脊髓夹持型颈椎病前后路手术的疗效分析

目的 分析颈前后路手术治疗脊髓夹持型颈椎病的疗效。方法回顾我院15年来收治脊髓型颈椎病306例，其中脊髓夹持型34例，27例前路减压植骨融合，7例后路椎管扩大，全部病例获得随访。按照JOA评分评定术前和术后神经功能状态。结果前路减压植骨融合27例，优14例，良5例，好转8例，优良率70％。后路椎管扩大7例，优2例，良1例，好转4例，优良率40．3％。结论颈前路减压植骨融合，直接解除脊髓前方的压迫，应作为首选术式。对于多节段(3个节段以上)病变或合并连续型后纵韧带钙化、黄韧带肥厚或合并发育性颈椎管狭窄，仍宜选择后路椎管扩大减压或二期前后路减压术。     

应用PEEK材料cage颈前路减压椎间融合术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的疗效观察

目的：观察分析应用PEEK材料椎间融合器颈前路减压椎间融合术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的疗效.方法：应用PEEK材料椎间融合器颈前路减压椎间融合术治疗脊髓型颈椎病39例83节段,其中单节段6例,双节段22例,三节段11例.手术前后应用JOA评分评定手术效果.结果：术后随访36.1（10～50）个月,JOA评分术前为平均（8.9±1.4）分,术后末次随访时为（14.3±2.4）分,平均改善率为（66.3%±5.4%）,与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.01）,优良率为76.9%.颈椎生理曲度、融合节段高度均恢复,以三节段者为佳.椎间融合率术后6、12个月分别为89.7%、100%.无并发症发生.结论：应用PEEK材料椎间融合器颈前路减压椎间融合术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的疗效可靠,能够提高和维持颈椎曲度和融合节段高度.     

脊髓夹持型颈椎病前后路手术的疗效分析

目的分析颈前后路手术治疗脊髓夹持型颈椎病的疗效.方法回顾我院15年来收治脊髓型颈椎病306例,其中脊髓夹持型34例,27例前路减压植骨融合,7例后路椎管扩大,全部病例获得随访.按照JOA评分评定术前和术后神经功能状态.结果前路减压植骨融合27例,优14例,良5例,好转8例,优良率70%.后路椎管扩大7例,优2例,良1例,好转4例,优良率40.3%.结论颈前路减压植骨融合,直接解除脊髓前方的压迫,应作为首选术式.对于多节段(3个节段以上)病变或合并连续型后纵韧带钙化、黄韧带肥厚或合并发育性颈椎管狭窄,仍宜选择后路椎管扩大减压或二期前后路减压术.     

比较4种方案治疗脊髓型颈椎病效果的系统性评价

背景：对于多节段脊髓型颈椎病,手术治疗方式的选择尚存争议。 目的：对脊髓型颈椎病的4种治疗方式进行系统评价。 方法：选取1980/2010-12有关比较多节段椎体次全切除+融合、前路颈椎间盘切除+融合、椎管扩大成形及椎板切除减压+融合文章的回顾性分析,系统评价脊髓型颈椎病治疗的最佳治疗方式,并对随访超过10年的病例进行独立评价。 结果与结论：共检索到1 718篇文章,筛选出591篇摘要,36篇有全文,均为回顾性队列研究。有4项研究比较了多节段椎体次全切除+融合和椎管扩大成形,1项研究比较了椎板切除减压+融合和椎管扩大成形,2项研究比较了前路颈椎间盘切除+融合和椎管扩大成形。3项病例研究随访时间在10年以上。所有治疗方法的神经功能改善率基本相同。与多节段椎体次全切除+融合相比,椎管扩大成形有较高的颈痛发生率。与椎管扩大成形相比,前路颈椎间盘切除+融合增加了邻近节段继发性病变的概率。多节段椎体次全切除+融合和椎板切除减压+融合有较高的与植骨、内固定、手术入路相关的并发症。与椎板切除减压+融合相比,多节段椎体次全切除+融合和椎板切除减压+融合后颈活动范围明显下降。     

Zero-P椎间融合器颈椎前路置入内固定治疗颈椎病的优势

背景：颈前路椎间盘切除减压植骨融合使用颈前路钢板可能引起治疗后吞咽困难等并发症。 目的：观察采用颈椎前路一体化Zero-p椎间融合器置入治疗颈椎病的临床疗效以及减少治疗后并发症的优势。 方法：采用颈椎前路一体化Zero-p椎间融合器行颈前路椎间盘切除减压植骨融合治疗颈椎病患者51例。在治疗前、治疗后第3天,治疗后3,6个月,治疗后1年及2年等时间节点采用颈部及上肢疼痛目测类比评分、颈椎功能障碍指数、日本矫形外科学会评分法对患者的神经功能情况进行评估;采用吞咽困难评分法对患者术后吞咽困难相关并发症的发生情况进行评估;拍摄颈椎正侧位及动力位X射线片评价术后植骨融合程度及内固定相关并发症情况。 结果与结论：患者随访时间为6-30个月,平均15.4个月。治疗后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,所有患者治疗后获得疼痛缓解,肌力恢复;目测类比评分及颈椎功能障碍指数评分均较术前有显著改善;脊髓型颈椎病患者日本矫形外科学会评分平均改善率为85.7%。治疗后第2天有7例患者出现轻、中度的吞咽困难。随访期间未发现内置物沉降,也未发生螺钉松动、断裂或内固定器移位等并发症。表明颈前路椎间盘切除减压植骨融合式中采用颈椎前路一体化Zero-p椎间融合器置入治疗颈椎病的近期临床效果良好,其设计同时具备了颈椎间融合器以及颈椎前路固定钢板的优点,内固定相关并发症少。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

颈前路减压+MC+®颈椎融合器植骨融合与椎体次全切除融合钛板置入内固定治疗单节段脊髓型颈椎病的比较

背景：颈前路减压植骨融合内固定目前已成为脊髓型颈椎病前路手术的“金标准”;但对于治疗单节段脊髓型颈椎病是否应用内固定,尚存在争议。近年来,颈椎融合器植骨融合在其治疗中已扮演了十分重要的角色。 目的：比较颈前路经椎间隙减压+MC+®颈椎融合器植骨融合与椎体次全切除减压+钛网植骨融合钛板置入内固定治疗单节段脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效。 方法：42例单节段脊髓型颈椎病患者随机分为2组,实验组应用颈前路经椎间隙减压+MC+®颈椎融合器植骨融合治疗,对照组应用颈前路椎体次全切除减压+钛网植骨融合钛板置入内固定治疗。 结果与结论：每组患者治疗后JOA评分及颈椎曲度均较治疗前明显改善(P < 0.05)。所有病例随访12~29个月,治疗后6个月及末次随访时每组JOA评分、颈椎曲度与治疗后相比差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);两组患者治疗前、治疗后、治疗后6个月和末次随访时JOA评分及颈椎曲度相比差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);末次随访时两组植骨融合率均为100%,未见内置物松动、下沉。实验组治疗后发生声音嘶哑1例,对照组治疗后发生声音嘶哑1例、吞咽困难3例及食管损伤2例。提示两种方法治疗单节段脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效可靠,均能获得治疗后颈椎的稳定性;但前者方法简单,近期并发症少。     

脊髓型颈椎病前路减压与内固定手术治疗

目的 评估脊髓型颈椎病前路战压与内固定手术的疗效。方法 对17例脊髓型颈椎病患者采用颈前入路环锯或开槽扩大，显微镜下对致压物施行潜行性减压，植骨后钢板内固定，随访6～48个月。结果 术后症状消失或明显缓解15例，好转2例，无死亡或症状加重。植骨块融合满意，钢板固定无松动，螺钉无松脱。结论 本术式治疗脊髓型颈椎病减压彻底，植骨块融合，内固定钢板稳定可靠。     

颈椎钢板融合器PCB 在颈椎间盘突出手术中应用的初步报告

目的研究PCB在颈椎间盘突出前路减压融合术中应用的评估。方法对23例单节段脊髓型颈椎病采用前路减压后植骨PCB内固定手术。通过术后随访,使用JOA评分系统观察病人脊髓功能的恢复,并通过随访X线,CT观察植骨融合的情况。结果所有病人术后脊髓功能改善显著,术后均获得骨性融合,没有出现并发症。结论PCB作为一种新型颈椎前路内固定器材,具有一定的特点和优势,但远期效果仍有待进一步观察。     

钛质外科网和纳米仿生骨在颈椎前路减压融合中的应用

背景：纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺作为新型植骨材料,应用于颈椎前路减压融合中,不仅可以减少患者取骨带来的并发症,而且具有稳定的植骨融合率。 目的：比较钛网和纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺应用于颈椎前路减压融合治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床效果。 方法：对确诊的48例脊髓型颈椎病患者行颈前路椎体次全切减压融合钛板内固定。其中26例行钛网植骨,22例行纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺仿生骨植骨,采用JOA评分法评价神经功能的恢复,测量cobb角评价融合节段曲度。 结果与结论：48例患者均获得随访,随访时间6~14个月。置入后3个月JOA评分较置入前明显改善,两组对比JOA评分差异无显著性意义;置入后3,6个月钛网组及仿生骨组融合节段cobb角相对于置入后即刻变化差异有显著性意义,两组对比差异无显著性意义;置入后3个月钛网组2例患者出现钛网沉降,融合节段椎间高度丢失。结果表明纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺仿生骨作为颈椎前路融合植骨材料,融合率高,可以有效保持颈椎生理曲度及椎间高度,长期效果有待进一步观察。     

前路减压并不同融合方法治疗脊髓型颈椎病的疗效比较

目的 :比较前路减压并不同植骨融合方法治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效。方法 :对 98例单节段及双节段病变的脊髓型颈椎病患者采用前路减压并植骨融合治疗 ,其中单纯植骨融合 42例、Ray TFC融合 18例、植骨融合并颈椎前路钢板内固定 3 8例。所有病例均随访 1年以上 ,采用JOA评分 ,比较不同植骨融合方法的疗效。结果 :所有患者术后JOA评分均有改善 ,单纯植骨融合组的JOA评分改善率为5 2 .8% ,Ray TFC组为 5 4.3 % ,钢板固定组为 5 1.6% ,各组JOA评分改善率无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。 结论 :脊髓型颈椎病的治疗关键在于充分减压及有效植骨融合 ,不同融合技术对疗效无明显影响。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.