建筑师主导下基于能耗模拟的建筑形体与空间组织节能设 计研究 — —以北京市门头沟区体育文化中心为例

介于当下建筑师在绿色建筑设计过 程中的长期角色缺失以及设计后期为了能耗 达标而过分依赖节能设备等现象,由建筑师 主导的、以能耗模拟为途径的节能设计研究 更加刻不容缓。在详细分析由建筑师主导的 节能设计所展现的优势并对能耗模拟工具 进行选择后,提出了建筑师主导下基于能耗 模拟的建筑形体与空间组织节能设计流程。 接下来以北京市门头沟区体育文化中心为例,展示了在方案设计阶段建筑形体与空间组织关系的节能设计思路与过程,详细剖析了建筑师对 整体概念、功能布局和能耗负荷等问题的把控与决策。最后总结了建筑本体设计与节能设计这 两者的协同关系,阐明了建筑师在其中发挥主导角色的重要意义。     

基于遗传算法的绿色建筑优化设计

建筑师在实际运用建筑节能设计标准过程中感觉标准较复杂、不方便。将遗传算法在多目标优化设计中的优势与建筑能耗仿真软件结合起来,建立一套绿色建筑优化设计方法或模型。以武汉地区住宅建筑为例,在最低能耗与最低成本的目标控制下,同时,优化设计建筑朝向、窗墙比、外墙构造、屋面构造、采暖温度设定点、空调温度设定点、遮阳系数、窗户玻璃类型的组合因素。将优化结果与现有绿色节能建筑设计规范进行对比,给出了绿色建筑设计中部分参数的新的参考值。     

Coupling of whole-building energy simulation and multi-dimensional numerical optimization for minimizing the life cycle costs of office buildings

The minimization of life cycle costs for building materials and operational energy consumption of a reference commercial office building model is achieved through the optimization of envelope design parameters by the use of integrated energy simulation and multi-dimensional numerical optimization techniques. The whole-building energy simulation program EnergyPlus v6.0 is coupled with GenOpt v3.0 generic optimization tool to automatically compute the optimal values of thermal insulation thicknesses for external walls and roofs in addition to glazing unit types for vertical fenestration. A life cycle cost (LCC) model is implemented within the GenOpt program for the objective function evaluation using simulation outputs pertaining to energy consumption and associated utility costs. A stochastic population-based and multi-dimensional optimization technique of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is utilized for searching the parameter space. This algorithm can result in a 36.2% reduction in the computational effort to converge to the global minimum point with a very high degree of accuracy compared to the full enumeration technique. The results indicate that the annual total site energy consumption of the optimized building model is reduced by 33.3% with respect to the initial baseline case. The optimized envelope parameters can yield 28.7% life cycle cost reduction over a 25 years life span with a simple pay-back period of 4.2 years.     

浅议住宅建筑节能设计

对住宅区规划设计、住宅户型空间设计、住宅施工图设计阶段建筑外围护结构的热工设计等方面提出了住宅建筑节能设计建议，并着重对建筑单体节能设计应采取的措施进行了阐述，以降低建筑能耗，改善住宅建筑热环境质量，达到建筑节能的目的。     

住区规划节能设计研究——以南京为例

目前对住宅节能的研究大多集中在单体层面,倒如对围护结构热工物理性能展开研究通过对住宅单体进行充分的节能设计,显然可以取得良好的节能效果。但在另一方面,住宅单体几乎总是位于特定的住区建筑群之中,而住区的微环境会对其中的住宅单体能耗带来直接的影响。因此,除在单体层面研究住宅节能外,还需要在群体层面研究住区节能。该文运用EnergyPlus能耗模拟软件对住区能耗影响因子进行了定量研究,分析了建筑密度、建筑间距、建筑朝向和景观对住区能耗的影响规律。     

Genetic-algorithm based approach to optimize building envelope design for residential buildings

A simulation–optimization tool is developed and applied to optimize building shape and building envelope features. The simulation–optimization tool couples a genetic algorithm to a building energy simulation engine to select optimal values of a comprehensive list of parameters associated with the envelope to minimize energy use for residential buildings. Different building shapes were investigated as part of the envelope optimization, including rectangle, L, T, cross, U, H, and trapezoid. Moreover, building envelope features were considered in the optimization analysis including wall and roof constructions, foundation types, insulation levels, and window types and areas. The results of the optimization indicate rectangular and trapezoidal shaped buildings consistently have the best performance (lowest life-cycle cost) across five different climates. It was also found that rectangle and trapezoid exhibit the least variability from best to worst within the shape.     

夏热冬暖地区商业建筑围护结构节能研究

近年来,夏热冬暖地区的建筑节能研究多集中在住宅建筑和办公建筑,而对单位建筑面积能耗最高的大型商业建筑研究较少。且现有的对商业建筑的节能研究多集中在空调系统,对围护结构的研究基本停留在定性分析的层面。为了更好地了解夏热冬暖地区商业建筑节能设计中围护结构优化设计的节能潜力和重要意义,本研究利用建筑能耗模拟软件DeST,并采用其它软件作为辅助,以广州某大型商业建筑为例,对其围护结构热工性能进行了数值模拟和分析。计算结果表明,遮阳和通风对其节能设计起到了极为重要的作用。在此基础上,对其围护结构优化设计的方向提出了建议。     

康定传统民居围护结构优化研究

围护结构作为住宅建筑的重要组成部分,其保温隔热性能对于建筑能耗有着重大影响。通过对康定藏族传统民居建筑的广泛调研和分析,对不同围护结构进行了改造,提出了12种围护结构优化方案,比较分析了不同方案的节能效果,并探究了围护结构的最优方案。结果表明:康定传统民居围护结构传热系数较小,建筑采暖耗热量较大;建筑采暖耗热量与传热系数呈线性关系且外墙对其影响较大;外墙、屋面聚苯板的厚度分别为80 mm和50 mm,外窗空气层厚度为8 mm时,建筑围护结构达到最优。     

夏热冬冷地区办公建筑降低供暖空调能耗的技术路径

以上海地区某办公建筑为例,基于EnergyPlus能耗模拟,探讨了围护结构性能提升和暖通空调系统优化这2条节能技术路径对夏热冬冷地区办公建筑降低供暖空调全年能耗的有效性.结果 表明:围护结构性能提升的节能潜力较小,经济性较差;单纯提高围护结构保温隔热性能并不能保证降低建筑年耗冷量,应综合分析全年供热供冷能耗确定围护结构...     

北京市农村住宅节能研究

农村建筑节能是建筑节能整体工作的重点之一,本文首先通过对北京房山区农村居住建筑围护结构的调研和测试,获得了大量的统计及实测数据。而后对建筑围护结构状况和室内环境进行深入分析,并将调研测试结果和模拟分析相结合,更有效、更准确地模拟该类建筑的能耗,为今后的节能分析和改造设计提供依据。     

住宅建筑气候适应性优化设计研究

以中国5个典型城市的气候条件为例，提出住宅建筑气候适应性优化设计流程。基于Grasshopper参数化性能分析平台，和Ladybug/Honeybee环境分析插件，以热环境舒适度模型、建筑能耗模型和建筑生命周期成本模型为目标函数进行优化分析。发现哈尔滨和北京气候条件下，住宅建筑应选择nZEB'（权衡最优）设计参数，而上海、昆明和深圳气候条件下，C-O（成本效益最优）解决方案比nZEB（节能最优）解决方案的综合效益更好。基于参数化性能模拟的多目标优化可以有效辅助住宅建筑的气候适应性设计研究。     

基于能耗模拟的北方新农村典型居住建筑能耗影响因素分析

依据对北方地区农村居住建筑的调研结果,选取3个典型设计方案,建立典型新建农村住宅模型,使用建筑能耗模拟软件DeST-H对其在寒冷地区的能耗进行模拟,对能耗影响因素进行定量分析,讨论了每种建筑模型在不同围护结构条件下的负荷情况,并综合建筑节能效果、舒适性和经济性给出北方农村新建住宅建筑可行的节能措施。     

Quantifying the impact of building envelope condition on energy use

ABSTRACT

The gap between the architectural information and the as-is building condition has been known as one of the pivotal factors influencing deviations between actual and predicted building energy consumption. Despite such significance, quantifying the impact of deviated building information on energy use has not been fully investigated. This paper explores building information modelling (BIM)-driven experimental simulation to quantify the impact of building envelope condition on energy use, which can infer the impact of reflecting the as-is building conditions in as-designed BIMs on the reliability of energy analysis. First, BIM-driven energy simulations are conducted with varied thermo-physical properties of building envelope elements in gbXML-based BIMs under different climate conditions. Building upon the impacting factor for energy analysis (IFEA), the simulation results are then used to infer the impact of the deviated building condition on energy consumption. Through case studies, it is observed that the annual energy consumption of a residential building can deviate by 18–20%, whereas thermal resistances of exterior walls can deviate by 1?m²K/W. This paper validates quantitatively the potential benefits of reflecting the as-is building condition in BIM-based energy performance analysis. This provides practitioners with insights into how to improve the reliability of energy analysis of existing buildings.     

Automated energy simulation and analysis for NetZero Energy Home (NZEH) design

NetZero Energy Homes (NZEHs) have emerged as a solution to alleviate the energy demand from residential building operation, where appropriate design of building envelope and mechanical system is a means to achieving energy conservation and recovery for NZEHs. This research thus proposes an informed decision making framework for NZEH building design based on an automated energy simulation approach. The Batch Version of HOT2000 is utilized to achieve automated single-factor and combined-factor simulations, and a total of 16 200 combinations of building envelope and mechanical device design options are simulated for NZEH design. An NZEH project in Edmonton, Canada, is utilized as the case study in this research. The initial design of the NZEH results in an estimated energy deficit of 6048.0 MJ, accounting for 8.8% of the total consumption, and, based on the combined-factor simulations results, improved design scenarios are recommended for this NZEH. The simulation results of the initial design are also validated using the monitored data, with the actual performance showing an energy deficit of 4.1% of total consumption. Furthermore, such analysis as regression, factor importance ranking, and temperature set-point simulation are also conducted for the NZEH building design. This research proposes a framework to support informed design decision making for NZEHs, and builds a baseline for future study.     

树冠透射率对微气候和建筑能耗的 综合影响

现阶段中国城镇化率已超60%,城镇建筑运行能耗约占全国能源消耗总量的16.5%。老旧小区作为城镇建筑的重要存量,推动其绿化改造对改善建筑周围微气候和降低建筑能耗具有重大意义。目前,微气候和建筑能耗的模拟仿真分别基于不同的应用软件,且进行能耗模拟时并未考虑微气候因素对建筑能耗的影响。为定量评价和预测住区绿化改造对建筑周围微气候和建筑能耗的综合影响,基于Grasshopper平台,集合了微气候软件ENVI-met和建筑能耗软件EnergyPlus的模拟计算内核,开发了一种基于单平台耦合2类性能分析算法的协同工作流。研究结果表明,改变树冠透射率可使老旧小区建筑周围局部微气候的时空分布发生明显变化,从而显著改变建筑各楼层的夏季制冷能耗需求;长沙市城镇老旧小区绿化改造宜种植树冠透射率达0.05的树种,可使住宅建筑夏季制冷能耗日降幅最高至29.49kWh。     

居住建筑围护结构的节能问题

从适宜居住的角度讲,我国绝大部分地区的居住建筑都要采取一定的技术措施来保证冬夏两季的室内热舒适环境。冬夏两季室内维持的温度与室外的温度有很大的差别,这个温差导致能量以热的形式流出或流入室内,采暖,空调设备消耗的能量主要就是用来补充这个能量损失的。在相同的室内外温差条件下,建筑围护结构保温隔热性能的好坏,直接影响到流出或流入室内的热量的多少。建筑围护结构保温隔热性能好,流出或流入室内的热量就少,采暖,空调设备消耗的能量也就少;反之,建筑围护结构保温隔热性能差,流现或流入室内的热量就多,采暖,空调设备消耗的能量也就多。我国现行的居住建筑节能设计标准对建筑围护结构保温隔热性能提出了明确的要求,按照节能设计标准的要求去设计,新建的居住建筑就能比具有传统围护结构的同类建筑节约25％－35％的采暖,空调能耗,而且节能的潜力还十分巨大。     

基于DeST-h软件的严寒、寒冷地区既有居住建筑绿色改造能耗分析

城镇既有居住建筑绿色改造是实现我国能耗总量控制、单位GDP二氧化碳排放量削减、绿色建筑建设的重要途径。通过选取严寒、寒冷地区气候子区典型城镇,并根据典型城镇历年人口、人均住宅面积以及相关设计规范等建立各气候子区典型城镇居住建筑模型;同时,采用建筑能耗模拟软件DeST-h模拟分析了严寒、寒冷地区历年既有居住建筑节能改造后的能耗情况,从而得到既有居住建筑绿色改造对严寒、寒冷地区的居住建筑能耗的影响,对同类既有居住建筑绿色改造具有一定的参考价值。     

Optimizing building form for energy performance based on hierarchical geometry relation

Most current research using optimization with building performance was restricted to simple geometry. It considered the building form as a box, polygonal shape, or simple curvature, restricting its applicability and integration with the design process. Generally, geometry variables including length, height, and depth usually control the objective values such as the area and volume of the building. Using these variables, the energy consumption data or simulation results per area or volume are compared to find the optimal form of the building. In addition, the algorithms used to predict performance in most of optimization studies are rather unsophisticated.There are technical constraints that are caused by specific problems that building simulation and optimization tools currently pose. For example, one major constraint can be lack of automated comparisons between different conditions and sharing geometry and boundaries with ease of operability. If the technical constraints can be overcome, building performance will much more easily be integrated into the design process.This paper introduces new method to control building forms by defining hierarchical relationship between geometry points to allow the user to explore the building geometry without being restricted to a box or simple form. It illustrates how the methodology allows the generation of optimized site-specific building form by integrating advanced simulation and optimization algorithm.     

面向方案阶段能耗主导的建筑性能快速优化方法

依托机器学习和参数化技术建立了面向建筑方案设计阶段能耗主导的建筑性能快速优化方法,从而实现方案设计阶段以能耗为代表的建筑性能的直观呈现.本文通过实际案例证实了将建筑能耗快速计算技术与交互式性能优化框架相结合,可以让建筑师在进行方案推进与决策过程中直观而快速地获取以建筑能耗为代表的各项性能指标的反馈,从中选择最佳的设计方案,提升建筑师进行性能优化设计的能力.     

利用被动太阳能改善中部地区城镇住宅室内热环境

从应用动态软件进行围护结构热工性能参数研究，并从优化设计着手，利用被动太阳能技术实现水平室内热舒适环境条件，试点建筑科夏季实测，证明达到预期目标。