细菌DNA抗肿瘤免疫的实验研究

应用纯化提取的３种细菌染色体ＤＮＡ进行体内抗肿瘤免疫实验。结果表明，大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和长双岐杆菌ＤＮＡ由于含有大量的非甲基化的ＣｐＧ二核苷酸为核心的序列（称为ＣｐＧ ｍｏｔｉｆ），均能诱导ＮＫ细胞和单核细胞的激活，从而起到抗肿瘤免疫的作用。为微生物ＤＮＡ制剂作为生物反应修饰剂（ＢＲＭ）应用于抗肿瘤免疫提供了科学依据。     

狂犬病毒aG株糖蛋白在pET原核系统中的表达及纯化

在狂犬病的临床诊断和基础研究中都迫切需要大量纯度高且价廉的狂犬病毒糖蛋白抗原。本文应用带有Ｈｉｓ６尾的ｐＥＴ原核表达系统对狂犬病毒（ＲＶ）ａＧ株的糖蛋白（ＧＰ）进行表达和纯化。构建的融合表达载体ｐＥＴ－ａＧ１和ｐＥＴ－ａＧ２（－５７ｂｐ）分别含有ＲＶａＧ株ＧＰ基因的全序列及删除了为ＧＰ信号肽编码的５８个碱基的序列。用ＳＤＳ 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、免疫印迹、间接ＥＬＩＳＡ检测都证明表达产物为ＲＶＧＰ,且位于菌体中的包涵体内。经固定化金属螯合层析（ＩＭＡＣ）提纯,ｐＥＴ－ａＧ１表达产物有较高的特异性和纯度,可用作测定ＲＶＧＰ抗体的免疫诊断试剂。     

猪生长激素基因表达质粒的构建及其转基因动物研究

将猪生长激素基因（ＰＧＨ）克隆到质粒ｐＵＣ１９上,经酶切分析,确定其酶切图谱．把ＰＧＨ转录起始位点以前的序列切掉,换上羊ＭＴ－１ａ基因的启动子,构建成可以调控的表达载体ｐＳＭＴＰＧＨ,用于转基因动物的研究．采用微注射法将线状ｐＳＭＴＰＧＨ导入猪、鼠和金鱼的受精卵中,得到了相应的转基因动物．对这些动物鉴定分析表明,外源基因整合率因动物不同而异,但该基因在这３种动物中的整合率均在９％以上,其生长速度都高于对照组．     

猪生长激素基因表达质粒的构建及其转基因动物研究

将猪生长激素基因（ＰＧＨ）克隆到质粒ｐＵＣ１９上,经酶切分析,确定其酶切图谱。把ＰＧＨ转录起始位点以前的序列切掉,换上羊ＭＴ－１ａ基因的启动子,构建成可以调控的表达载体ｐＳＭＴＰＧＨ,用于转基因动物的研究。采用微注射法将线状ｐＳＭＴＰＧＨ导入猪、鼠和金鱼的受精卵中,得到了相应的转基因动物。对这些动物鉴定分析表明,外源基因整合率因动物不同而异,但该基因在这３种动物中的整合率均在９％以上,其生长速度都     

CpG免疫调节序列最新研究进展

细菌等非脊椎动物的ＤＮＡ和人工合成的寡聚核苷酸（ＯＤＮ）中所包含的免疫刺激ＣｐＧ序列（ＣｐＧ－Ｓ）被抗原呈递细胞（ＡＰＣ）摄入后,经由ｐＨ依赖的胞内体酸化,产生活性氧（ＲＯＳ）,然后分别活化转录因子ＡＰ－１和ＮＦ－λＢ,激活细胞因子等基因的表达,从而刺激机体产生免疫应答,包括刺激多种免疫活性细胞分泌细胞因子,使机体产生快速高水平的抗体应答及细胞免疫应答。能产生这种刺激作用的最适序列为ＣｐＧ５’端为     

猪生长激素基因在杆状病毒载体系统中的表达

通过对猪生长激素（ｐＧＨ）基因的ｃＤＮＡ进行测序,得到ｐＧＨｃＤＮＡ的全序列,并与Ｓｅｅｂｕｒｇ等报道的序列进行了比较和讨论。然后利用具人工合成启动子和多角体蛋白ＸＩＶ启动子的转移载体质粒ｐＳＸＩＶＶＩ＾＋Ｘ３／４构建出含ｐＧＨ基因的重组质粒ｐＸ３／４－ｐＧＨ。将ｐＸ３／４－ｐＧＨ与致死缺失型线性化ＡｃＭＮＰＶ－ＯＣＣ＾－ＤＮＡ共转染Ｓｆ９细胞,构建出既能形成多角体又能表达ｐＧＨ基因的苜蓿丫纹夜蛾     

重组人MCAF／GM－CSF融合蛋白表达及其生物学活性研究

利用ＰＣＲ技术和ＤＮＡ体外重组方法,把作为导向效应细胞到靶部位的单核细胞趋化激活因子（ＭＣＡＦ）和粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）进行基因融合,置于ｐＢＶ２２０载体的λＰＲＰＬ串联启动子下游,构建了ＳＤ序列与ＡＴＧ之间含有不同核苷酸组成的重组质粒ｐＭＧ０１、ｐＭＧ０２和ｐＭＧ０３。ｐＭＧ０１、ｐＭＧ０２和ｐＭＧ０３的翻译起始区都不存在稳定的二级结构,但ＤＨ５α（ｐＭＧ０２、ＤＨ５α（ｐＭＧ０３）的表达水平远远高于ＤＨ５α（ｐＭＧ０１）,ＤＨ５α（ＰＭＧ０１）几乎没有表达。表达产物经Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ检测表明,它能分别与ＭＣＡＦ和ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ抗体发生特异反应。生物学活性测定表明,表达产物具有明显的单核细胞趋化活性和维持ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ依赖的ＴＦ１细胞生长的特性,说明ＭＣＡＦ和ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ的生物学功能是相容的．     

巴西固氮螺菌 Yu62 draTG 基因启动子区域的核苷酸序列及其功能分析

对巴西固氮螺菌ｄｒａＴＧ上游区域进行了全序列分析,结果表明该区域除了编码部分ｎｉｆＨ基因外（ｎｉｆＨ与ｄｒａＴＧ转录方向相反）,不编码任何其它已知的基因。但在该区域发现了一些可能的调控序列,它们包括上游激活序列（ＵＡＳ）、下游启动子组份（ＤＰＥ）和富Ａ＋Ｔ区。这说明：ｎｉｆＨ与ｄｒａＴ间的区域可能主要起调控功能而非编码功能;ｄｒａ操纵元（ｏｐｅｒｏｎ）的启动子很可能是ＲｐｏＮ－依赖型。用ｐＡＦ３００做载体,构建了ｄｒａＴ∷ｃａｍ转录融合质粒ｐＡＴ１,并通过检测Ｃｍｒ以检测ｄｒａＴ在大肠杆菌和巴西固氮螺菌中的表达,结果表明ｄｒａＴ在ＬＤ丰富培养基上,好氧条件下,只在巴西固氮螺菌中才表达。这说明,ｄｒａＴ的转录需要某种大肠杆菌中没有的因子,同时也表明ｄｒａＴＧ上游区域有启动子功能。利用启动子探针质粒载体ｐＣＢ１８２,构建了ｄｒａＴ∷ｌａｃＺ转录融合质粒ｐＣＴ１。在大肠杆菌中测定肺炎克氏杆菌ＮｉｆＡ对ｄｒａＴ∷ｌａｃＺ的转录激活作用。结果表明ｎｉｆＡ并不参与ｄｒａＴ的转录调控。     

CpG DNA:一种新型免疫佐剂

美国依阿华大学医学院Ｋｒｉｅｇ［１］等报道,一种含有胞嘧啶鸟嘌呤二核苷酸（ＣｐＧ）的ＤＮＡ片段是一种强烈的非特异性免疫刺激剂。这种ＣｐＧＤＮＡ可作用于多种免疫细胞。用含ＣｐＧ序列的细菌ＤＮＡ可诱导小鼠９５％的Ｂ细胞进入细胞增殖周期并分泌ＩｇＭ、ＩＬ－...     

黄鳝基因组中存在酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体基因同源序列

近年的研究表明。酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体通过其细胞膜外部的结构域与细胞外的信号分子配体结合后,激活本身位于细胞质内的激酶结构域。磷酸化的酪氨酸进而激活下游一系列信号分子。这些分子的激活引起细胞内基因表达的改变、最终导致细胞本身表型状态的变化。本文发现并研究了存在于鱼类中的酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体基因的同源序列ｍａｔｋ。实验用黄鳝和胡子鲇为集市采购。ＰＣＲ扩增采用人ＳＲＹ基因编码区的一对引物。分别为：５’ＣＣＣＧＡＡＴＴＣＧＡＣＡＡＴＧＣＡＡＴＣＡＴＡＴＧＣＴＴＣＴＧＣ３’和５’ＣＴＧＴＡＧＣＧＧＴＣＣＣＧＴＴＧＣＴＧＣＧＧＴＧ３’。分别制备雌雄性黄鳝基因组ＤＮＡ。进行ＰＣＲ扩增。２％琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析表明,雌雄性样品中均可见到约２５０ｂｐ的扩增带。将雄性的扩增产物ｍａｔｋ重组到ｐＵＣ１３载体上。对其进行测序。结果表明：ｍａｔｋ与人ＳＲＹ和ＳＲＹ盒基因序列无同源性,而与最近才报道的大鼠酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体基因ｐｔｋ３ｃＤＮＡ５’端序列具有５６％的序列一致性（图１）。有报导,人与鼠的酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体基因ＤＤＲ和ｐｔｋ３存在９６％的同源性。表明这种酪氨酸蛋白受体基因具有很强的保守性。以ｍａｔｋ为探针,对经过ＥｃｏＲＩ酶切过的     

CpG基元的免疫学进展及基因治疗策略

CpG诱发免疫反应的能力对免疫预防是一大优点 ,但在基因治疗中 ,质粒中所含的CpG基元能够阻止基因转移或导致巨大副作用 (炎症和毒性 )。本文简单综述了CpG基元的免疫学活性、主要作用和信号转导通路 ,并且针对它在基因治疗中存在的问题及可能的解决办法进行探讨。     

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides protect normal and SIV-infected macaques from Leishmania infection

Oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODNs) mimic microbial DNA and activate effectors of the innate immune response, which limits the spread of pathogens and promotes an adaptive immune response. CpG ODNs have been shown to protect mice from infection with intracellular pathogens. Unfortunately, CpG motifs that optimally stimulate humans are only weakly active in mice, mandating the use of nonhuman primates to monitor the activity and safety of "human" CpG ODNs in vivo. This study demonstrates that CpG ODN treatment of rhesus macaques significantly reduces the severity of the lesions caused by a challenge with Leishmania: Leishmania superinfection is common in immunocompromised hosts, particularly those infected with HIV. This study shows that PBMCs from HIV-infected subjects respond to stimulation with CpG ODNs. To determine whether CpG ODNs can protect retrovirus-infected primates, SIV-infected macaques were treated with CpG ODNs and then challenged with Leishmania: Both lesion size and parasite load were significantly reduced in the CpG-treated animals. These findings support the clinical development of CpG ODNs as immunoprotective agents in normal and HIV-infected patients.     

Safety of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in veterinary species

Bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs in particular sequence contexts (CpG ODN) are recognized as a danger signal by the innate immune system of vertebrates. For this reason, CpG ODNs have a potential application as both an adjuvant and nonspecific immune modulator and are currently being evaluated in a number of human and veterinary clinical trials. Given their potent immunostimulatory activity, CpG ODNs could possibly induce adverse reactions. As all adjuvants and immune modulators must be nontoxic to meet safety requirements, it was essential to address the safety aspects of CpG ODNs. The current review summarizes experiments carried out to date to establish the safety of CpG ODNs in animals.     

Construction of a recombinant plasmid containing multi-copy CpG motifs and its effects on the innate immune responses of aquatic animals

Bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides (CpG motifs) have been shown to induce potential immune responses. In this study, we designed a recombinant plasmid containing multi-copy CpG motifs, and observed its effects on innate immune responses of fish and prawn. The results showed that such plasmid DNA, compared to the vacant vector, can highly induce the activation of head kidney macrophages and the proliferation of peripheral blood leukocytes in Carassius auratus and Lateolabrax japonicus in vitro, as well as the activity of humoral defense proteins and the antibacterial activity of haemolymph in Litopenaeus vannamei in vivo. It implies that the multi-copy CpG motifs harboured in plasmid could contribute to these innate immunostimulatory effects. Therefore, the study suggested that the plasmid containing multi-copy CpG motifs might have its potential application in improving host resistance to pathogen insults in aquaculture, and have its notable advantages of high efficacy, economical cost and application to a broad range of aquatic species.     

Antitumor mechanisms of oligodeoxynucleotides with CpG and polyG motifs in murine prostate cancer cells: decrease of NF-kappaB and AP-1 binding activities and induction of apoptosis

Previous studies have shown that CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) have substantial immunostimulatory effects with anticancer applications. The antitumor applications that have been described previously are mediated through the CpG-induced activation of the host immune system, not through direct antitumor effects. Using cytostasis and cell proliferation assays, we demonstrated that specific ODNs inhibit the proliferation of RM-1 cells, a murine prostate cancer cell line. Flow cytometry analysis using propidium iodide (PI) nuclear staining confirmed the direct proapoptotic effect of ODNs on prostate cancer cells. This effect was dose dependent. Further studies using Western blot analysis and electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) revealed that the treatment of prostate cancer cells with specific ODNs activated the caspase pathway(s) and decreased the binding activities of AP-1 and NF-kappaB in a time-dependent manner. Evaluation of a panel of ODNs containing different DNA motifs demonstrated that the optimal proapoptotic sequences required polyG sequences but that CpG motifs were not essential. Finally, in vivo antitumor studies showed that the proapoptotic polyG motifs significantly inhibited prostate tumor growth. PolyG motifs inhibited tumor growth, and the effects were enhanced by CpG immune activating sequences. ODN containing both polyG and CpG motifs may have enhanced efficacy in tumor therapy through multiple mechanisms of action, including direct antitumor activities and immune activation.     

Divergent therapeutic and immunologic effects of oligodeoxynucleotides with distinct CpG motifs.

Immune stimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) with unmethylated CpG motifs are potent inducers of both innate and adaptive immunity. It initially appeared that a single type of optimal CpG motif would work in all applications. We now report that specific motifs of CpG ODN can vary dramatically in their ability to induce individual immune effects and that these differences impact on their antitumor activity in different tumor models. In particular, a distinct type of CpG motif, which has a chimeric backbone in combination with poly(G) tails, is a potent inducer of NK lytic activity but has little effect on cytokine secretion or B cell proliferation. One such NK-optimized CpG ODN (1585) can induce regression of established melanomas in mice. Surprisingly, no such therapeutic effects were seen with CpG ODN optimized for activation of B cells and Th1-like cytokine expression (ODN 1826). The therapeutic effects of CpG 1585 in melanoma required the presence of NK but not T or B cells and were not associated with the induction of a tumor-specific memory response. In contrast, CpG 1826, but not CpG 1585, was effective at inducing regression of the EL4 murine lymphoma; this rejection was associated with the induction of a memory response and although NK cells were necessary, they were not sufficient. These results demonstrate that selection of optimal CpG ODN for cancer immunotherapy depends upon a careful analysis of the cellular specificities of various CpG motifs and an understanding of the cellular mechanisms responsible for the antitumor activity in a particular tumor.     

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as vaccine adjuvants in primates

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs act as immune adjuvants in mice, boosting the humoral and cellular response to coadministered Ags. CpG ODN that stimulate human PBMC are only weakly active in mice. Thus, alternative animal models are needed to monitor the activity and safety of "human" CpG ODN in vivo. This work demonstrates that rhesus macaques recognize and respond to the same CpG motifs that trigger human immune cells. Coadministering CpG ODN with heat-killed Leishmania vaccine provided significantly increased protection of macaques against cutaneous Leishmania infection. These findings indicate that rhesus macaques provide a useful model for studying the in vivo activity of human CpG motifs, and that ODN expressing these motifs act as strong immune adjuvants.