特征X射线源及其应用研究

介绍了在低能范围内利用放射性同位素源发出的初级射线,照射和激发靶片元素产生的特征X射线的规律性;探讨了提高γ,X射线转换率的途径及减少散射射线影响的因素,包括选择不同规格的初级放射源、不同的靶片形式及源靶相对几何位置等因素对产额的影响;找出了提高信噪比的条件。按此结果制成的靶式源,通过更换靶材可以相当自由地选取X射线能量。该源可广泛用于核仪表和其他场合,弥补了现有同位素源能量不足的缺陷。作为应用之一制成的核辐射测厚仪,已成功地实现了在很宽的范围内对不同材质的厚度测量,丰富和扩大了这一应用领域,揭示了特征X射线新的应用前景。     

特征X射线源及其应用研究

介绍了在低能范围内利用放射性同位素源发出的初级射线,照射和激发靶片元素产生的特征X射线的规律性;探讨了提高γ,X射线转换率的途径及减少散射射线影响的因素,包括选择不同规格的初级放射源、不同的靶片形式及源靶相对几何位置等因素对产额的影响;找出了提高信噪比的条件。按此结果制成的靶式源,通过更换靶材可以相当自由地选取X射线能量。该源可广泛用于核仪表和其他场合,弥补了现有同位素源能量不足的缺陷。作为应用之一制成的核辐射测厚仪,已成功地实现了在很宽的范围内对不同材质的厚度测量,丰富和扩大了这一应用领域,揭示了特征X射线新的应用前景。     

便携式X射线源辐射角及辐射空间剂量分布检测

120-Ⅱ型X射线源是便携式XP-Ⅱ型闪光X射线成像检测仪的重要组成部分,它利用冷阴极电子轰击W-阳极靶出射X射线的脉冲源,脉冲宽度约150 ns。利用LiF剂量片测量距离中心30cm处横截面上不同位置的剂量分布,根据实验结果可确定操作人员设备实施操作的绝对安全距离。     

Ar16+与Zr作用产生的X射线谱

本工作对超导离子源(SECRAL)上的10～20 kV/q Ar16 和Ar17 入射到金属Zr表面进行实验研究.实验结果表明,高电荷态Ar16 在金属表面存在着多电子激发过程.Ar空心原子的K层发射X射线强度随入射离子的动能减少,靶原子Zr的L壳层发射X射线强度随入射离子动能的增加而增强.Ar17 单离子的Kα-X射线产额比Ar16 单离子的Kα-X射线产额大5个数量级.     

激光核聚变靶的X射线相衬显微成像研究

激光核聚变在置有聚合物靶丸的金属靶室内进行,靶丸通常由碳、氢等低Z元素组成,传统的X射线成像很难诊断靶丸在靶室内的位置.X射线相衬成像在低z元素样品成像中具有独特的优越性,但很少用于强吸收介质包裹的低Z样品结构成像.针对激光核聚变靶丸位置无损检测这一难点,建立了相应的X射线相衬显微成像物理模型.数字模拟和微聚焦源X射线相衬成像初步实验研究的结果表明,通过选择合适的成像参数,如光子能量、成像距离等,可以获得靶丸位置的清晰成像.因此,可以认为X射线相衬成像技术用于激光核聚变靶室诊断是可行的.该技术还可以扩展到其他高Z介质内部低Z样品结构成像,如石油勘探中包裹体的研究等.     

D-D中子源产额的大角度伴随质子监测技术研究

利用伴随质子法对D-D源中子产额进行了监测,选择了双叉管靶室和三叉管靶室,在与入射D 束成90°、135°和178.2°的三个方向上,获得了伴随质子谱和中子产额,确定了进行准确的产额监测的实验条件,实验表明在大角度方向(178.2°)进行产额监测是可行性的.对实验结果及其不确定度进行了分析和讨论.     

90°散射角下源激发X射线荧光测量的最佳入射角及源-靶-探测器结构的改进

在90°散射角下,从基本激发方程出发,导出了以基体对入射与出射X射线质量吸收系数比为变量的最佳入射角表达式。按所求最佳入射角设计源-靶-探测器结构,使厚靶的低能端X射线射出介面的强度增强约20％,而且由于出射角减小,缩短了靶-探测器距离,从而使全谱探测效率提高20％左右。采用椭圆锥面准直孔、并将口部削成适当角度,可显著减小散射本底。     

氢气放电源打靶谱的分析

在以氢气放电源打钆靶为例,分析氢气放电源打靶谱时,发现有以下几类谱线:源谱、靶材料的特征X射线、衍射谱线和一些未知谱线。根据打靶的初级谱可以分辨出源谱;根据靶材料的成分可将特征线区分出来;用改变靶面和入射角、固定测量角的方法及打多晶体靶和非晶体靶的方法可以分辨出X射线衍射谱线;剩下的无法辨识的那些谱线是一种未知谱线,对它的认识还在深入中。     

100千伏高压加速管

本文描述了一台100千伏高压加速管。在距离子源出口约2.5米远的靶上获得了大于150微安的离子流。靶点直径约7毫米。使用氘锆靶时,中子产额可大于5×10~6个/秒;使用氚锆靶时,中子产额可大于2×10~8个/秒。根据运行经验讨论了:(1)整流管工作情况;(2)在电压较低的加速器中(100—200千伏),电晕屏蔽罩的设计问题;(3)离子源寿命短的原因,并提出了改进方法;(4)聚焦过程中所遇到的一些问题和所作的一些实验结果;(5)水平型式加速管的优缺点。     

γ射线测距中散射光子影响因素的蒙特卡罗模拟

基于散射光子的γ射线测距技术,具有测距精度高、响应速度快、可靠性高、体积小、重量轻等特点,适用于在苛刻空间环境中实现近距离高精度的高度测量。本文采用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP建立模型,模拟不同条件下散射光子的能量、强度的变化规律,分析了探测距离、源 探距离、γ射线能量、靶目标厚度以及靶目标材料的变化对反散射峰光子能量与强度的影响,得出以下结论：反散射峰光子能量与靶目标厚度（>7 cm）、靶目标材料无关,与γ射线能量、源 探距离正相关,与探测距离负相关;反散射峰光子强度与靶目标厚度（>7 cm）无关,与探测距离正相关,与γ射线能量、源 探距离、靶目标材料负相关。对于不同靶目标材料,模拟计算的反散射峰光子能量分布区间与理论计算结果一致,证实本文γ射线散射光子测距技术的仿真方法可行、结果可信。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

The preclinical pharmacological study of dopamine transporter imaging agent 18F-FP-β-CIT

The paper is to study pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FP-β-CIT (18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β- carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter. The radiochemical purity of 18F-FP-β-CIT in aqueous solution was over 95% after standing at room temperature for 4h. Biodistribution displayed rapid uptake in rat brain (1.375 %ID/organ at 5min and 0.100 %ID/organ at 180 min) and the striatal uptake was 1.444,0.731, 0.397, 0.230 and 0.146 %ID/g at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The values of striatum/cerebellum,striatum/frontal cortex and striatum / hippocampus in rat's brain at 30 min were 3.38, 2.17 and 2.40 respectively. The uptake in striatum can be blocked by β-CFT, suggesting that 18F-FP-β-CIT binds to DAT peculiarly. The compound was rapidly cleared from monkey's blood. The striatal uptake was bilaterally decreased in the left-sided lesioned PD rats, compared with normal control. Brain PET imaging studies in normal monkey showed that 18F-FP-β-CIT was concentrated in striatum. The test of undue toxicity showed that the dose received by mice was 1250 times as by human, which indicates that 18F-FP-β-CIT is very safe. So 18F-FP-β-CIT is a promising PET imaging agent for DAT with safety and validity.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Radioactivity levels in soil of salt field area,Kelambakkam,Tamilnadu,India

Soil samples in and around salt field area have been analyzed for natural radioactivity concentration using gamma ray spectrometer.The activity concentration for ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K are ranged from 27.88 to 45.27 Bq/kg, from BDL to 13.30 Bq/kg,and from 135.54 to 381.28 Bq/kg,respectively.The measured activity concentrations for these radionuclides were compared with world average activity of soil.The average activity concentration of ~(232)Th in the present study is 1.19 times higher than world median value while the activity of ~(238)U and ~(40)K is found to be lower. The absorbed dose rates due to these radionuclides were calculated.The average absorbed gamma dose rate due to the presence of ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K in soil samples is 36.99 nGy·h~(-1).These results indicate no radiological anomaly. The data presented in this study will serve as a base line survey for primordial radionuclides concentration in the study area.