乳胶凝集试验检测猪伪狂犬病血清抗体的研究

用ＢＨＫ－２１细菌增殖猪伪狂犬病病毒（ＰＲＶ）鄂Ａ株,病毒培养上清液经硫酸铵沉淀、聚乙二酶浓缩后与等量经胰酶处理的乳胶制成凝试验抗原。此抗原与伪狂犬 病标准阳性血清、免疫猪血清和临床发病猪血清以及新鲜血清样品均呈现明显的凝集反应;与标准阴性血清和临床示感染ＰＲＶ的猪血清均泌 反应;与猪瘟阳性血清、衣原体病阳性血清的呈阴性反应。证产所建立的乳胶凝集试验具有微量、简便、快速、敏感性高、特异性强的优点,     

检测猪瘟抗体间接ELISA方法的建立及应用

用猪肾传代细胞PK-15增殖猪瘟病毒（CSFV）兔化弱毒苗株（HCLV），病毒培养上清液经硫酸铵沉淀、浓缩后作为包被抗原。经各种条件的优化，建立了检测猪瘟血清抗体的间接ELISA。所建立的间接ELISA抗原最佳包被浓度分22、28mg／L，血清最佳稀释度为1：40，与猪细小病毒、O型口蹄疫、猪衣原体阳性血清呈阴性反应，与HCV标准阳性血清、免疫猪血清和临床发病猪血清呈明显的阳性反应；与标准阴性血清和临床未感染CSFV的猪血清呈阴性反应；用HI和本EI。ISA方法检测94个猪厂送检血清1455份。其中血清稀释液中不含PEG6000的914份送检血清阳性率为83．7％，与HI符合率为96．6％，HI阳性率略高为85．7%；血清稀释液中含2％PEG6000的541份送检血清阳性率为88．72％，与HI符合率为97．3％，HI阳性率为88．17％。结果表明本试验所建立的间接ELISA具有敏感性高、特异性强、重复性好的优点，可用于临床猪瘟血清抗体的定性和定量检测。     

猪伪狂犬病gB抗体快速检测试纸条的研制和评价

为了建立一种猪伪狂犬病gB抗体检测试纸,为养猪业基层工作人员提供一种快速简便的狂犬病免疫抗体评价方法。胶体金标记gB蛋白作为探针,SPA和猪抗伪狂犬病病毒多抗IgG分别作为检测线和质控线,建立了猪伪狂犬病gB抗体检测试纸。猪伪狂犬病质控血清和疫苗免疫猪血清用来评价其特异性,敏感性以及与IDEXX PRV gB ELISA试剂盒的符合率试验。试验结果显示,该试纸条具有较高的特异性和敏感性,与IDEXX PRV gB ELISA试剂盒的符合率为91.04%;该免疫层析试纸条具有快速(5min)、特异、敏感等优点,不需要专门的仪器设备和专业技术人员,适合于田间推广应用。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒gB、gC和gD蛋白的表达及诊断抗原筛选

为研发猪伪狂犬病的免疫学诊断试剂，利用杆状病毒表达系统表达了猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)gB、gC和gD蛋白，并对蛋白进行SDS-PAGE和Western blot鉴定；将纯化后的3种蛋白分别制备成不同蛋白类型的疫苗免疫健康仔猪，比较蛋白的免疫原性；将3种蛋白分别作为包被抗原建立间接ELISA方法，检测从不同地区收集的临床血清，与PRV中和试验检测结果进行了比较。结果显示，成功拯救出重组杆状病毒rPRV-gB-His株、rPRV-gC-His株和rPRV-gD-His株，经IFA鉴定，均可与猪伪狂犬病病毒阳性血清发生特异性反应；表达出的蛋白经SDS-PAGE和Western blot鉴定，可见大小分别约为120 ku、65 ku和50 ku的蛋白条带；3种蛋白免疫原性比较结果显示gD蛋白疫苗免疫组猪血清中和效价最高(1∶22.4～1∶32.0);3种蛋白建立的间接ELISA方法检测30份临床血清，结果gD蛋白作为包被抗原建立的ELISA方法与PRV中和试验的符合率最高(100.0%)。表明gD蛋白是更好的诊断抗原，可用于PRV抗体检测试剂盒的开发。     

某规模种猪场猪伪狂犬病的净化与防控

为了检查出北京市郊区某规模种猪场隐性伪狂犬病感染猪并加以淘汰,达到净化猪场的目的,应用伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)gE蛋白抗体ELISA检测试剂盒对不同阶段猪群血清进行抽检。结果表明:该种猪场不同阶段猪均存在PRV gE抗体阳性猪,采取普检种猪并淘汰PRV gE抗体阳性猪、调整免疫程序、抓好综合性防控措施、采用PRV gB蛋白抗体ELISA检测试剂盒检测免疫抗体等方法,使该种猪场猪的伪狂犬病得到了净化。说明用PRV gE蛋白抗体ELISA检测试剂盒对血清样本进行检测,发现并淘汰PRV gE抗体阳性猪、调整免疫程序可以净化猪伪狂犬病。     

Dot—ELISA检测猪血清中伪狂犬病病毒抗体方法的建立和评价

建立了检测猪血清中伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)特异抗体的斑点酶联免疫吸附试验(Dot-ELISA),并通过对人工感染和自然感染猪血清以及野外试验猪血清的检测与微量血清中和试验(MSN)作了比较。结果表明, Dot-ELISA具有特异性和敏感性,能检测出猪血清中PRV特异性抗体,与MSN检出符合率在95％以上。经统计分析,差异不显著(P>0.05)。Dot-ELISA可检出早期感染猪血清中PRV抗体,可应用于猪伪狂犬病的临床实验诊断。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒疑似感染人的实验室诊断及分析

为给人感染伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)来源分析及其感染机理研究提供相关信息，对一例疑似感染PRV患者的血清、脑脊液、拭子及其工作猪场的病猪血清、组织等样品进行病原学、血清学检测及病毒分离，对其工作猪场开展流行病学调查，并采集患者同事血清样品进行PRV抗体检测。结果显示：病人样品经数字PCR检测均为PRV核酸阳性；病人发病后5～90 d内的血清样品均为PRV gB抗体阳性，gE抗体发病后18 d转为阳性并一直持续到发病后90 d；病人同事均未表现临床症状，其血清样品PRV gB抗体阳性率为22.2%,gE抗体均为阴性；从病人工作猪场的病猪样品中分离到PRV，且样品经荧光定量PCR核酸检测及ELISA抗体检测均检出阳性；病人工作猪场为PRV阳性场，病人及PRV gB抗体阳性同事均有直接接触病猪史。结果表明，患者感染的PRV来自其工作猪场猪群的可能性较大，人感染后表现出和动物感染相似的抗体消长规律。PRV对公共卫生的影响及其感染机制需进一步关注和研究。     

猪伪狂犬病血清抗体gE-ELISA检测方法的建立

以纯化的猪伪狂犬病病毒gE蛋白为抗原建立了检测猪伪狂犬病血清抗体的间接gE-ELISA方法。最佳反应条件为，抗原包被浓度为1．7μg／mL，待检测血清1：40稀释。与伪狂犬病阳性血清反应为阳性，与猪瘟、猪细小病毒病、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（猪蓝耳病）、猪乙型脑炎、猪布氏杆菌病5种疾病阳性血清和猪伪狂犬病gE缺失疫苗接种的猪免疫血清及SPF猪阴性血清均无交叉反应。批间、批内试验变异系数分别不超过5％和9％。用该方法与Ingezim ELISA试剂盒和HerdChek ELISA试剂盒同时对172份血清进行了平行检测，总符合率分别达93．6％和83．7％。试验结果表明：猪伪狂犬病血清抗体间接gE-ELISA检测方法具有较高的敏感性和特异性，且重复性好，可用于猪伪狂犬病野毒感染猪的血清抗体检测。     

间接ELISA快速检测猪PRV抗体方法的建立

用蔗糖密度梯度离心和凝胶层析纯化伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)作抗原,建立了检测PRV抗体的间接酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)。所建立的间接ELISA抗原包被浓度为3.2 mg/L,血清最佳稀释度为1∶80。试验结果表明,间接ELISA检测PRV抗体具有快速、敏感、特异等特点,适合于大量样品的检测,对畜群免疫效果的检测和免疫程序的制定有重要意义。     

2014年－2015年湖南省规模猪场猪伪狂犬病血清学调查

为了解湖南省规模化猪场猪伪狂犬病免疫状况及猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)野毒感染情况,2014年－2015年,采用随机抽样的方式,采集343个不同规模猪场血清样品7049份,采用 ELISA 方法开展PRV 抗体血清学调查.结果显示,160个规模猪场中,检测免疫猪血清3415份,PRVgB 抗体合格数为2206份,合格率仅为64．60％,表明规模猪场猪伪狂犬病免疫不确实;343个规模猪场中,210个规模猪场PRVgE 抗体阳性,场阳性率61．22％;检测猪血清样品7049份,PRVgE 抗体阳性数为 1661份,阳性率为23．56％,其中2014年 PRVgE 抗体阳性率为21．71％,2015年 PRVgE 抗体阳性率为25．17％,呈上升趋势.全省14个市州的规模猪场均存在不同程度的 PRV 感染,不同地区感染率差异明显,永州感染率最高,长沙感染率最低.不同养殖规模 PRV 的感染率不尽相同,其中,存栏数200头以下 PRV 感染率较高,存栏数500~1000头感染率较低;种猪场免疫抗体优于商品猪场,PRV 感染率较商品猪场低.结果表明,PRV 在湖南省感染普遍存在,疫苗免疫在一定程度上可以阻止临床病例,但仍然无法根除隐性感染,对规模猪场伪狂犬病采取综合防控和净化措施势在必行.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.