小口径空间相机的力学环境适应性分析与试验

空间相机的力学环境适应性主要指空间相机适应地面装调阶段重力和发射阶段振动环境的能力,通常采用有限元仿真结合试验验证的方法对其进行评估。文中介绍了某小口径空间相机的反射镜组件及其支撑结构的设计情况,建立了该空间相机的有限元模型。重点研究了光机集成分析中镜面节点的位移数据处理方法,使得有限元结构分析的数据可以为光学软件调用,进而分析了在光轴水平装调时重力对光学系统传递函数的影响。然后对空间相机进行了模态分析和频响分析,得到了相机的动态刚度特性。最后,对空间相机进行了振动试验及性能测试。结果表明,该小口径空间相机能够适应在不采取重力卸载措施时光轴水平的地面装调状态,相机基频与振动响应满足发射时的动力学环境要求,证明了设计与仿真分析方法的正确性。     

金属板及钢板网对雷电电磁脉冲磁场传播特性的影响

为分析公众曝露在多个频段磁场中的耦合效应,选取了8/20和10/350两种雷电电磁脉冲耦合波形作为激励源,在分析了二者能量分布规律的基础上,对空间中不同测点的感应磁场进行了计算,探讨了不同材质金属板及钢板网对磁场传播特性的影响。仿真结果表明,雷电电磁脉冲能量主要集中在1MHz以下,屏蔽室结构相对其波长为电小尺寸;不同材质金属板及其工程结构对磁场屏蔽效能影响较小,且与钢板网的效果类似;根据公众曝露限值,在相对激励源波长为电小尺寸的屏蔽室构建中,全封闭式的电磁屏蔽并不必要。     

整车电场辐射发射的数据分析评价方法

本文以GB 34660-2017对整车电场辐射发射要求为基础,结合车型开发综合评价需求.通过对法规需求分析以及整车电磁发射状态特点分析,从整车评价的角度对提出了一种整车电场辐射发射的数据分析评价方法.     

基于地形网格剖分的射线追踪法的时间优化

地形的网格剖分程度直接影响着电磁仿真的计算精度及其计算量。以同一块地理模型为例,分析不同精度网格对电磁环境仿真精度和计算量的影响。正向算法中,辐射源的剖分精细情况也直接影响着电磁环境仿真精度和计算时间。结合电磁环境中辐射源和接收机的分布特点,提出了在保证仿真精度前提下减少仿真时间的网格剖分方法。     

星敏感器遮光罩的力学分析及优化设计

遮光罩是星敏感器抵御杂光的重要部件,一般为轻量化的薄壁结构。除了保证光学指标的实现外,还需要关注其力学性能。某星敏感器遮光罩壳体在鉴定级随机振动试验期间发生断裂。针对该问题现象,开展分析排查。通过有限元仿真分析,在试验载荷激励下,遮光罩最大应力超出材料的许用应力,且位置与实际断裂位置吻合,通过试验可再次复现问题现象,充分说明设计安全裕度不足为问题的直接原因。在此基础上,对遮光罩结构优化设计并仿真复核,有效提高了安全裕度,最终通过试验考核。     

基于仿真实验的导轨结合面刚度建模方法研究

以分形理论和分形理论与域扩展因子为基础,设计了四种导轨动态接触刚度的理论计算模型,并将结果分别应用于仿真分析中,获得了四种不同方案下的有限元仿真分析结果;设计搭建了一种仅含导轨结合面的实验平台,并进行了模态试验;通过各方案仿真分析结果与实验的比较,获得了导轨结合面刚度建模方法的最优方案。     

振动台正弦振动虚拟仿真技术研究

本文以8t电动振动台为研究对象,根据动圈实物建立动圈结构实体模型,并对动圈进行模态试验,基于模态测试数据对动圈模型进行简化优化,调整修正动圈各结构的弹性模量与密度参数,使得模型有限元仿真得到的前五阶固有频率与模态试验结果的误差均在10%以内,振型变化一致。同时仿真与试验的一阶轴向固有频率较为接近,建立的动圈有限元模型能够反映出振动台的动态特性。在线性假设条件下,由给定的2g加速度正弦振动试验条件反推出施加在动圈驱动线圈上的激振力谱,以此激振力谱作为仿真控制条件,采用ANSYS软件对有限元模型进行仿真计算,结果表明,仿真结果与试验验证结果较为吻合,建立的模型能够准确地反映出动圈的固有特性,可用于指导振动台正弦振动虚拟仿真。     

某卫星资源舱试验夹具的有限元模态分析

以典型焊接夹具为例,通过有限元方法,比较不同焊接模拟及螺栓约束模拟的差别,并与该结构的试验结果进行比对,得到较为快速准确的模态分析建模方式。进一步地将该建模方式应用到某卫星资源舱的焊接试验夹具,对比其模态仿真结果与试验结果,并综合考虑振动台的影响,进一步验证其在复杂结构分析时的有效性。     

高超声速导弹舵面热模态试验方法研究

为研究高温热载荷作用下高超声速导弹舵面结构模态频率和振型随温度变化的变化规律。采用基于激光测振技术的热模态试验和有限元分析相结合的方法对导弹舵面结构的热模态特性进行了研究,对舵面结构进行了热模态有限元分析,设计了一套热模态试验系统进行了热模态试验,将激光测振技术应用于振动响应测试,设计制作了石英灯高温加热箱,设计制作了施加激振力的水冷激振杆,设计了用于激光测振的移动平台。利用有限元仿真分析与试验相结合的手段,获得了舵面结构在不同高温环境下的模态频率和振型,并分析出模态频率和振型变化规律,取得了较好的效果。     

广播电塔电磁环境仿真研究

介绍了一种广播电视发射塔电磁环境预测的方法,利用了广播电视发射塔天线的远场方向图,结合周边的实际地理环境状况,通过CEMS（复杂电磁环境方针系统）软件实现快速仿真。文中的广播电塔的天线使用了最常用的单极板天线,在CEMS软件中,用发射机代替广播电视电塔,在天线的辐射范围内按照一定的规律放置接收机并进行仿真分析。通过仿真分析,对以后广播电视电塔的选址和改进提供一定的依据。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.