历史上的淮河洪水

2003夏季淮河流域发生了自1991年以来最为严重的洪涝灾害。为了更进一步认识淮河洪水的历史背景，根据史料反演得到的历史上淮河流域洪涝资料以及降水量观测资料分析了1470-2002年该地区的洪涝发生情况。根据淮河流域的洪水在全国范围降水分布和其他地区的关系分类，淮河降水主要有两种类型：第一种是长江淮河型，雨带集中在长江下游，也包括淮河；第二种是华北南部型，降水主要集中在华北南部和淮河。通过分析这两种类型的降水分布与对应的500hPa高度场的关系，得知淮河洪水和大气环流的异常有着紧密的联系，进一步研究洪水发生的规律，了解其形成的大气环流机制将有助于淮河的防洪抗汛工作。     

2007年淮河暴雨洪涝的气象水文特征

利用常规气象和水文资料, 分析了2007年淮河洪涝期间的气象水文特征, 探讨了淮河暴雨致洪原因。结果表明: 2007年淮河入梅后经历了7次暴雨和大暴雨过程, 其中导致淮河洪涝的强降雨主要出现在2007年6月29日—7月10日的4场强暴雨过程。大尺度的环流分析表明:淮河的强降水出现在大尺度环流形势相对稳定的梅雨形势下, 副热带高压的稳定对于强雨带的建立影响最明显; 淮河干流的水位流量变化呈现出上游水位高, 汛情严重的特征。王家坝的水位经历了两次快速上涨后超过保证水位, 水位的变化与淮河强降雨、尤其是淮河上游强降雨过程有较好的对应关系。与历史上淮河洪涝年比较发现:2007年淮河梅雨期的总降水量低于历史上淮河洪涝年的1954年、1991年和2003年的降水量, 为历史第4位; 淮河干流的水位则超过了1991年和2003年, 为历史第2位, 上游降水量大导致了淮河出现1954年以来的高水位。     

2003年淮河多雨期西太平洋副高活动特征及其成因分析

分析2003年淮河多雨期西太平洋副高活动特征，认为副高脊线位置偏南和相对稳定、西脊点偏西以及三次南北和东西振荡的中短期活动过程，是2003年淮河多雨期副高活动的主要特征，符合江淮流域洪涝年份副高活动的统计规律。利用动力学理论和天气学原理，进一步分析和探讨2003年淮河多雨期副高活动的成因和机制。研究结果不仅证实了副高已有的研究结果，还揭示出副高与西风带系统和副热带急流活动之间新的特征关系。     

新书架

2003年淮河大水天气分析与研究;长江中下游梅雨锋暴雨野外科学试验;神奇的青藏高原;长江流域梅雨锋暴雨灾害研究。     

基于可公度性网络分析的淮河蚌埠站大洪水预测研究

根据1916—2010年淮河蚌埠水文站大洪水资料,运用信息预测理论,构建大洪水可公度有序网络结构,同时采用峰谷定位法、前兆法等方法对淮河大洪水进行综合分析和预测.结果表明:2013—2014年淮河(蚌埠站)将有可能发生大洪水.     

2003年信阳汛雨特征分析

信阳地处淮河中上游，属亚热带向暖温带过渡区，境内气候复杂，暴雨灾害频繁。在2003年汛期(6～8月)，接连出现的强降水，引发了淮河流域自1991年以来的又一次大洪水。信阳境内绝大多数的大、中型水库超汛期限制水位，淮河水位猛涨，王家坝超保证水位，两次分洪，造成了严重的汛情。     

2003年信阳汛雨特征分析

信阳地处淮河中上游,属亚热带向暖温带过渡区,境内气候复杂,暴雨灾害频繁.在2003年汛期(6～8月),接连出现的强降水,引发了淮河流域自1991年以来的又一次大洪水.信阳境内绝大多数的大、中型水库超汛期限制水位,淮河水位猛涨,王家坝超保证水位,两次分洪,造成了严重的汛情.     

2003年淮河流域大洪水的雨情、水情特征分析

利用地面加密资料，分析了2003年淮河流域6~7月降水的时空分布和气候统计特征以及降水雨情、水情特征，并与历史同期进行了比较。结果表明:2003年淮河流域梅雨期经历了7次强降水过程，降水总量和洪水流量都超过1991年同期，但低于1954年梅雨期；2003年淮河流域降水的突出特点是:雨带稳定、暴雨集中和突发性强；水情特点是:洪峰逐次递减；造成淮河流域全线超警戒水位的重要原因是:2003年春季降水偏多、7月份副热带高压位置偏南以及淮河中游下段河床剖面倒比降。     

2003年7月3～5日淮河流域大暴雨中尺度对流系统的观测分析

2003年淮河流域的大洪水主要是由3次集中的持续性大面积强暴雨过程引起, 其中7月3～5日从淮河上游向下游的移动性强降水, 使来自上游的洪水与下游暴雨 "遭遇", 加剧了淮河的洪水水情.作者主要采用探空、卫星和雷达资料, 对造成滁州和南京强暴雨的中尺度对流系统的结构和发生背景进行分析.结果表明: 低槽的东移造成了雨区从淮河上游向下游东移; 降雨前来自中纬度的中层干空气侵入加强了对流层中低层的对流不稳定; 7月4～5日的大范围降水主要由α中尺度对流系统的发生、发展引起, 但突发的局地强降雨是由较小的β中尺度, 甚至γ中尺度系统直接造成; 云顶温度低于-52℃的对流区虽然覆盖范围较大, 但其下部的雷达强回波带与其并不完全对应, 而是位于-52℃云区的中心偏南, 强回波的北侧有100～200 km宽的云砧; 双多普勒雷达反演资料较好地揭示出造成滁州强降雨的是中尺度辐合线及其上的中尺度对流线和对流单体, 辐合线随高度向北倾斜.     

2003年7月4～5日淮河流域大暴雨中尺度对流系统的观测分析

2003年淮河流域的大洪水主要是由3次集中的持续性大面积强暴雨过程引起, 其中7月3～5日从淮河上游向下游的移动性强降水, 使来自上游的洪水与下游暴雨 "遭遇", 加剧了淮河的洪水水情.作者主要采用探空、卫星和雷达资料, 对造成滁州和南京强暴雨的中尺度对流系统的结构和发生背景进行分析.结果表明: 低槽的东移造成了雨区从淮河上游向下游东移; 降雨前来自中纬度的中层干空气侵入加强了对流层中低层的对流不稳定; 7月4～5日的大范围降水主要由α中尺度对流系统的发生、发展引起, 但突发的局地强降雨是由较小的β中尺度, 甚至γ中尺度系统直接造成; 云顶温度低于-52℃的对流区虽然覆盖范围较大, 但其下部的雷达强回波带与其并不完全对应, 而是位于-52℃云区的中心偏南, 强回波的北侧有100～200 km宽的云砧; 双多普勒雷达反演资料较好地揭示出造成滁州强降雨的是中尺度辐合线及其上的中尺度对流线和对流单体, 辐合线随高度向北倾斜.     

Climate change and river floods in the European Union: Socio-economic consequences and the costs and benefits of adaptation

This study presents the first appraisal of the socio-economic impacts of river floods in the European Union in view of climate and socio-economic changes. The assessment is based on two trajectories: (a) no adaptation, where the current levels of protection are kept constant, and (b) adaptation, where the level of protection is increased to defend against future flooding events. As a basis for our analysis we use an ensemble-based pan-European flood hazard assessment for present and future conditions. Socio-economic impacts are estimated by combining flood inundation maps with information on assets exposure and vulnerability. Ensemble-based results indicate that current expected annual population affected of ca. 200,000 is projected to increase up to 360,000 due to the effects of socio-economic development and climate change. Under the no adaptation trajectory current expected annual damages of €5.5 billion/year are projected to reach €98 billion/year by the 2080s due to the combined effects of socio-economic and climate change. Under the adaptation trajectory the avoided damages (benefits) amount to €53 billion/year by the 2080s. An analysis of the potential costs of adaptation associated with the increase in protection suggests that adaptation could be highly cost-effective. There is, however, a wide range around these central numbers reflecting the variability in projected climate. Analysis at the country level shows high damages, and by association high costs of adaptation, in the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Romania, Hungary and Czech Republic. At the country level, there is an even wider range around these central values, thus, pointing to a need to consider climate uncertainty in formulating practical adaptation strategies.     

松花江干流(哈尔滨江段)洪水等级划分标准

松花江干流（哈尔滨江段）洪水可划分成５个等级,其中包括２个副级。第５级为特大洪水;第４级为大洪水;第３级为一般洪水;第２级为警戒洪水;第１级为无洪水。第１级又可划分成２个副级—１ａ级为中水,１ｂ级为枯水。划分时采用流体力学能量方程,位能加动能之和用Ｅ指数表示;再将Ｅ值按Ｐ—Ⅲ型分布将其密度函数转换成Ｚ指数,按Ｚ值正态分布特点进行洪水等级划分。它具有客观、定量、便于应用,易于记忆等特点。     

“2001.4”广东暴雨综述

2001年4月20至21日，广东省有五分之四的地区发生暴雨到大暴雨，导致北江，东江，韩江洪水泛滥，但气象部门及时发出暴雨警报，减少了经济损失。     

Development of flood exposure in the Netherlands during the 20th and 21st century

Flood risks of deltaic areas increase because of population growth, economic development, land subsidence and climatic changes such as sea-level rise. In this study, we analyze trends in flood exposure by combining spatially explicit historical, present, and future land-use data with detailed information on the maximum flood inundation in the Netherlands. We show that the total amount of urban area that can potentially become inundated due to floods from the sea or main rivers has increased six-fold during the 20th century, and may double again during the 21st century. Moreover, these developments took, and probably will take, place in areas with progressively higher potential inundation depths. Potential flood damage has increased exponentially over the 20th century (16 times) and is expected to continue to increase exponentially (∼ten-fold by 2100 with respect to 2000) assuming a high economic growth scenario. Flood damages increase more moderately (two- to three-fold by 2100 with respect to 2000) assuming a low growth scenario. The capacity to deal with catastrophic flood losses - expressed as the ratio damage/GDP - will, however, decrease slightly in the low growth scenario (by about 20%). This trend deviates from the historical trend of the 20th century, which shows an increasing capacity to cope with flood damage (almost doubling). Under the high growth scenario the capacity to deal with such losses eventually increases slightly (by about 25%). These findings illustrate that, despite higher projections of potential flood damage, high economic growth scenarios may not necessarily be worse than low growth scenarios in terms of the impact of floods.     

Drivers and dimensions of flood risk perceptions: Revealing an implicit selection bias and lessons for communication policies

Flood damages have increased in many regions around the world, and they are expected to continue to rise in the future due to climate change. To reverse this trend, awareness of flood risk among the population is required to support flood risk management policies and improve flood preparedness. However, empirical studies on the drivers of flood risk perceptions conducted thus far have reported mixed and contradictory results. The aim of this study is to provide insights into the factors that influence perceptions of various dimensions of flood risk to draw lessons to guide flood risk communication strategies. We test a variety of hypotheses of possible factors of influence on flood risk perceptions that are motivated by theoretical concepts and previous empirical studies, whilst also controlling for socio-demographic variables. A representative sample of 2,976 residents answered our survey assessing the role that past flood experiences and risk communication play in shaping flood risk perceptions. Besides exploring flood risk perceptions more robustly, this large sample also facilitates the systematic study of ‘don’t know’ answers, which are often dismissed as missing data in many studies. Rather in this study we analyze what ‘don’t know’ answers reflect in terms of knowledge about particular dimensions of flood risk. The study finds that older people, as well as those who have higher levels of income and education, are significantly more likely to express their flood risk perceptions, respondents who are unable to answer the questions on flood risk perceptions face a lower flood risk, report to have been living in their neighbourhood for a shorter period of time and have less first-hand flood experience. Previous studies might thus be biased by an implicit selection effect. Finally, we show that findings are highly dependent on other explicit choices made by researchers, including the apparently self-fulfilling impact of selecting one explanatory framework over another. New insights emerge from the role that information campaigns and social vulnerability play in the ability to answer the questions. Based on our findings, we offer recommendations for improving flood risk communication policies, specifically increasing the frequency of communication, ensuring that campaigns are focused in terms of the content they provide and the subgroups of the population they target.     

松花江、嫩江洪水等级划分标准及规律分析

松花江（哈尔滨江段）、嫩洒（江桥站）洪水可划分成５个等级。第Ⅰ级为无洪水,又可分为２个副级,即１ａ级为中水,１ｂ级为枯水;第２组为警戒洪水;第３级为一般洪水;第４级为大洪水;第５级为特大洪水。各级划分是采用流体力学能量方程,位能与动力之各用Ｅ指数表示,再将Ｅ值按Ｐ－Ⅲ型分布将其密度函数转换成Ｚ指数,按Ｚ值正态分布特点划分洪水等级。松花江在９８年中共发生过１９次洪水,嫩江在４７年中共发生过１０次洪水     

The effect of flood experience on household mitigation—Evidence from longitudinal and insurance data

Proactive flood damage mitigation on the household level is seen as a crucial element of comprehensive flood risk management. The ongoing socio-economic development and climate change will further increase the relevance of flood risks in the future. This paper analyses the causal effect of flood experience on mitigation decisions of households. It contributes to the emerging literature on the determinants of private flood mitigation and adopts data which has rarely been used in the field: Instead of cross-sectional data, longitudinal data of household surveys before and after a major flood event in Germany is used (N > 7,400). Flood experience is elicited by three different data sources: reports of heads of households, issuance of flood alerts, and damage reports of the insurance industry. The results show a causal effect of insured flood damage on private flood mitigation and a correlation of mitigation with self-reported flood experience. The estimated effects differ for mitigation types (higher for behavioural options, such as “adapted use”) and household types (higher for better educated heads of households).     

6．23梧州特大洪水气象成因初探

用天气学原理，分析环流背景与天气形势，及有关的一些物理量场，指出时间相隔不长的两次持续性暴雨过程形成的洪水相叠加是造成梧州6．23特大洪水的主要原因，洪峰水位还与致洪暴雨的落区和移向有关，致洪暴雨是副高在南海北部维持和低空急流在广西上空存在等有利的天气形势下形成的。     

一种改进我国汛期降水预测的新思路

1998年1月赤道东太平洋海温为正异常、1月黑潮－西风漂流区海温为负异常、青藏高原冬春积雪为正异常。通过对1998年汛期降水的预测实践分析研究指出，当此三因子同时异常时，利用其中任何一个单因子都难以较好地同时预测出1998年发生在我国长江中下游和东北嫩江流域的多雨区和华北平原的少雨区。而通过EOF分解和动力模式对三因子异常进行综合集成所作的预测和实况基本一致。对多因子异常的综合集成是改进和提高汛期降水预测水平的有效手段，沿着这一新思路，利用EOF筛选出前明显异常的重要因子，选择一个较好的区域气候模式，有希望通过综合集成作出比较可信的预报。     

气象水文耦合预报模式预警洪涝—以湄潭县河流为例

本研究项目主要针对湄江河流域上游重点地域的防汛工作而开展，利用流域面雨量预报技术，结合水文关于流量、水位的洪涝预报模式，开发研制了湄江河流域洪涝监测预警系统，基于定性和定量的集成方法原理，探讨洪水流量、水位预测的综合分析方法，随时向湄江河防汛决策部门提供准确的、客观的、可靠的洪涝预警信息以及防汛决策所需的水文、气象服务信息，这对湄江河乃至全市相关县市提高气象预报决策服务效益、增强流域洪涝监测预警能力和更好地配合党政决策部门做好防灾减灾工作、提高我市可持续发展战略能力等都具有十分重大的意义。