异型挡板絮凝反应器流场特性的分析研究

利用LDA对异型挡板(正弦挡板)和普通挡板絮凝反应器内的流场进行了测量,搅拌装置采用斜叶式搅拌桨(PBT搅拌桨),测试液采用甘油与去离子水的混合液。通过实验,获得了搅拌轴转速在600r/min时反应器内的时均速度场、脉动速度场和湍流强度场,通过对比分析可知异型挡板絮凝反应器流场内平均速度产生了渐变的速度梯度和更大的均方根脉动速度,均化了湍动能的分布,解决了传统机械搅拌式絮凝器存在的混合区域不均匀性问题,理论上提高了颗粒的碰撞几率。而挡板本身的结构特点,解决了流场内的“死区”问题,对反应器絮凝效果起到了强化作用。     

非标准挡板搅拌槽内湍流流场的数值模拟

采用分离涡模型研究了非标准挡板搅拌槽内的流体力学特性,利用滑移网格法模拟了搅拌桨与挡板之间的相对运动。在验证了模拟方法有效性的基础上,分析了挡板布置方式对搅拌槽内的流场、速度与湍动能分布以及功率消耗的影响。结果表明,挡板布置方式对搅拌槽内的流场结构影响较小,但会改变桨叶射流的方向;对速度大小有一定的影响,完全非对称布置时的速度分布最均匀;搅拌功率随挡板非对称程度的增大略有提高,标准挡板的功率消耗与夹角为20°时的功率消耗非常接近,而且标准挡板时的湍动能最大,优于非标准挡板布置方式。     

基于CFD的陶瓷干法制粉造粒室挡板数目优化

为研究造粒室底部挡板数目对干法制粉混料过程的影响,构建了欧拉-欧拉气固两相流数学控制方程,建立不同挡板数目物理模型,采用修正后的RNGk-ε模型模拟造粒室内湍流情况,对不同挡板数目的干法制粉造粒室内的流场进行数值模拟,分析了不同挡板数目的造粒室内颗粒体积分布、速度场、湍动能、湍动能耗散的差异,并将数值模拟与实验进行对比。结果表明:挡板数目对混料过程有一定影响,分布适当挡板数目能够提高颗粒体积分布、改善合成速度,具有良好的湍动能及湍动能耗散,有利于促进颗粒混合;带挡板的造粒室流场分布优于无挡板造粒室,挡板数目增加时,造粒效果随着挡板数目的增加先增强后减弱;当挡板数目为4片时,颗粒体积分布达到了72%,堆积现象有较大改善,速度较好,耗散情况得到改善,有利于造粒室内流体介质的有效混合;当挡板数目分别为0、2、4、6片时,颗粒的合格率分别为82%、84%、90%、85%,处于30~60 mesh之间的优良颗粒分别占58%、62%、71%、64%;实验结果验证了数值模拟的正确性,为旋转流场式造粒设备的结构优化和设计提供了一定的理论指导。     

入口挡板对旋风分离器内流动分布影响的试验研究

运用七孔球探针对直切型旋风分离器及入口加挡板结构进行了流场的测量,并对其内部流场进行了研究,指出了随挡板角度变化,流场的变化规律,结果表明随挡板角度变大,切向速度提高,切向速度峰值位置沿径向外移,下行流的轴向速度提高,上行流的轴向速度降低.     

搅拌反应器内相际传质行为 2.反应器结构特性研究

系统地研究了搅拌反应器中挡板、搅拌桨型、通气管分布器及位置等结构因素对氧气－水体系功率准数Ｋ和容积传质系数ＫＬａ的影响规律。实验结果表明：在搅拌过程中挡板的作用在于提高湍动,改善两相混合状态;相对于其它的三种桨型,六叶盘式透平平桨能够形成较高的液相湍流和气液接触界面;通气管分布器的适宜直径为桨径的０．５～１倍,适宜位置应在桨叶下方。     

撞击流反应器流场数值模拟及其混合性能优化

利用数值模拟方法分析多喷嘴对称撞击流反应器内部流场以优化反应器结构。研究不同喷嘴数和进料条件对撞击流反应器内速度场、湍流特性及混合效果的影响。结果表明,不同喷嘴数撞击流反应器内流速分布为双峰型,等流速工况下速度梯度随喷嘴数增加而减小,高剪切力分布范围随喷嘴数增加先增大后减小。通过分析湍流尺度分布发现小尺度涡旋主要集中在撞击区,而大尺度涡旋主要集中在发展区,且四喷嘴撞击流反应器平均剪切应力及涡旋尺寸梯度最大,四喷嘴结构更有利于增强流体湍动强度并强化混合。撞击流反应器内平均湍动能随喷嘴数增加先增大后减小,其中四喷嘴撞击流反应器内平均湍动能最大。当撞击流反应器为四喷嘴结构时,其混合效果最好,完全混合时间最短为22 s。在本研究工况内四喷嘴结构为撞击流反应器混合的最优结构。     

基于阶跃射流的撞击流反应器流场动态特性分析

利用实验与数值模拟方法对动态阶跃型撞击流反应器流场特性进行研究,分析不同入口速度条件下流体流动规律、湍流特性以及能量水平。结果表明,动态阶跃型入口条件下,撞击面在两喷嘴之间周期性移动,流动参数也会发生周期性变化。随着入口平均速率的增大,驻点速度逐渐增大;随着两喷嘴入口速率差的增加,撞击面移动速度加快,撞击区流体湍流强度逐渐增加;随着入口平均速率与入口速率差的增大,XOZ平面在一个周期内的平均湍动能逐渐减小。对比动态撞击流反应器与稳态撞击流反应器内流场特性,探究动态入口条件对撞击流反应器流场特性的影响。结果表明,动态阶跃撞击流反应器湍流黏度、湍流强度和湍动能等参数均明显高于稳态撞击流反应器,撞击轴线上的湍动能梯度分布大于稳态撞击流反应器。动态入口条件下撞击流反应器流体湍动更剧烈,能量水平更高,有利于增加流场内流体扰动与促进混合。     

加料速度对分级机内部流场的影响

用Fluent软件模拟仿真分析了FTW型涡轮空气分级机内部流场的动态压力、湍动能、流动速度的分布, 对比分析不同加料速度对分级机内部流场的影响。结果表明:加料速度增加, 动态压力降低, 但分布曲线的对称性更好;湍动能降低, 但分布更为均匀;径向速度增加, 切向速度和轴向速度都降低, 且分布更为均匀, 其中轴向速度较大, 对流场影响更大;有利于流场稳定, 更有利于物料分级。实验测试了分级粒径分布部分支持这些效果。     

应用SSTk-ω湍流模型计算Rushton搅拌釜流场

应用SSTkω-湍流模型对Rushton搅拌釜流场进行了计算,并与文献报道实验数据以及标准k-ε模型、RNGkω-模型预测结果进行了比较。结果表明SSTkω-模型所计算的排除流量准数与实验值相差较小,桨叶区速度场与实验数据吻合较好,略优于标准k-ε模型,同时也给出了近壁区的计算结果。在湍动动能的预报上,SSTk-ω模型值与标准k-ε模型比较接近,优于RNGkε-模型,但与实验值都还不同程度地存在着一些差异。     

旋风分离器分级轮结构对分级效果影响的研究

为了优化旋风分离器的分级轮结构,增强分级效果,提高分级效率,采用Fluent软件模拟分析了分级轮在不同叶片形状、数量和倾角情况下,旋风分离器内颗粒湍动能、压力和轴向速率的变化情况。在特定边界条件下,叶片数量为48片时,颗粒湍动能极差最小,压差极值最大,且轴向速率极差较小,分级轮内流场较为稳定;叶片形状为斜叶片时,颗粒湍动能和轴向速率的极差均最小,压差较大,分级轮内部的流场较为稳定;叶片倾角为30°时,颗粒湍动能极差和轴向速率极差都最小,且比其他叶片倾角角度的压差差值更小,分级轮内部的流场较稳定,利于分级。     

板式螺旋桨搅拌槽内的流场及其流动特性

以板式螺旋桨叶轮为例,采用相位多普勒粒子分析仪测量了直径为300 mm的平底圆筒搅拌槽内的流场;分析了时均速度、脉动速度及湍流动能的分布,以及叶轮离底间隙变化和挡板对流场的影响。结果表明:随离底间隙增大,叶轮区脉动速度和湍流动能增大,时均速度和脉动速度最大值位置向槽中心方向移动;主循环区轴向速度最大值随离底间隙增大而减小;叶轮区湍流动能较高,随离底间隙增大,湍流动能最大值增大,位置靠近叶轮端部;挡板阻碍槽内切向流动,影响湍流动能的分布,挡板前流场反映了叶轮区的湍流动能分布。     

Structure des écoulements dans une cuve à fond bombé agitée par une turbine de rushton

The flow pattern induced by a Rushton turbine was studied in a 50 1. baffled, dome-shaped tank using Laser Doppler velocimetry. The radial, tangential and axial components of the mean velocity and the quadratic mean of the velocity fluctuations were determined at several locations in the cross-section between two baffles and in two vertical planes close to the baffles. Radial, axial and tangential circulation rates were computed. These sets of results were used to determine precisely the mean and fluctuating flow features in the tank and to explain the respective effects of the baffles and the dome-shape.     

The concave-wall jet characteristics in vertical cylinder separator with inlet baffle component

The concave-wall jet was formed in the vertical cylinder separator with inlet baffle component. The effect of curvature of radial baffle on the jet flow in the separator was investigated by the experiment of concentration and the numerical simulation of species transport. The results show that the concave-wall jet was confined within the narrow region near the concave-wall and the flow disturbance in the center of separator was weakened. The distribution of concentration and the flow region of wall jet depended on the curvature of radial baffle (K). Compared with the turbulent intensity of the plate baffle (K=0), that of concave baffle (K=2) reduced by 6.1% and the turbulent intensity of convex baffle (K=-2) increased by 13.5%. The best flow stability was obtained by the concave baffle because the baffle outlet was similar to convergent nozzle. The outlet convergent angle was between 0° and 19.5° when 0 ≤ K ≤ 2. The secondary vortices were caused by the tangential velocity irregularity on the cross-section of two axial baffles in the separator with convex baffle. The baffle with K ≥ 0 was more suitable in separator inlet than that with K < 0.     

The effects of the azimuthal position of the measurement plane on the flow parameters determined by PIV within a stirred vessel

Two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV) is usually used to determine the complex flow field in mechanically agitated vessels on the basis of measurements taken in a single vertical plane, thus, assuming axial symmetry. In this paper, we use 2D PIV to investigate the effects of the azimuthal position of the measurement plane in a fully baffled vessel agitated by a pitched blade turbine. Seventeen planes located at 5 degree intervals between two adjacent baffles are analysed. To maintain a high spatial resolution of ～1 mm when examining each plane, a two-block approach is employed combining data from two fields of view to reconstruct the whole flow field. Time-averaged velocity and turbulent kinetic energy fields are obtained under fully turbulent conditions as a function of the azimuthal position of the laser plane. It is shown that the assumption of axial symmetry for such Eulerian fields is not fully justified within a fully baffled vessel, as there are considerable differences between planes. The results also show for the type and size of impeller used here, the importance of including both the axial and radial discharge contributions for an accurate evaluation of the flow number, otherwise it can be underestimated by up to 60%. The three-dimensional nature of the PIV measurements has also enabled the mass continuity to be accurately verified throughout the vessel.     

Measurements and modelling of free-surface turbulent flows induced by a magnetic stirrer in an unbaffled stirred tank reactor

Measurements and numerical simulations of turbulent flows with free-surface vortex in an unbaffled reactor agitated by a cylindrical magnetic stirrer are presented. Measurements of the three mean and fluctuating components of the velocity vector are made using a laser Doppler velocimetry in order to characterise the flow field at different speeds of the stirrer. A homogeneous Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase flow model coupled with a volume-of-fluid method for interface capturing is applied to determine the vortex shape and to compute the turbulent flow field in the reactor. Turbulence is modelled using a second-moment differential Reynolds-stress transport (RST) model, but for some cases the k-ε/k-ω based shear-stress transport (SST) model is also used. The predictions obtained using the ANSYS CFX-5.7 computational fluid dynamics code are compared with the images of the vortex and the measured distributions of mean axial, radial and tangential velocities and turbulent kinetic energy. The predicted general shape of the liquid free-surface is in good agreement with measurements, but the vortex depth is underpredicted. The overall agreement between the measured and the predicted axial and tangential velocities obtained with the RST model is good. However, the radial velocity is significantly underpredicted. Predictions of the turbulent kinetic energy yield reasonably good agreement with measurements in the bulk flow region, but discrepancy exists near the reactor wall where this quantity is underpredicted. The SST model predictions are generally of the same quality as those of the RST model, with the latter model providing better predictions of the tangential velocity distribution.     

On the development of flow pattern in a bubble column reactor: Experiments and CFD

A comprehensive analysis of the development of flow pattern in a bubble column reactor is presented here through extensive LDA measurements and CFD predictions. In the LDA measurements, the simultaneous measurements of 2D velocity-time data were carried out at several radial locations and many axial cross-sections of the column for two different spargers. The profiles of mean axial liquid velocity, fractional gas hold-up and bubble slip velocity showed excellent agreement between the predictions and the experimentally measured values. The experimental results showed that the mean tangential velocity varies systematically in the radial as well as along the axial co-ordinates. The turbulence parameters viz. turbulent kinetic energy, energy dissipation rate and eddy diffusivity were also analysed. The estimated values of local energy dissipation rate obtained using eddy isolation model were used for establishing the energy balance in the column. The experimental data were used for the estimation of normal and shear stress profiles. For the case of single point sparger, just above the sparger region, the bubble plume was seen to have a strong tangential component of motion thereby yielding higher gas hold-up slightly away from the centre. This visual observation was well captured in profiles of all the hydrodynamic parameters obtained from the experimental data. CFD simulations of the mean velocities, gas hold-up and turbulent kinetic energy compared well with the experimental results.     

基于颗粒动力学理论的搅拌器中固液流动的数值模拟

在欧拉双流体模型基础上引入颗粒动力学理论(KTGF)，对带挡板圆盘涡桨式搅拌器内的固液两相流动进行数值模拟。结果表明，搅拌器底部颗粒温度分布与固相浓度分布趋势吻合，转速低于600 r/min时，槽底会形成明显的颗粒沉积，转速从600 r/min增至1500 r/min，堆积区向轴中心收缩，基于颗粒动力学理论可以合理解释挡板及叶轮转速对固相浓度分布的影响。随叶轮转速增大，搅拌器内固液两相湍流运动加剧，颗粒温度、湍动能及轴向速度增加，颗粒分布更均匀，但达到完全悬浮状态后颗粒温度趋于稳定。搅拌器底部和挡板处颗粒堆积导致了局部颗粒浓度增加及颗粒平均自由行程减少，颗粒温度反而降低；同时挡板布置使搅拌器内形成了双循环回路，加强了流体的湍流程度，增强了湍动能，但导致颗粒在挡板处积聚，不利于固相在挡板处均匀分布。     

LASER-BASED FLOW MEASUREMENTS OF DILUTE VERTICAL PNEUMATIC TRANSPORT

Dilute vertical pneumatic transport in a vertical lifter was studied using the sophisticated measurement techniques of laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) and phase Doppler anemometry (PDA). The vertical lifter consisted of a lower fluidized silo, an upper receiving tank, and a connecting vertical transport pipe made of clear glass. The experimental study was performed in order to get detailed information of the complex gas-particle flow behavior in a dilute vertical conveying system. Particle diameter, axial particle, and tangential particle velocities, as well as root mean square velocities, were measured simultaneously for different flow conditions. In addition, overall solid mass fluxes were obtained using weighing cells. Smooth and spherical zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) solids were applied with two different particle size distributions. Measurements were performed using different flow rates of air. The air inlet condition was varied in order to study its effect on the flow behavior. The particle diameter measurements show that no axial or radial segregation by size occurs for this transport condition. The results show that the particle velocity is independent of the particle size as well. The axial velocity profiles at different heights are almost identical and flat, which indicates fully developed turbulent pipe flow. The turbulent velocity measurements show that turbulence is mainly caused by the velocity gradients, and not by particle-particle collisions in dilute flow. The solid mass flux measurements show the importance of optimum inlet condition and how this influences the mass flux.