不同喷射时刻下缸内直喷天然气发动机的燃烧特性

开展了天然气高压缸内直喷发动机不同喷射时刻时的燃烧特性研究。研究结果表明：燃料喷射时刻对发动机性能及排放有较大影响,喷射太迟会导致天然气和空气混合时间短,混合效果差,燃烧持续期长,放热速率慢。喷射过早会导致充量系数下降,燃料容易进入燃烧室狭缝间隙处,造成较高的HC排放。对于给定转速,发动机存在一个最佳燃料喷射提前角,此时缸内最高压力值最大,最大压力升高率和最大放热率最大,放热速率快,燃烧过程等容度好,火焰发展期、快速燃烧期和燃烧持续期短,发动机热效率高,HC、CO排放也维持较低水平。     

不同喷射时刻缸内直喷天然气燃烧特性

利用快速压缩装置研究不同喷射沓刻缸内直喷天然气燃烧特性。结果表明，天然气直喷燃烧可实现快速燃烧，缩短喷射时刻与点火时刻的时间差可明显缩短燃烧期。与均匀混合气燃烧相比，碳氢的排放增加，缩短喷射时刻与点火时刻的时间差可达到均匀混合气燃烧时相同的排放量。在很宽的当量比范围内，NOx增加，而CO仍维持很低数值，且不受喷射时刻的影响，直喷天然气燃烧可实现较高的压力升高值，且其数值不受喷射时刻的影响，所达到的高燃烧效率也不受喷射时刻的影响。     

用快速压缩装置研究直喷式天然气发动机排放特性

使用快速压缩装置进行了直喷式天然气发动机排放特性的研究。测量了三种不同方式下的排放，并与均相混合气燃烧情况进行了对比。实验结果表明，在宽广的当量比范围内，天然气直喷方式的燃烧效率高于0.95。由于混合气的分层燃烧，天然气喷射方式在宽广的当量比范围内保持较低的HC排放量，同等功率下的低CO2排放量，低NOx排放量，其NOx排放在理论当量比处的降低更为明显。直喷天然气发动机既具备柴油机发动机效率高的特点，又具备预混燃烧发动机排放低的特点。     

柴油喷射压力对HCII燃烧过程影响的可视化

均质混合气引燃(HCII)的燃烧方式融合了柴油机与汽油机的优点,具有提高发动机指示热效率、改善排放的潜力.通过光学发动机,采用高速摄影和燃烧分析系统,研究纯柴油(缸内直喷)与汽油均质混合气柴油引燃两种工作模式下柴油喷射压力对燃烧特性的影响.结果表明:随着柴油喷射压力的提高,两种燃烧模式的燃油雾化质量改善,滞燃期缩短,着火时刻提前,缸内压力和放热率峰值增大,峰值位置提前,同时着火面积增大,燃烧速率加快.在相同柴油喷射压力下,HCII燃烧模式的着火点较为分散,着火时刻相比纯柴油更早,但火焰发展初期速度较慢.纯柴油模式在各喷射压力下均有扩散燃烧特征,中、高喷射压力时扩散燃烧现象更加明显,HCII燃烧模式在低喷射压力下为预混合燃烧和扩散燃烧共存.中等喷射压力下,视窗内分布大片蓝色火焰,着火面积较大,为典型的预混燃烧.高喷射压力下,前期燃烧主要为汽油均质混合气的预混燃烧,放热率峰值点之后以柴油的扩散燃烧为主.     

不同点火时刻下天然气掺氢缸内直喷发动机燃烧与排放特性

在缸内直喷火花点火发动机上开展了天然气掺混0％-18％氢气的混合燃料不同点火时刻下的试验研究。结果表明：对于给定的喷射时刻和喷射持续期，点火时刻对发动机性能、燃烧和排放有较大影响，喷射结束时刻与点火时刻的间隔对直喷天然气发动机极为重要，喷射结束时刻与点火时刻的间隔缩短时，混合气分层程度高，燃烧速率快，热效率高。最大放热率等燃烧特征参数随点火时刻的提前而增加。HC排放随点火时刻的提前而下降，CO2和NOx排放随点火时刻的提前而增加，NOx排放的增加在大点火提前角下更明显。掺氢可降低HC排放，对CO和CO2排放影响不大。掺氢量大于10％时可提高天然气发动机热效率。     

利用快速压缩装置研究天然气直喷燃烧循环变动

利用快速压缩装置研究了天然气直喷燃烧循环变动，研究结果表明：借助于分层燃烧和由燃料喷射的湍流引发的快速火焰传播，天然气直喷燃烧在小当量比条件下能实现良好的燃烧稳定性，低的压力峰值循环变动，低的压力升高率峰值循环变动和低的燃烧放热率峰值循环变动，研究发现燃烧期和燃烧产物的循环变动。CO和未燃碳氢的循环变动依赖于后续燃烧期的循环变动，NOx的循环变动依赖于快速燃烧期的循环变动。在燃烧最佳喷射条件下，天然气直喷燃烧的循环变动随当量比的变化并不敏感。     

天然气缸内直喷发动机燃烧循环变动特性研究

开展了天然气高压缸内直喷发动机的燃烧循环变动特性研究。研究结果表明,小当量比工况下(<0.4),会出现失火循环和部分燃烧循环,平均指示压力pmi值低,pmi的循环变动系数大,大当量比工况下pmi的循环变动系数小。最高气缸压力高的循环燃烧速率快、燃烧过程的等容度好。最高气缸压力与其对应的曲轴转角之间、最高气缸压力升高率与其对应的曲轴转角之间、最高气缸压力和pmi之间都存在着一定关系。最高气缸压力与火焰发展期、快速燃烧期也存在很好的对应关系。高的最高气缸压力对应着短的火焰发展期和短的快速燃烧期。循环的累积放热量越大则pmi越大,pmi的大小与累积放热量的大小存在对应关系。     

二甲醚对甲烷稀混合气燃烧过程影响的可视化研究

在一台安装有进气道喷射甲烷和缸内直喷二甲醚(DME)的单缸光学发动机上,研究了DME喷射时刻对甲烷空气稀混合气压缩着火燃烧过程和火焰发展过程的影响。结果表明:在直喷DME下,气缸内的燃烧放热过程主要受到DME直喷时刻的控制。在-60°～-40°喷射DME时,放热率曲线呈单峰,在-30°～-15°喷射DME时,放热率曲线呈两阶段放热特征。气缸内的燃烧呈现自燃+火焰传播的特征。此外,DME喷射时刻还影响着火点的位置。随着DME喷射时刻的推迟,着火区域分布更加集中。与火花点燃甲烷燃烧相比,在压缩着火方式下,直喷DME能大幅提高甲烷/空气混合气燃烧初期的火焰传播速度,使燃烧放热过程加快。     

利用火花点火式快速压缩装置进行天然气直喷分层燃烧可行性的研究

利用快速压缩装置进行了天然气直喷分层燃烧可行性的研究。结果表明 :天然气分层燃烧具有短的初期火焰发展期和主燃期以及高的燃烧压力。分层燃烧可使稀燃极限延伸到很小的当量比。由于过度分层 ,CO在当量比大于 0 .8时急剧增加 ,而 NOx 的峰值也因充量分层而出现在小当量比处。燃烧效率在当量比处于0 .1～ 0 .9范围时高于 0 .92 ,在极小当量比时由于未燃混合气淬熄 ,在当量比时由于过度分层而使燃烧效率降低。根据燃烧产物计算的燃烧效率与根据放热分析获得的燃烧效率一致。因此 ,天然气直喷分层燃烧在宽广的当量比范围内可望实现高效燃烧火花助燃发动机的宽广的高效燃烧。     

PFI/DI喷射对分层火焰引燃的SI-CAI混合燃烧的影响

针对均质SI-CAI混合燃烧存在循环波动大、较高负荷下最大压力升高率过高等问题,提出一种基于分层火焰引燃(stratified flame ignition,SFI)的SI-CAI混合燃烧技术.并在一台直喷(DI)四缸汽油机上,采用内部废气重压缩策略配合进气道喷射(PFI)方式实现了SFI燃烧.探索了PFI/DI喷射对SFI燃烧特性的影响规律.研究结果表明,随着直喷时刻在压缩冲程初期的推迟,直喷燃油的物理冷却作用使得燃烧始点推迟,同时分层的稀释混合气使得最大压力升高率大幅下降,但指示平均有效压力IMEP略微恶化;过晚的直喷时刻将导致自燃燃烧提前,放热变快,最大压力升高率迅速增大,IMEP恶化显著,循环变动变大.直喷比例的增大能大大降低最大压力升高率,同时能够保持稳定的燃烧.点火时刻在不同的喷油策略下都能有效控制SFI燃烧过程.相比均质混合燃烧,SFI燃烧可以较好地缓和混合燃烧中最大压升率与燃烧稳定性的矛盾,能同时保证较低循环波动和较小压升率.     

F-T柴油对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

在两种不同供油提前角下研究了燃用F-T柴油对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放特性的影响,结果表明:发动机不做任何调整时,与0号柴油相比,燃用F-T柴油的滞燃期较短,预混燃烧放热峰值较低,扩散燃烧放热峰值较高,最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率较低,燃油消耗率和热效率都得到了改善,HC、CO、NOx和碳烟排放同时降低。当供油提前角推迟3℃A时,燃用F-T柴油燃烧持续期明显缩短,预混燃烧放热峰值、最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率进一步降低,扩散燃烧放热峰值略有升高,燃油消耗率变化不大,NOx排放进一步降低, HC、CO和碳烟略有增加,其中HC排放与原柴油机相当,而CO和碳烟仍远低于原柴油机。     

Effects of Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel on combustion and emissions of direct injection diesel engine

Effects of Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel fuel on the combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine under different fuel delivery advance angles were investigated. The experimental results show that F-T diesel fuel exhibits shorter ignition delay, lower peak values of premixed burning rate, lower combustion pressure and pressure rise rate, and higher peak value of diffusion burning rate than conventional diesel fuel when the engine remains unmodified. In addition, the unmodified engine with F-T diesel fuel has lower brake specific fuel consumption and higher effective thermal efficiency, and presents lower HC, CO, NO_x and smoke emissions than conventional diesel fuel. When fuel delivery advance angle is retarded by 3 crank angle degrees, the combustion duration is obviously shortened; the peak values of premixed burning rate, the combustion pressure and pressure rise rate are further reduced; and the peak value of diffusion burning rate is further increased for F-T diesel fuel operation. Moreover, the retardation of fuel delivery advance angle results in a further significant reduction in NO_x emissions with no penalty on specific fuel consumption and with much less penalty on HC, CO and smoke emissions.     

直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油的燃烧特性

在一台直喷式增压柴油机上进行了生物柴油、柴油及其掺混油B20、B50的性能试验,通过测量喷油器针阀升程、喷油压力和气缸压力曲线,对放热率、滞燃期等燃烧特性参数进行了分析,以研究生物柴油对发动机燃烧性能的影响。试验结果表明,在相同工况下,随着掺混油中生物柴油比例的增加,喷油始点逐渐提前,喷油延迟角逐渐变大,喷油压力和喷油持续期有所增加;滞燃期逐渐缩短,在大负荷尤为明显;预混合放热峰值逐渐降低,而扩散燃烧放热峰值逐渐增大;缸内最高燃烧压力提高,其对应的曲轴转角也逐渐提前。燃用生物柴油后发动机的热效率有所提高,在中等负荷时尤为明显。     

在直喷式柴油机上进行HCCI新概念燃烧的探索研究

从形成均匀预混合气及着火后具有良好化学反应动力学效应的角度出发,在单缸135直喷式柴油机上采用双收口型燃烧室、P型喷油泵、预喷射、伞喷油嘴、乳化柴油及乙醇柴油等方法,对实现均质充量压缩着火(homogeneous charge compression ignition,HCCI)燃烧的多种途径进行了对比试验。结果表明:应用伞喷油嘴有效促进了着火前缸内均质预混合气的形成,具有进一步在小排量增压中冷、高压电喷柴油机上推广的潜力;通过燃料设计可控制着火在上止点附近并提高燃烧速率,有利于实现高效、低排放的近似等压预混合燃烧方式。     

Effect of ignition timing and hydrogen fraction on combustion and emission characteristics of natural gas direct-injection engine

An experimental study on the combustion and emission characteristics of a direct-injection spark-ignited engine fueled with natural gas/hydrogen blends under various ignition timings was conducted. The results show that ignition timing has a significant influence on engine performance, combustion and emissions. The interval between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing is a very important parameter for direct-injection natural gas engines. The turbulent flow in the combustion chamber generated by the fuel jet remains high and relative strong mixture stratification is introduced when decreasing the angle interval between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing giving fast burning rates and high thermal efficiencies. The maximum cylinder gas pressure, maximum mean gas temperature, maximum rate of pressure rise and maximum heat release rate increase with the advancing of ignition timing. However, these parameters do not vary much with hydrogen addition under specific ignition timing indicating that a small hydrogen fraction addition of less than 20% in the present experiment has little influence on combustion parameters under specific ignition timing. The exhaust HC emission decreases while the exhaust CO₂ concentration increases with the advancing of ignition timing. In the lean combustion condition, the exhaust CO does not vary much with ignition timing. At the same ignition timing, the exhaust HC decreases with hydrogen addition while the exhaust CO and CO₂ do not vary much with hydrogen addition. The exhaust NO_x increases with the advancing of ignition timing and the behavior tends to be more obvious at large ignition advance angle. The brake mean effective pressure and the effective thermal efficiency of natural gas/hydrogen mixture combustion increase compared with those of natural gas combustion when the hydrogen fraction is over 10%.     

Effects of Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel on combustion and emissions of direct injection diesel engine

Effects of Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel fuel on the combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine under different fuel delivery advance angles were investigated. The experimental results show that F-T diesel fuel exhibits shorter ignition delay, lower peak values of premixed burning rate, lower combustion pressure and pressure rise rate, and higher peak value of diffusion burning rate than conventional diesel fuel when the engine remains unmodified. In addition, the unmodified engine with F-T diesel fuel has lower brake specific fuel consumption and higher effective thermal efficiency, and presents lower HC, CO, NO _x and smoke emissions than conventional diesel fuel. When fuel delivery advance angle is retarded by 3 crank angle degrees, the combustion duration is obviously shortened; the peak values of premixed burning rate, the combustion pressure and pressure rise rate are further reduced; and the peak value of diffusion burning rate is further increased for F-T diesel fuel operation. Moreover, the retardation of fuel delivery advance angle results in a further significant reduction in NO _x emissions with no penalty on specific fuel consumption and with much less penalty on HC, CO and smoke emissions. __________ Translated from Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering, 2007, 28(2): 19–23 [译自: 内燃机工程]     

Experimental investigation on the effect of intake air temperature and air–fuel ratio on cycle-to-cycle variations of HCCI combustion and performance parameters

Combustion in HCCI engines is a controlled auto ignition of well-mixed fuel, air and residual gas. Since onset of HCCI combustion depends on the auto ignition of fuel/air mixture, there is no direct control on the start of combustion process. Therefore, HCCI combustion becomes unstable rather easily, especially at lower and higher engine loads. In this study, cycle-to-cycle variations of a HCCI combustion engine fuelled with ethanol were investigated on a modified two-cylinder engine. Port injection technique is used for preparing homogeneous charge for HCCI combustion. The experiments were conducted at varying intake air temperatures and air–fuel ratios at constant engine speed of 1500 rpm and P-θ diagram of 100 consecutive combustion cycles for each test conditions at steady state operation were recorded. Consequently, cycle-to-cycle variations of the main combustion parameters and performance parameters were analyzed. To evaluate the cycle-to-cycle variations of HCCI combustion parameters, coefficient of variation (COV) of every parameter were calculated for every engine operating condition. The critical optimum parameters that can be used to define HCCI operating ranges are ‘maximum rate of pressure rise’ and ‘COV of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP)’.     

Effects of hydrogen injection strategy on the hydrogen mixture distribution and combustion of a gasoline/hydrogen SI engine under lean burn condition

Hydrogen is a carbon free energy carrier with high diffusivity and reactivity, it has been proved to be a kind of suitable blending fuel of spark ignition (SI) engine to achieve better efficiency and emissions. Hydrogen injection strategy affects the engine performance obviously. To optimize the combustion and emissions, a comparative study on the effects of the hydrogen injection strategy on the hydrogen mixture distribution, combustion and emission was investigated at a SI engine with gasoline intake port injection and four hydrogen injection strategies, hydrogen direct injection (HDI) with stratified hydrogen mixture distribution (SHMD), hydrogen intake port injection with premixed hydrogen mixture distribution (PHMD), split hydrogen direct injection (SHDI) with partially premixed hydrogen mixture distribution (PPHMD) and no hydrogen addition. Results showed that different hydrogen injection strategy formed different kinds of hydrogen mixture distribution (HMD). The ignition and combustion rate played an important role on engine efficiency. Since the SHDI could use two hydrogen injection to organize the HMD, the ignition and combustion rate with the PPHMD was the fastest. With the PPHMD, the brake thermal efficiency of the engine was the highest and the emissions were slight more than that with the PHMD. PHMD achieve the optimum emission performance by its homogeneous hydrogen. The engine combustion and emission performance can be optimized by adjusting the hydrogen injection strategy.     

Modelling of hydrogen-blended dual-fuel combustion using flamelet-generated manifold and preferential diffusion effects

In the present study, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations together with a novel flamelet generated manifold (FGM) hybrid combustion model incorporating preferential diffusion effects is utilised for the investigation of a hydrogen-blended diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel engine combustion process with high hydrogen energy share. The FGM hybrid combustion model was developed by coupling laminar flamelet databases obtained from diffusion flamelets and premixed flamelets. The model employed three control variables, namely, mixture fraction, reaction progress variable and enthalpy. The preferential diffusion effects were included in the laminar flamelet calculations and in the diffusion terms in the transport equations of the control variables. The resulting model is then validated against an experimental diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel combustion engine. The results show that the FGM hybrid combustion model incorporating preferential diffusion effects in the flame chemistry and transport equations yields better predictions with good accuracy for the in-cylinder characteristics. The inclusion of preferential diffusion effects in the flame chemistry and transport equations was found to predict well several characteristics of the diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel combustion process: 1) ignition delay, 2) start and end of combustion, 3) faster flame propagation and quicker burning rate of hydrogen, 4) high temperature combustion due to highly reactive nature of hydrogen radicals, 5) peak values of the heat release rate due to high temperature combustion of the partially premixed pilot fuel spray with entrained hydrogen/air and then background hydrogen-air premixed mixture. The comparison between diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel combustion and diesel only combustion shows early start of combustion, longer ignition delay time, higher flame temperature and NOx emissions for dual-fuel combustion compared to diesel only combustion.