深部巷道围岩分区破裂化数值模拟

对应变软化模型岩体的变形机理进行分析,确定了巷道围岩产生分区破裂的前提条件为岩体变形进入峰后塑性及残余破坏阶段。对地下硐室围岩应力变形状态进行FLAC数值模拟,并基于破坏接近度指标对围岩完整状态进行描述。结果表明：分区破裂化与岩体峰后特性密切相关,是应变软化模型特有的属性,理想弹塑性模型并不能产生分区破裂化;计算结果对网格精度具有依赖性,当近巷网格大小为巷道半径的1/60时,巷道围岩出现螺旋带破裂区域,产生分区破裂,而在粗糙网格下则为传统弹塑性环状对称变形;分区破裂化区域受平面内侧压力系数影响显著,分区破坏主要集中在硐室围岩应力较大的方位;分区破裂化是巷道开挖过程中二次应力场在时间和空间重分布的结果。     

煤矿深部天幕巷道围岩应力分析和围岩稳定性

本文以复变数法确定非圆形断面巷道的映射函数计算，在地质因素、埋深与硐形相当的条件下，择优巷道断面形状，计算孔壁上的环向应力值，对比硐室的周边应力，研究深部天幕拱硐室围岩应力分布和围岩稳定性。     

考虑托板作用的深埋岩体分区破裂时空效应

分区破裂是深部岩体在众多敏感因素综合作用下发生的复杂时空演化过程。以深埋硐室围岩初期支护后的预应力全长锚固锚杆为研究对象,考虑不同大小托板反力作用对硐室围岩强度参数的影响,基于分区破裂条件下锚杆所呈现的拉-压交替受力特征,建立了杆体与围岩协调变形的力学分析模型,推导了围岩分区破裂后锚杆中性点位置的计算公式,进而对不同托板反力作用下的围岩分区厚度、破裂范围及数量进行了反演分析;根据围岩弹塑性界面上岩体的非线性流变模型及其在切向与径向所受的最大偏应力,提出了弹塑性界面岩体破裂发生时刻的理论公式。结果表明:①在分区破裂条件下,深埋硐室围岩与预应力锚杆产生协调变形,沿杆体长度方向存在多个处于拉-压受力平衡的中性点,在各中性点附近的弹塑性界面上岩体具有显著的流变特性。当该界面岩体所受最大偏应力超过其长期强度时即发生脆性拉裂;②预应力全长锚固锚杆对围岩强度参数具有重要影响,预应力的增加能够有效改善围岩的承载特性,围岩分区厚度、破裂区宽度与数量以及弹塑性界面上岩体破裂发生时刻随锚杆预应力的变化而变化;③在锚杆预应力作用下围岩强度的提高对硐壁岩体破裂具有一定的抑制作用。随着锚杆预应力的逐渐增大,靠近硐壁处的第1个锚杆中性点逐步向硐壁表面移动,硐壁岩体破裂区厚度也逐渐减小直至不再破裂;④通过算例分析对上述认识的合理性进行了验证。     

不同工况下深部围岩分区破坏非连续变形试验研究

以淮南矿区-1000 m为典型代表的深部地下开挖工程引发的支护难题越发突出.针对丁集煤矿-910 m西二11-2采区南轨道大巷实测发现的巷道分区破裂化现象,基于深部巷道围岩破裂机理与支护技术模拟试验系统,开展了4种工况下硐室的模拟试验研究,旨在获取最大荷载方向与硐室轴线垂直、斜交、平行条件下巷道围岩的受力与破坏特征,揭示深部巷道围岩发生分区破坏的条件.试验结果显示,模型拱顶、侧墙和底板周边径向应变均呈现拉应变,形成环状裂缝;在较大轴压作用下,巷道周边产生剪切破坏和拉伸破坏,但拉伸、剪切破坏区的形成不同步,拉伸破坏的速度远大于剪切破裂的速度,使周边岩体产生这种不连续且交替出现的环状裂隙区.直墙圆拱巷道发生分区破裂的特点为帮部呈现分层断裂,拱顶和底部呈现滑移型断裂.研究结果可为深部高地应力下巷道围岩的支护对策及优化提供参考.     

深部原岩应力对巷道围岩破裂范围的影响规律研究

为研究煤矿深部原岩应力对巷道围岩破裂范围的影响规律,采用空心包体法在郓城千米埋深煤矿井底车场进行地应力实测,得到了煤矿深部原岩应力状态,并应用声波测试方法,测量得到了不同巷道帮部的围岩破裂范围。将原岩应力转化为与巷道帮部直墙面平行截面上的初始径向应力和初始剪切应力,研究不同初始应力状态下巷道围岩破裂范围发现：初始径向应力对深部围岩破裂范围影响较为显著,且初始径向应力越大破裂范围就越小;而初始剪切应力对围岩破裂范围的影响显著性较小。此外,实测结果还证实了围岩岩性和巷道断面大小是影响围岩破裂范围的重要因素。     

不同工况下深部围岩分区破坏非连续变形试验研究

以淮南矿区-1 000 m为典型代表的深部地下开挖工程引发的支护难题越发突出。针对丁集煤矿-910 m西二11-2采区南轨道大巷实测发现的巷道分区破裂化现象,基于深部巷道围岩破裂机理与支护技术模拟试验系统,开展了4种工况下硐室的模拟试验研究,旨在获取最大荷载方向与硐室轴线垂直、斜交、平行条件下巷道围岩的受力与破坏特征,揭示深部巷道围岩发生分区破坏的条件。试验结果显示,模型拱顶、侧墙和底板周边径向应变均呈现拉应变,形成环状裂缝;在较大轴压作用下,巷道周边产生剪切破坏和拉伸破坏,但拉伸、剪切破坏区的形成不同步,拉伸破坏的速度远大于剪切破裂的速度,使周边岩体产生这种不连续且交替出现的环状裂隙区。直墙圆拱巷道发生分区破裂的特点为帮部呈现分层断裂,拱顶和底部呈现滑移型断裂。研究结果可为深部高地应力下巷道围岩的支护对策及优化提供参考。     

最大地应力方向对硐室受力和破坏影响的模型试验研究

深部巷道围岩变形控制是深部岩土的重点课题之一,针对最大地应力方向对硐室受力和破坏形态的影响,采用深部巷道围岩破坏机理模拟试验系统进行模型试验研究。模型试验硐室采用直墙拱顶形硐室,利用应变片记录硐室围岩应变值,分别进行了最大荷载与硐室轴线成90°、60°、0°(平行)的3组试验。模型试验的研究表明:最大荷载与硐室轴线呈60°和90°时,仅硐室侧墙部位发生破裂,拱顶和底板下部产生的径向应变为受压状态,对硐室的破坏形态影响不明显;0°(平行)时,硐室拱顶、底板及侧墙部位均发生破裂,拱顶和底板下部产生的径向应变为受拉状态,对硐室的破坏形态影响较显著;深部巷道围岩破坏机理模拟试验能够较好的模拟深部巷道围岩破坏机制。     

采动影响下破碎围岩巷道注浆加固支护技术

成庄矿二盘区机头硐室与周围巷道群由于受2315综采工作面回采的影响,围岩破坏十分严重,为使该巷道能满足正常生产急需对其进行修复加固.基于成庄矿二盘区机头硐室与周围巷道的现场地质条件,运用离散元数值模拟分析方法(UDEC),研究注浆对该硐室破碎围岩体的塑性区大小、应力状态以及可锚性等方面的影响.研究表明注浆能够有效缩小破碎围岩体塑性区范围,改善巷道浅部围岩的受力状态,提高破碎围岩体的可锚性,在此基础上提出了注浆和锚索复合加固方案,取得了良好的现场试验效果.     

深部高应力软岩巷道断面形状优化设计数值模拟研究

选取矩形、梯形、直墙拱形、马蹄形、椭圆形和圆形等共6种不同断面形状的巷道进行优化研究,基于FLAC3D模拟研究了这6种典型巷道开挖后的巷道围岩变形特征及围岩塑性区分布规律,分析了不同侧压力系数对它们的影响。数值模拟结果表明,巷道断面形状对高应力巷道围岩变形特征及围岩塑性区分布影响较大;根据侧压力系数的大小及主应力方向,圆形、椭圆形为深部高应力巷道最优断面形状,选择圆形、椭圆形巷道可改善巷道围岩应力状态,降低围岩变形量,减少围岩塑性区损伤破坏范围,有利于深部高应力软岩巷道的长期稳定。     

基于当层法的煤矿斜井围岩压力拱分析

为研究不同倾角下煤矿斜井开挖时围岩压力拱的变化和优化巷道支护设计,以东胜煤田塔拉壕煤矿为依托,基于Покровский当层法理论,通过定义2种应力路径,对比分析了复合地层条件下,分别在6°、12°、18°倾角下直墙拱形和圆形断面硐周围岩压力拱内外边界及拱体厚度变化情况。结果表明:对于直墙拱形和圆形断面,随着倾角增大,硐室上方和两侧压力拱内边界距硐周距离不变,外边界距离增大,围岩承载能力增强;在3种倾角下圆形断面应力拱边界较直墙拱形距硐周距离均较小,但主应力峰值较大,也说明了在斜井中圆形断面压力拱作用效果弱于直墙拱形。     

Effects of the axial in situ stresses on the zonal disintegration phenomenon in the surrounding rock masses around a deep circular tunnel

A new non-Euclidean model in which effects of the axial in-situ stress with arbitrary value on the zonal disintegration phenomenon in the surrounding rock masses around a deep circular tunnel is taken into account is established. The total elastic stress-field distributions of the surrounding rock around a deep circular tunnel including effects of the axial in-situ stress were given out. The strength criterion of the deep rock masses is applied to determine the occurrence of disintegration zones. The numerical computation was carried out. It is found from numerical results that number and size of fractured and nonfractured zones are sensitive to the axial in-situ stress, tangential, radial and axial normal stress, the intermediate principal stress coefficient and the rock mass rating classification RMR.     

内摩擦角对逐步开挖拱形巷道围岩分区破裂化的影响

巷道围岩分区破裂化(或分区破碎化、分区碎裂化)是指在深部开挖巷道时围岩交替呈现破裂区和未破裂区的现象,该现象与对围岩破坏的传统认识不同。正确认识不同强度围岩分区破裂化的发育程度,可为其治理及应用奠定基础。巷道掘进会引起掘进工作面附近岩石涌向巷道,这将导致掘进工作面附近垂直于巷道轴线平面的应力状态并非平面应变,而是三维状态。采用以FLAC~(3D)应变软化模型为基础发展的非均质应变软化模型(通过引入Weibull分布函数实现),研究了内摩擦角对逐步开挖拱形巷道围岩分区破裂化的影响,考察了围岩中剪切应变增量、最小主应力及最大主应力在巷道即将贯穿模型时的分布规律。研究发现:①内摩擦角越小,围岩的破坏越严重,剪切带的发育越充分,分区破裂化越明显;②并非围岩的破坏就会导致分区破裂化,围岩破坏到一定程度后,才会出现分区破裂化;③分区破裂化的机理为:在载荷及开挖作用下,在过巷道轴线的平面上,随机分布的缺陷发展成(共轭)剪切带,从而在垂直于巷道轴线的平面上,形成多个相间隔的圆环形的破坏区。本文过巷道轴线平面上的结果与室内实验结果在定性上一致。根据本文的研究,在垂直于巷道轴线的不同平面上,分区破裂化不同,这意味着不必选择统一的巷道支护参数,例如,在分区破裂化显著的部位,延长锚杆的长度,反之则不然。     

Strain Gradient Model of Zonal Disintegration of Rock Mass near Deep-Level Tunnels

This paper presents one strain gradient model of zonal disintegration of rock mass near deep level tunnel. The governing equations and boundary conditions of the model are established. Numerical methods (quasi-Newton method and shooting method) are adopted to solve the obtained fourth-order equilibrium equations with higher order boundary conditions in terms of displacement. The stress field in elastic and plastic zones is obtained. The effects of model parameters on stresses distribution in surrounding the tunnel rock mass are examined. The necessary conditions for the formation of zonal disintegration are elucidated.     

Zonal disintegration mechanism of the microcrack-weakened surrounding rock mass in deep circular tunnels

Rock masses without pre-existing macrocracks are considered as granular materials with only microcracks. During excavation of tunnels, microcracks may nucleate, grow and propagate through rock matrix; secondary microcracks may appear, and discontinuous and incompatible deformation of rock masses may occur. The classical continuum elastoplastic theory is not suitable for analyzing discontinuous and incompatible deformation of rock masses any more. In this paper, a new non-Euclidean model is established to investigate zonal disintegration mechanism of the surrounding rock masses around a deep circular tunnel. Effect of damage variable on the zonal disintegration under non-hydrostatic stress condition is taken into account. Based on non-Euclidean model of the discontinuous and incompatible deformation of rock mass, the effect of the half length and density of microcracks on distribution of stresses in the surrounding rock masses around a deep circular tunnel is investigated. The stress concentration at the tips of microcracks located in vicinity of stress wave crest is comparatively large, which may lead to the unstable growth and coalescence of secondary microcracks, and consequently the occurrence of fractured zones. On the other hand, the stress concentration at the tips of microcracks located around stress wave trough is relatively small, which may lead to arrest of microcracks, and thus the non-fractured zones. The alternative appearance of stress wave crest and stress trough thus may induce the alternative occurrence of fractured and non-fractured zones in deep rock masses.     

邻近爆破下不同形状巷道围岩裂纹扩展规律

为了解巷道断面形状对爆炸载荷下邻近巷道围岩裂纹扩展规律的影响,采用模型试验和扩展有限元(XFEM)方法展开详细研究。试验研究表明:爆炸载荷下,当原有裂纹扩展通过邻近巷道围岩原有裂纹尖端影响区、应力波传播过程产生的环向拉伸区和自由面反射波影响区时,扩展方向有所不同;巷道断面形状主要影响原有裂纹后期扩展方向,巷道断面形状不同,自由面反射拉伸波的拉伸应力方向不同;由于拉伸应力方向一般垂直于自由面,直墙拱形巷道和圆形巷道围岩中原有裂纹扩展后期偏转向弧形自由面切向方向,近似"层裂"现象扩展;矩形巷道围岩原有裂纹扩展方向与直墙反射波拉伸应力作用方向平行,裂纹扩展不受影响,仍沿近似水平方向与自由面贯穿。     

渗流作用下圆形巷道围岩弹塑性分析

在假设岩体在无限小的区域内材料属性相同,将岩体划分为若干个塑性区域环的情况下,应用统一强度理论,结合岩石应变软化力学模型与围岩峰后强度和变形演变规律,推导了渗流作用下圆形巷道围岩破裂分区的计算公式,分析了渗流作用下巷道围岩的弹性区、塑性软化区和破裂区的力学性态。结合具体算例,对比分析了渗流作用下和无渗流作用下巷道塑性区范围影响因素,得出支护反力、巷道半径以及采深对渗流作用下的巷道塑性区域影响尤为明显。研究表明,考虑渗流作用使得分析结果更加接近于实际,能显示出巷道围岩变化破坏情况,为地下工程的优化支护设计及安全性评价提供理论依据。     

深部巷道围岩分区破裂化弹塑脆性分析

考虑围岩在空间轴对称受力状态下弹性、塑性、脆性状态的转化,提出了深部围岩分区破裂化现象是围岩在特定条件下拉伸破坏与脆性张裂破坏不断重复的结果。分析了巷道围岩的弹塑性应力场,说明了支撑压力线处的环状连续拉伸破坏是分区碎裂化产生的必要条件,并给出了拉伸破坏处的半径公式。结合Griffith强度准则,推导了围岩由弹性状态转化为脆性张裂破坏的半径关系式,以此来确定破裂区范围。实例计算结果表明,破裂带的宽度和位置都与现场实际观测结果吻合较好。     

深部巷道围岩分区破裂化数值模拟

采用有限差分数值计算软件FLAC对巷道围岩分区破裂化进行研究,分析了分区破裂的产生及演化过程,即巷道开挖后,随着原岩应力的释放,多条破裂带从巷道表面或临近周边逐步向围岩深处延伸,在延伸过程中,单条破裂带可能会分叉成两条甚至多条破裂带,这些破裂带互相交叉,在巷道浅部围岩形成网状间隔破裂区,在深部围岩形成环带状间隔破裂区。岩体初始应力水平、侧压系数及巷道断面形状等对巷道围岩分区破裂化都有显著影响。数值模拟结果与前人的现场研究成果有很好的一致性。     

A continuum grain-interface-matrix model for slabbing and zonal disintegration of the circular tunnel surrounding rock

It is difficult to numerically reproduce the common failure modes of the circular tunnel surrounding rocks, such as the slabbing or delamination in hard rock, and the zonal disintegration at great depth, based on continuum and homogeneous elastoplastic models. In the present paper, a grain-interfacematrix model is proposed based on continuum elastoplastic theories, and implemented in FLAC. Rock is simplified as a compound of the circular grains, rectangular interfaces, and remaining matrix. These components are modeled by squared elements with the same size. Results show that shear strains exhibit intersecting and multiple shear bands or slip lines extending intergranularly. High principal stresses in compression are found to form rings around the tunnel surface. For fine grains, the intensive rings are found, similar to the slabbing; while for coarse grains, the spacing between rings becomes large, analogous to the zonal disintegration. Thus, a unified mechanism of two kinds of phenomena is explained as the self-organization process of dominant microstructures subjected to forces. Nevertheless, the scale of dominant microstructures regarding or governing the process is different. For hard rock without joints, the scale corresponds to actual grains; while for jointed rock mass under high compressive stresses at great depth, the scale of rock blocks is dominant.     

Zonal disintegration of rock mass around an underground excavation

In focus is mathematical modeling of zonal disintegration of rocks around a deep-level excavation. In the framework of the elastic model of isotropic material, the author analyzes the two-dimensional case of stress field in rocks around a circular cross-section excavation. The effective compressive stresses at infinity depend on the depth of the excavation occurrence. The shear stress analysis has shown that in rocks around the excavation, the increased shear stress circle zone appears at the distance \(r = \sqrt 3 R\) from the excavation center. The increased stresses come before the rock mass disintegration and create conditions for next destruction circles. The author dwells on probable influence of initial hydrostatic stress on the disintegration law. In modeling, the zonal disintegration circles appear at larger distance from the excavation center than in the experiment, due to the idealization of the classical problem formulations in rock mechanics.