肾集合管癌的临床病理分析

目的 观察肾集合管癌的临床病理特点,探讨其病理诊断与鉴别诊断.方法 对2例肾集合管癌的临床特点、病理学检查进行观察,采用免疫组化EnVision法检查CK7、CK19、CK20、34βE12、vimentin、CD10、P504S、E-cadherin的表达.并选择9例Ⅱ型、核分级为Ⅲ级的乳头状肾细胞癌、6例伴广泛肾实质侵犯的肾盂高级别尿路上皮癌与肾集合管癌进行形态学与免疫表型的比较.结果 肾集合管癌占同期上皮性肿瘤的0.66%,血尿为主要临床表现,1例患者术后3月死于肺转移.肿瘤均位于肾髓质,以管状结构为主,伴有肉瘤样分化,广泛侵犯肾实质,间质纤维化及中性粒细胞反应,周围集合管可见异型增生;免疫组化CK19及vimentin( ,2/2)、CK7及34βE12( ,1/2),CK20、CD10、P504S、E-cadherin均阴性.Ⅱ型乳头状肾细胞癌、尿路上皮癌未见集合管上皮异型增生;乳头状肾细胞癌表达vimentin( ,8/9)、CD10及P504S( ,7/9)、CK7( ,3/9)、CK19( ,1/9),34βE12、E-cadherin、CK20均阴性;尿路上皮癌CK7、CK19、34βE12均( ,6/6),E-cadherin( ,5/6),CK20( ,4/6),CD10、p504s、vimentin均阴性.结论 集合管癌是一种少见、高度恶性的肾上皮性肿瘤,形态和免疫表型多样化.灰白色肿块位于髓质、周围集合管上皮异型增生,无肾盂尿路上皮异型增生及原位癌存在可与乳头状肾细胞癌、尿路上皮癌鉴别.CD10、CK19、34βE12、P504S 、E-cadherin的染色有助于鉴别诊断.     

NMP22在泌尿系统肿瘤中的临床应用研究

为了探讨尿液中核基质蛋白(NMP22)对泌尿系统恶性肿瘤诊断的临床意义.本文应用ELISA测定271例泌尿系恶性肿瘤患者和43例泌尿系良性病变患者尿液NMP22含量.结果表明: 检测NMP22对尿路上皮恶性肿瘤的敏感性为89.2%,特异性为93.3%.尿路上皮恶性肿瘤、非尿路上皮恶性肿瘤和泌尿系良性病变患者, 尿NMP22阳性率分别为: 89.2%、37.2%和34.5%, 其中膀胱移行细胞癌89.5%.泌尿系恶性肿瘤比良性病变阳性率明显增高(P＜0.05),尿路上皮恶性肿瘤比非尿路上皮恶性肿瘤阳性率增高(P＜0.05).另外, 尿中NMP22含量与膀胱移行细胞癌分期、分级和肿瘤生长方式以及瘤体数目均无显著差异(P＞0.05).提示尿液NMP22检测对诊断尿路上皮恶性肿瘤有较高的敏感性, NMP22对泌尿系肿瘤良、恶性鉴别诊断也有一定意义.     

免疫组化检测Ki-67、 HER-2、 CD44、 CK20在膀胱非浸润性乳头状尿路上皮癌分级中的应用

目的探讨免疫组化检测Ki-67、HER-2、CD44、CK20在鉴别低级别和高级别非浸润性乳头状尿路上皮癌中的有效性。方法收集642例分级明确的乳头状尿路上皮癌及57例分级不确定的乳头状尿路上皮癌,根据有无高级别复发或进展,将分级不确定病例分为高危组及低危组,采用免疫组化EnVision法检测Ki-67、HER-2、CD44、CK20的表达。结果将Ki-67≥30%、HER-2全层表达、CD44表达减弱、CK20全层表达定义为阳性,分级明确病例中,低级别组Ki-67、HER-2、CD44、CK20的阳性率分别为12%、15%、28%、21%,高级别组分别为76%、70%、52%、67%,差异均有显著性(P0.001);分级不确定病例中,低危组Ki-67、HER-2、CD44、CK20的阳性率分别为40%、49%、28%、40%,高危组分别为70%、70%、20%、30%。结论免疫组化检测Ki-67、HER-2、CD44、CK20在低级别和高级别乳头状尿路上皮癌中的表达差异有显著性,可以用于乳头状尿路上皮癌分级的辅助诊断,其中Ki-67和HER-2在鉴别中有重要意义。     

UroplakinⅢ与Twist在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨UroplakinⅢ(UPⅢ)、Twist在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及临床意义.方法 采用免疫组化SP法检测UPⅢ和Twist的表达.结果 UPⅢ在140例膀胱尿路上皮癌组的表达阳性率为15.7％ (22/140)低于70例正常膀胱粘膜组71.4％ (50/70),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Twist在...     

乳腺导管内乳头状肿瘤187例临床病理及免疫组织化学特征

目的 探讨乳腺导管内乳头状肿瘤(IDPN)的诊断方法和标准.方法 收集187例IDPN患者的临床和病理资料,结合目前认可的2003年WHO乳腺和女性生殖系统肿瘤病理学和遗传学分类标准、Page等和Tavassoli的诊断标准,对其形态学特点进行分析,并对其中53例行CD10、p63、CK14、CK5/6、CK7、乳珠蛋白-1(MGB1)及p53免疫组织化学EnVision法染色分析.结果 187例IDPN患者中导管内乳头状瘤(IDPMa) 128例,不典型导管内乳头状瘤(A-IDPMa) 16例,导管内乳头状癌(IDPCa) 43例.IDPN在形态学上表现为不同程度的上皮细胞和间质增生,以及继发病变等,这些使病灶呈现异常复杂的多样性.免疫组织化学肌上皮标记(CD10和p63)染色在IDPMa、A-IDPMa及IDPCa的表达依次减少,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.001).基底型角蛋白(CK5/6和CK14)染色显示良性病变的表达呈镶嵌状阳性表达,在A-IDPMa的不典型区和IDPCa中表达明显减少或缺如,两者相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).腺腔上皮标志物CK7染色各组间比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.06).MGB1在IDPCa组染色明显减少(P值分别为0.002和0.007),p53染色各组均呈阴性.结论 IDPN是一组组织学改变复杂的疾病,应注意其诊断标准的掌握.肌上皮、基底型角蛋白和腺腔上皮标志物联合应用在该组复杂病变中有很好的诊断和鉴别诊断价值.     

胰腺实性-假乳头状肿瘤和神经内分泌肿瘤中Claudin5和Claudin7的表达及意义

目的探讨Claudin5和Claudin7在胰腺实性-假乳头状肿瘤(solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm,SPN)、神经内分泌肿瘤(neuroendocrine tumor,NET)中的表达及意义。方法采用免疫组化En Vision法检测20例SPN和23例NET中β-catenin、CD10、CK、vimentin、CD99、NSE、Syn、PR、Claudin5和Claudin7的表达。结果 (1)在SPN和NET中β-catenin、CD10、CK、vimentin、CD99、NSE、Syn、PR呈不同程度阳性表达。其中,β-catenin和CD10在SPN和NET中的阳性率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),β-catenin诊断SPN的敏感性为90.0%,特异性为52.2%;CD10诊断SPN的敏感性为80.0%,特异性为69.6%。其余6种标志物差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)Claudin5在SPN中的阳性率为100%(20/20),明显高于NET(13.0%,3/23),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);其诊断SPN的特异性(100%)和敏感性(87.0%)均高于β-catenin和CD10。(3)Claudin7在胰腺NET中的阳性率为100%(23/23),而在所有SPN中均不表达;其诊断NET的特异性和敏感性均为100%。结论 Claudin5和Claudin7分别在SPN和NET中呈肿瘤细胞胞膜阳性表达模式,是两者的免疫组化特征。联合检测Claudin5、β-catenin、CD10和Claudin7有助于诊断和鉴别诊断SPN和NET。     

具有内翻生长特征的尿路上皮增生性病变的临床病理学研究

目的 研究伴内翻生长特征的尿路上皮增生性病变的临床病理特征,探讨免疫组织化学和多点荧光原位杂交在其鉴别诊断中的作用.方法 收集具有内翻生长特征的尿路上皮病变41例,分为内翻乳头状瘤、内翻生长型尿路上皮癌、旺炽型von Brunn细胞巢,用多点荧光原位杂交方法检测其3、7、17号染色体获得和9p21缺失;免疫组织化学EnVision法标记p53、CK20和Ki-67;并对12例进行随访.结果 (1)内翻乳头状瘤12例,平均1.2 cm,由互相连接的细胞索或巢在固有膜内生长,细胞索相对较细而宽窄一致,细胞巢外呈栅栏状、内为流水状排列,可见鳞状分化,无细胞学上的异型性,无或偶见核分裂象,4例可见少量表面外生乳头,被覆少于6层的正常尿路上皮.(2)内翻生长型尿路上皮癌24例,平均2.1 cm,结构似内翻乳头状瘤,但细胞索较粗并宽窄不一,细胞巢粗大并不规则状,可形成实体结构,瘤细胞轻至中度异形,核分裂象1～8个/10 HPF,3例表面均未见外生性乳头,但表层尿路上皮有明显异型增生,有少量外生乳头者外生成分形态符合低级别或低度恶性潜能.(3)旺炽型yon Brunn细胞巢5例,平均0.9 cm,表面被覆正常或增厚的黏膜组织,固有膜内见巢状分布、大小不等、排列紧密的尿路上皮团伴有囊腔形成,细胞均无异型性,无或偶见核分裂象.多点荧光原位杂交:79.1%(19/24)的内翻生长型尿路上皮癌存在染色体异常阳性,而内翻乳头状瘤和旺炽型von Brunn细胞巢无阳性染色体异常.免疫组织化学:CK20仅在2例内翻生长型尿路上皮癌中弱表达,内翻乳头状瘤和旺炽型von Brunn细胞巢均为阴性;16例内翻生长型尿路上皮癌和1例内翻乳头状瘤中有5%～50%的瘤细胞弱表达p53;内翻生长型尿路上皮癌中1%～5%表达Ki-67,内翻乳头状瘤和旺炽型von Brunn细胞巢均低于1%.随访:2例内翻生长型尿路上皮癌经多次复发后为浸润性癌,行全膀胱切除后仍发生远处转移.内翻乳头状瘤无复发.结论 伴内翻生长特征的尿路上皮增生性病变在良恶性病变中存在形态学上的重叠,但内翻生长型尿路上皮癌在形态及免疫组织化学上有独特特征.多点荧光原位杂交在鉴别诊断中有辅助作用.

Abstract：

Objective To study the clinieopathologie features of urothelial hyperplastie lesion with an endophytic growth pattern and the role of immunohistochemistry and muhitargeted fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)in the differential diagnosis.Methods Forty-one cases of urothelial lesions exhibiting endophytic growth patterns were reviewed and reclassified as inverted papilloma.urothelial carcinoma with an endophytic growth pattern,and florid von Brunn nest.The gains of chromosomes 3,7,and 17 and loss of 9p21 was detected by FISH,and performed immunohistochemical staining for CK20,p53,and Ki-67.Follow-up data of 12 cases were obtained.Results (1)Twelve inverted papillomas sized 1.2 cm in average.consisted of anastomosing cords and nests with uniform width distribution involving the lamina propfia,the central portion contained streaming cells with squamous metaplasia,and the periphery showed palisading.No or rare atypia and mitosis were found.Focal exophytic papillary component lined by less than 6 layers of normal urothelium were observed in 4 cases.(2)Twenty-four urothelial carcinomas with an endophytic growth pattern sized 2.1 cm in average,demonstrated the similar architecture with inverted papilloma,but exhibited thick columns and variable thickness ofthe cords,irregular size and shape of large nests with transition into solids.Mild to moderate cytologic atypia was shown,and mitotic figures ranged 1 to 8 per 10 HPFs.Exophytic papillary component was not observed in 3 cases.but the superficial urothelium showed dysplasia,while coexisted exophytie component in other eases was associated with low malignant potential or low grade tumor.(3)Five florid von Brunn nests sized 0.9 cm in average,had normal or hyperplastic urothelium,variable nests with cysts compacted in lamina propria,no cytologic atypia and mitosis.Twenty-one of 24(79.1%)urothelial carcinomas with an endophytie growth pattern displayed abnormally positive results by muhitargeted FISH,whereas all inverted papillomas and florid yon Brunn nests were negative.Immunohistochemically,CK20 Was weakly positive in 2 cases of urothelial carcinoma with an endophytic growth pattern,and negative in all inverted papillomas and florid yon Brunn nests.p53 weakly stained 5%to 50%nuclei of the tumor cells in 16 cafles of urothelial carcinomas with an endophytie growth pattem and 1 inverted papiHoma.1%-5%tumor ceUs expressed Ki-67 in urothelial carcinoma with an endophytic growth pattern,and less than 1%in inverted papiHoma and florid von Brunn nests.Follow-up study revealed that 2 cases of urothelial carcinoma with an endophytic growth pattern had developed invasive carcinoma,underwent cystectomy,and metastasized remotely.No recurrence occurred in cases of inverted papilloma.Conclusions Benign and malignant urothelial lesions with an endophytic growth pattern present histologie overlapping.Urothelial carcinoma with an endophytie growth pattern displays unique characteristics in morphology and immunohistochemistry.Multitargeted FISH analysis is helpful in the differential diagnosis.     

CK19、TPO、CD56、p63标记在甲状腺良恶性乳头状增生诊断与鉴别诊断中价值

目的 探讨CK19、TPO、CD56及p63标记在甲状腺良恶性乳头状增生中的表达及其在诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值.方法 采用免疫组化SP法检测61例甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)与28例良性乳头状增生(benign papillary hyperplasia,BPH)中CK19、TPO、CD56及p63的表达.结果 CK19、TPO、CD56及p63在PTC中的阳性率分别是77%、9%、16%、21%,而其在BPH中的阳性率分别是11%、86%、68%、43%,四者在PTC与BPH中的阳性率差异有显著性(P<0.05).CK19、TPO、CD56及p63用于PTC诊断时的灵敏度分别是77%、9%、16%、21%,特异度分别是89%、14%、32%、57%,联合应用时灵敏度及特异度分别是89%、93%.四者用于BPH诊断时灵敏度分别是8%、86%、68%、43%,特异度分别是23%、92%、84%、79%,联合应用时灵敏度及特异度分别是96%、100%.结论 CK19与TPO、CD56、p63相比较,用于PTC诊断时的灵敏度及特异度均高于BPH,可作为PTC诊断的重要标记物,而TPO、CD56、p63可作为BPH诊断的重要标记物.同时,四者在良恶性乳头状增生中的阳性表达率差异具有显著性,可应用于甲状腺良恶性乳头状增生的鉴别诊断,联合应用价值更高.     

BCL-2、CK20、CD10、AR表达在基底细胞癌和毛母细胞瘤鉴别诊断中的意义

目的 观察BCL-2、CK20、CD10、AR在基底细胞癌(basal cell carcinoma,BCC)和毛母细胞瘤(trichoblastoma,TB)中表达的不同,以提高它们在两者诊断和鉴别诊断中的作用.方法 对确诊的32例BCC和8例TB石蜡包埋标本行BCL-2、CK20、CD10、AR免疫组化染色,观察它们在肿瘤细胞及其周围间质中的表达.结果 32例BCC中BCL-2肿瘤上皮弥漫阳性表达30例,阴性2例;CK20均为阴性;CD10肿瘤上皮部分表达23例,阴性9例,肿瘤间质阳性4例,阴性28例;AR阳性表达7例.8例TB中BCL-2上皮部分均阳性表达,CK20散在阳性6例,阴性2例,CD10部分上皮阳性4例,阴性4例,间质阳性3例,阴性5例;AR均为阴性.统计结果,BCL-2、CK20表达差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01),AR、CD10差异无显著性意义.结论 BCL-2弥漫强阳性、CK20阴性支持诊断BCC,反之支持诊断TB.     

膀胱移行细胞癌中小窝蛋白-1的表达及意义

目的 探讨小窝蛋白-1(Caveolin-1)在膀胱尿路上皮(移行)细胞癌(bladder transitional cell carcinoma,BTCC)组织中的表达及意义.方法 采用免疫组化PV-6000法,检测Caveolin-1在63例BTCC、21例膀胱乳头状瘤和13例正常黏膜组织中的表达.结果 Caveolin-1在BTCC、膀胱乳头状瘤和正常黏膜组织中的阳性率分别为47.6%、9.5%和0,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Caveolin-1在低分级和高分级BTCC组织中的阳性率分别为32.4%和69.2%,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Caveolin-1在非肌层浸润(浅表性)BTCC(Tis、Ta、T1)和肌层浸润性膀胱癌(T2～T4)中的阳性率分别为34.1%和72.7%,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 Caveolin-1在膀胱癌中高表达且与BTCC的组织学分级和肌层浸润深度相关,提示其在膀胱癌发生、发展中起重要作用.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.