周期下高粱叶内可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、淀粉和叶绿素含量,同时检测了高粱蚜体内的谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)的活性,以及可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、总脂肪的含量。结果表明:在长光照(10L∶14D、14L∶10D、18L∶6D)下,高粱叶片的可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、淀粉和叶绿素含量高于短光照(2L∶22D、6L∶18D),极短光照(2L∶22D)和最适光照(14L∶10D)条件下高粱叶片的可溶性蛋白含量低于其他光周期;在极长光周期(18L∶6D)条件下,高粱蚜体内的ALT和AST活性最高,光周期为10L∶14D时高粱蚜体内ALT和AST活性均达最低值;短光照(2L∶22D、6L∶18D)条件下高粱蚜体内保护酶SOD和CAT活性高于长光照(10L∶14D、14L∶10D、18L∶6D)条件;在光周期为10L∶14D时高粱蚜体内可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和总脂肪含量达最高值,光周期为14L∶10D时高粱蚜的游离氨基酸含量最低。说明在极端光周期时,为了应对不良环境高粱蚜体内转氨酶活性呈上升趋势,保护酶活性在短光照条件下升高;10L∶14D的光周期适合高粱蚜生长发育,高粱蚜体内营养物质含量较高;极端光周期条件下高粱蚜的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、总脂肪含量呈下降趋势。     

Correlation between allele sizes of microsatellites and phenotypic variations in rice landraces

Yunnan is one of the largest centers of genetic diversity in the world. Allele size of microsatellites associated with phenotypic traits of rice landraces in Yunnan, Southwest China, was investigated based on 20 SSR markers and 23 phenotypic traits, as well as eight mineral elements in brown rice within the core collection of 629 accessions; and there was a significant correlation for 182 (r = 0.083^* − 0.438^**) of 620 pairs among these markers and traits, as well as elements. Surprisingly, there was a significant correlation for 94 of 180 pairs between the allele size of microsatellites and grain traits, and 48 of 160 pairs between allele size of microsatellites and panicle traits. In these rice landraces, 309 alleles were detected, with an average of 15.5 alleles per marker, ranging from 5 (RM60) to 40 (RM257). There was a significant correlation between the allele size of 20 SSR markers and some phenotypic traits, such as the significant correlation of 17 (r = −0.085^* − 0.438^**) pairs between the allele size of RM224 and 23 phenotypic traits, as well as eight elements. The allele size of microsatellites was more associated with grain or panicle traits than that of plant traits or element contents in brown rice. Grain length/width ratio and 1–2 internode length, as indica-japonica classification traits, in which two traits were closely associated with the allele size of 14 SSR markers ranging from 0.089^* to −0.438^**. Therefore, allele size of SSRs was associated with phenotypic traits (especially in grain traits), as well as elemental contents in brown rice. These authors contributed equally to this work.     

山东高粱品种资源农艺性状及营养品质分析

对山东省现有的1223份高粱地方品种资源的农艺性状和部分材料的抗逆性、抗病虫性以及籽粒的蛋白质含量、赖氨酸含量和单宁含量进行了分析,结果表明:农艺性状中株高以高秆品种最多,其次是特高秆品种,生育期集中在106～120d,千粒重以小粒品种和中粒品种最多,分别占34.59%、43.34%;穗长集中在20.1～35cm,穗粒重集中在30.1～70g;穗型以散穗最多,粒色以红粒为主,壳色以黑壳最多。高粱抗性中,已经鉴定的材料有2份耐盐性为1级,96.09%材料的耐盐级别为4、5级,有4份材料抗旱为1级,有2份材料对黑穗病免疫,多数材料不抗螟虫和蚜虫,但有9份材料抗螟性为1、2级;在已经测定的种质资源中有79.16%的材料蛋白质含量低于12.5%,有7份材料的蛋白质含量超过15%,有81.54%的材料赖氨酸含量在0.21%～0.40%之间,有4份材料赖氨酸含量超过0.45%,单宁平均含量0.645%,基本成正态分布,有101份材料含量低于0.1%。总之,山东省地方品种资源农艺性状、抗性、籽粒品质变异类型丰富,可以为高粱育种提供良好的种质资源。     

Identifying global centers of genetic diversity for grain sorghum with the use of rice DNA markers

STS and InDel markers developed on the basis of DNA sequences of certain rice genes are used for a comparative study of grain sorghum accessions. The main sorghum genetic diversity centers are revealed, two in Africa and a third in regions of Central, East, and South Asia.