持续性非卧床腹膜透析治疗老年慢性肾功能衰竭51例临床分析

目的　探讨持续性非卧床腹膜透析 (CAPD)及血液透析 (HD)治疗老年慢性肾衰竭 (CRF)患者的临床疗效和并发症。方法　观察 51例老年 CRF患者在 CAPD治疗前后的临床表现和生化指标 ,透析后腹膜特性、尿素清除指数 (KT/V)、残余肾功能、主要并发症、存活率、死亡原因等 ,并与 40例血液透析组相比较。结果　两组透析后临床症状均明显好转 ,血尿素氮 (BUN)、血肌酐 (Scr)明显下降 ,血红细胞、血红蛋白明显上升 ,其中 CAPD组血红细胞、血红蛋白上升幅度明显高于 HD组 (P<0 .0 5) ,CAPD组 1年及 3年存活率高于 HD组 (P<0 .0 5) ,CAPD组血浆白蛋白水平显著低于 HD组 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,CAPD组残余肾功能的保护优于 HD组 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,CAPD组对毒素的清除效果高平均转运和高转运优于低平均转运和低转运 ,CAPD组主要并发症为营养不良、腹膜炎 ,HD组主要并发症为心脑血管并发症。结论　老年患者由于本身存在动脉粥样硬化、高血压、冠心病、糖尿病等 ,作为一种替代疗法 ,比较适合 CAPD治疗。     

终末期肾衰患者脂代谢紊乱及相关因素分析

终末期肾脏病 (ESRD)患者常伴有脂质代谢紊乱[1] 。本文通过分析肾脏替代治疗对脂质代谢的影响和原因 ,探讨ESRD患者脂质代谢紊乱的临床特点、发生原因和相关因素。1　对象和方法1.1　对象　ESRD患者共 94例 ,平均年龄 5 4 2± 11 9岁。分为三组 :非透析 (CRF)组 (n =2 3)。血清肌酐 (SCr) >4 4 5μmol/L ,稳定 6个月以上。腹膜透析 (PD)组 (n =2 6 ) ,均采用Baxter公司Dianeal PD 2腹膜透析液 ,进行连续性非卧床腹膜透析 (CAPD)。血液透析 (HD)组 (n =4 5 )。以上患者均无糖尿病、高血压肾硬化、肝功能异常、家族性高脂血症、…     

糖尿病与非糖尿病病人腹膜透析初始时的临床状况比较分析

目的　对比分析糖尿病与非糖尿病终末期肾病 (ESRD)病人在腹膜透析 (CAPD)初始时的临床状况 ,初步探讨糖尿病ESRD病人适当的透析时机。方法　入选了 6 7例接受CAPD治疗的年龄 5 0岁以上ESRD患者 ,其中糖尿病组 2 7例 ,非糖尿病组 4 0例。分别对患者的残肾功能、营养状况、合并症情况、活动能力进行评估。结果　与非糖尿病组相比 ,糖尿病组CAPD病人开始透析时的血肌酐质量浓度、血浆白蛋白及握力检测明显低于非糖尿病组 ,而肌酐清除率及营养不良发生率均明显高于非糖尿病组 ;糖尿病组的合并症指数评估明显高于非糖尿病组 ,活动能力明显低于非糖尿病组。统计学检验差异均具有显著性。结论　糖尿病病人透析时机选择应根据病人的残肾功能、临床症状、合并症情况和营养状态综合考虑 ,应及时开始CAPD治疗。     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者血浆食欲素A水平的变化

目的 :初步探讨正常人与慢性肾功能衰竭 (CRF)伴代谢性酸中毒 (代酸 )患者血浆食欲素A浓度的测定方法、浓度变化及其意义。　 方法 :正常健康对照组 39例 ,CRF患者 2 6例。采用层析方法将血浆去蛋白化处理及放射免疫分析法测定两组血浆食欲素A水平 ,并比较CRF组代酸纠正前、后血浆食欲素A及血清瘦素浓度的变化。　 结果 :健康组血浆食欲素A浓度为 (6 17± 3 4 8)ng/L ,血清瘦素浓度为 (6 17± 6 13) μg/L。CRF代酸患者血浆食欲素A浓度于纠酸前、后分别为 (10 6± 5 33)ng/L及 (8 17± 4 6 5 )ng/L。纠酸前血浆食欲素A水平较正常对照组显著增高 (P <0 0 0 5 ) ;纠酸后其水平比纠酸前明显下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ,但与正常对照组相比仍明显升高 (P <0 0 5 )。CRF代酸患者 (纠酸前 )血清瘦素浓度为 (18 6± 18 1) μg/L ,明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ;纠酸后其浓度为(32 0± 2 8 2 ) μg/L ,较纠酸前进一步升高 (P <0 0 5 )。　 结论 :CRF患者血浆食欲素A及血清瘦素水平较正常人明显升高且与酸中毒程度呈正相关 ;碱性药物治疗可使CRF患者血浆食欲素A水平明显下降 ,而血清瘦素水平进一步升高。代酸很可能是抑制瘦素合成或分泌 ,促进血浆食欲素A水平升高的重要因素。     

慢性肾衰竭患者高同型半胱氨酸血症、氧化应激和微炎症反应间的关系及其在动脉粥样硬化中的作用

目的　探讨同型半胱氨酸 (Hcy)血症和氧化应激、微炎症反应之间的关系 ,及其在慢性肾衰竭 (CRF)患者动脉粥样硬化 (AS)形成中的作用。方法　测 114例CRF患者 (CRF组 ,其中 6 2例行血液透析 ,非透析治疗 5 2例 )和 37例健康对照者 (健康对照组 )血浆总Hcy(tHcy)水平、循环丙二醛 (MDA)、谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶活性 (GSHPx)及血清C 反应蛋白 (CRP)、白细胞介素 (IL) 6、肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)α水平 ,高分辨超声技术测颈动脉内膜 中层厚度 (IMT)及粥样硬化斑块。结果　非透析CRF患者血浆tHcy、MDA、CRP和TNFα水平高于健康对照组 ,且随肾功能损害程度的加重而升高 ,GSHPx则低于健康对照组 ;血液透析患者tHcy、MDA、CRP、IL 6和TNFα水平均高于非透析患者 ,GSHPx进一步降低。CRF患者IMT增厚阳性率、平均IMT及颈动脉粥样斑块检出率明显高于健康对照组。动脉病变越重 ,血浆tHcy、MDA及CRP水平越高 ,GSHPx越低。多因素逐步回归分析显示 ,tHcy、MDA、CRP、血糖和极低密度脂蛋白水平是影响颈总动脉IMT的危险因素 (R2 =0 5 72 ,P<0 0 0 1) ,影响CRF患者血浆MDA水平的因素有血浆GSHPx、tHcy、血肌酐 ,影响CRF患者血清CRP水平的因素有血清IL 6、TNFα、MDA、血浆白蛋白。结论　Hcy血症可能参与了CRF患者氧化应激的发生     

终末期肾病患者不同透析方式下血浆成纤维细胞生长因子21水平及临床意义

目的:比较不同透析方式下终末期肾病患者血浆成纤维细胞生长因子21(FGF-21)水平,探究血浆FGF21与患者生存质量各项指标的相关性。方法:选取腹膜透析(PD)患者80例、血液透析(HD)患者47例、非透析终末期肾病(ESRD)患者42例和同期体检健康人群42例(对照组),共211例受试者,收集临床资料,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血浆FGF-21、人脂联素(ADPN)水平,检测肾功能、糖脂代谢、炎症、营养、钙磷代谢及心功能等临床相关指标行分组比较,并进行相关性分析及多元线性回归分析。结果:HD组血浆FGF-21水平明显高于PD组(P0.01)及ESRD组(P0.05);但PD组与ESRD组血浆FGF-21水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05);对于ESRD患者,有残余肾功能的患者血浆FGF-21水平低于无残余肾功能者,合并左心室肥厚患者血浆FGF-21水平高于无左心室肥厚者(P0.01);且ESRD患者血浆FGF-21与性别、是否合并糖尿病、冠心病并无相关(P0.05);血浆FGF-21水平与ADPN、C反应蛋白成正相关,与三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)及射血分数值成负相关(P0.05),多元线性回归分析显示FGF-21与ADPN、LDL独立相关(P0.05)。结论:不同透析方式下ESRD患者血浆FGF-21水平不同,且ESRD患者血浆FGF-21水平与血脂、炎症及心功能等相关指标密切相关。     

维生素E修饰的透析膜抗氧化作用的研究

将30例慢性肾功能衰竭长期血液透析患者随机分为两组各15例,观察组用维生素E修饰的透析膜透析,对照组用纤维素透析膜透析,观察2个月.于第1、24次透析前采血测定血浆和红细胞中丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-px)、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、维生素E及血浆晚期氧化蛋白质终末产物(AOPP)水平.结果 观察组血浆和红细胞中维生素E、GSH-px、GSH及SOD明显升高,MDA及AOPP明显下降,P均<0.05.对照组实验前后观察指标无明显变化.提示维生素E修饰的透析膜具有抗氧化作用,其可通过减少脂质氧化而降低透析相关性疾病的发生率.     

腹膜透析和血液透析患者与正常人群体液状况的比较

目的　比较并分析持续性非卧床腹膜透析 (CAPD)及血液透析 (HD)患者的体液状况。方法　通过无创性方法 (Xitron 42 0 0生物电阻抗分析仪 )分别测定 45例CAPD患者、44例HD患者和 46例正常人的细胞外液 (ECW )、细胞内液 (ICW )和总体液量 (TBW ) ,用标准体重 (身高 -10 5 )进行标准化后比较。结果　CAPD组标准化细胞外液 (nECW )比HD透析前、HD透析后及对照组均高。HD透析前组nECW比对照组高 ,但透析后组与其比较无显著性差异。HD透析前与透析后组的标准化细胞内液 (nICW )没有显著变化 ,但是与CAPD组及对照组比较均有显著性差异 ;而CAPD组与对照组间比较 ,无显著性差异。在体液分布 (ECW /TBW )上 ,各组间比较均有显著性差异。CAPD组与HD组患者间干体重比较无显著性差异 ;CAPD组患者体重与干体重之差为 ( 2 .6± 2 .4)kg ,与HD透析前组比较差异无显著性 ,而与HD透析后组 [( 0 .3± 2 .5 )kg ]比较 ,有显著性差异。结论　慢性腹膜透析患者普遍存在比血液透析患者更严重的容量超负荷。而腹透患者体液过多的原因可能与其过多水分摄入有关     

维生素E修饰的透析膜抗氧化作用临床研究

目的　观察维生素E(VitE)修饰的透析膜 (Cl E)的抗氧化作用。方法　选择 2 0 0 3- 0 5～ 2 0 0 3- 0 7首都医科大学附属友谊医院住院的 5 7名血透患者随机分为 3组。A组Cl E ;B组常规透析膜同时服VitE(每天4 0 0mg) ;C组常规透析膜 ,观察 4周。第 1、13次透析前抽血 ,测血浆和红细胞中丙二醛 (MDA )、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH px)、过氧化物歧酶 (SOD)、VitE及血浆晚期氧化蛋白质终末产物 (AOPP)。结果　A组观察结束后血浆和红细胞中VitE、GSH px、GSH及SOD比观察前升高 ,MDA及AOPP(红细胞中未测 )下降 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。B组红细胞中VitE比观察前升高 ,血浆和红细胞中MDA下降 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ,其余指标无明显变化。C组实验前后各指标无明显变化 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　透析患者使用VitE有抗氧化作用 ,用Cl E透析比口服VitE效果更好。     

透析患者心房利尿肽与左心室肥厚、血容量相关关系的研究

目的了解透析患者心房利尿肽(ANP)与左心室肥厚(LVH)、血容量(ECV)的相关关系。方法分别测量我院73例血液透析(HD)、46例腹膜透析(CAPD)、18例肾衰竭未行透析患者及16例健康人的超声心动图,以了解LVH的发病率,用Xitron 4200生物阻抗分析仪(BIA)分别测量研究对象的ECV,并予干体重标准化(nECV),检查血ANP水平,行相关关系研究。结果与对照组相比,HD、CAPD、慢性肾衰竭患者LVH的发生率明显增高,以透析患者升高明显,差异有显著性(P<0.001)。CAPD组、HD组的ANP较慢性肾衰竭组和对照组明显增高,慢性肾衰竭组的ANP也较对照组明显升高(P<0.05)。HD、CAPD和慢性肾衰竭患者的ECV均明显升高(P<0.001),以HD、CAPD两组ECV升高最为明显。同时LVH与nECV、ANP均呈显著相关关系(r=0.54,P<0.05;r=0.844,P<0.001)。结论透析患者ANP水平较高,与ECV和LVH的发生密切相关。提示ANP水平可预示透析患者LVH的发生率。     

Method of dialysis therapy and selected markers of oxidative stress and endothelial injury in patients with chronic renal failure

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), being mostly a clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis, are the main cause of mortality in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). It is now generally accepted that the first step in atherosclerosis is endothelial dysfunction. Recently, oxidative stress (SOX) has been implicated as an important etiologic factor in atherosclerosis and vascular dysfunction both in general and uremic populations. The aim of the present study was to establish the effect of two different method of dialysis therapy: hemodialysis (HD) and continuous peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) on the markers of SOX: lipid peroxides, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) and autoantibodies against oxidized LDL (OxLDL-Ab), and endothelial injury: antigen of the von Willebrand factor (vWF : Ag), soluble thrombomodulin (TM) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) in 43 patients with CRF. Compared with the control subjects, patients with CRF showed a significant increase in plasma concentrations of Cu/Zn SOD, which was more elevated in HD than in CAPD group. The lipid peroxide levels were increased only in the post-HD samples, whereas OxLDL-Ab were more elevated in HD than in CAPD group. Markers of endothelial injury were significantly higher in dialyzed patients relative to controls, and were positively correlated themselves as well as with Cu/Zn SOD levels. The patients on HD and CAPD are exposed to increased SOX as well as to endothelial injury. The association between Cu/Zn SOD and the endothelial injury markers suggests the possible effect of oxidative stress on endothelial dysfunction in CRF patients.     

8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha as a useful clinical biomarker of oxidative stress in ESRD patients

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Chronic renal failure is associated with elevated indices of oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that the in vivo formation of the F(2)-isoprostane (8-iso-prostaglandin PGF(2alpha)), a bioactive product of arachidonic acid peroxidation, is enhanced in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). METHODS: Plasma samples were obtained from 35 HD patients, 30 CAPD patients and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects for measurement of immunoreactive 8-iso-PGF(2alpha). RESULTS: Plasma 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in HD and CAPD patients (346.3 +/- 132.4 pg/ml; range 49.8-870) than in age-matched control subjects (150.9 +/- 61.6 pg/ml; range 33.5-235). In addition, we also found that 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) concentration was significantly (p = 0.007) higher in HD patients (389.8 +/- 148.3 pg/ml) than in CAPD patients (254.3 +/- 76.6 pg/ml). Plasma 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) concentration was linearly correlated with serum haptoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma MDA (r = 0.58, p = 0.003; r = 0.29, p < 0.05 and r = 0.38, p < 0.05 respectively). On the other hand, plasma 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) levels were inversely associated with serum albumin and total cholesterol (r = -0.31 and r = -0.28, respectively; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that ESRD on both HD and CAPD is associated with increased formation of F(2)-isoprostanes, a correlate of enhanced lipid peroxidation. We also found that plasma 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) was casually related to some acute phase reactant proteins such as serum CRP, albumin and haptoglobin. This may provide an important biochemical link between lipid peroxidation, inflammation and accelerated atherosclerosis in the uremic milieu.     

Expansion of CD4+CD16+ blood monocytes in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis: possible involvement of macrophage colony-stimulating factor

A novel subpopulation of blood monocytes coexpressing CD16 antigen and low levels of CD14 antigen (CD14+CD16+ monocytes) has recently been identified, and expansion of these CD14+CD16+ monocytes has been reported under some pathological conditions. In this study, we examined the immunophenotype of blood monocytes in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) who were undergoing hemodialysis (HD, n = 52) or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD, n = 36) using two-color immunofluorescence flow cytometry. The percentage and absolute number of CD14+CD16+ monocytes were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in both HD and CAPD patients compared with those in healthy control subjects. We also determined the plasma concentrations of hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent immunoassay. The plasma levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were markedly increased in both HD and CAPD patients relative to the normal controls. The plasma M-CSF levels correlated significantly with the number of CD14+CD16+ monocytes in the whole group of subjects. These findings suggest that elevated endogenous M-CSF levels may participate in the expansion of CD14+CD16+ monocytes in CRF patients undergoing dialysis.     

透析患者甲状旁腺机能亢进与左心室肥厚的关系

目的　了解透析患者甲状旁腺机能亢进与左心室肥厚 (L VH)的相关关系。方法　分别测量我院 46例腹膜透析 (CAPD)患者、73例血液透析 (HD)患者、18例透析前慢性肾衰竭患者及 16例健康人的超声心动图 ,以了解左心室肥厚的发生率 ,并分别检查血甲状旁腺素 (i PTH)、钙、磷水平 ,分析血钙、磷、i PTH与 L VH之间的关系。结果　CAPD组、HD组、肾衰竭组的 i PTH较对照组明显增高 (P<0 .0 0 1) ,以肾衰竭组升高明显 ,并且与 L VH呈显著正相关 (r=0 .70 5 ,P<0 .0 0 1)。 CAPD组、HD组的血钙值、血磷值与对照组无明显差别 ,而慢性肾衰竭组则血钙明显低下、血磷明显升高。结论　尿毒症患者普遍存在甲状旁腺机能亢进 ,是导致透析患者心血管疾病发病率增高的原因之一     

Lipid levels in monocytes of patients with moderate hyperlipoproteinemia.

Recent studies suggest that circulating blood monocytes may serve as a lipid clearance system in early atherosclerotic lesions. To evaluate the influence of moderate hyperlipoproteinemia on monocyte lipid concentrations, we measured fasting serum and monocyte lipid levels in 7 healthy individuals, in 7 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia and in 17 patients with secondary dyslipidemia due to chronic renal failure; 10 of these patients were treated by hemodialysis (HD) and 7 patients by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The hypercholesterolemic patients had elevated serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) B, but normal plasma triglycerides. Patients on dialysis had elevated serum levels of triglycerides, serum cholesterol (CAPD only) and VLDL- and LDL-cholesterol (CAPD only) and apo B (CAPD only), whereas HDL-cholesterol and apo A-I levels (HD only) were decreased. In monocytes, we measured the content of free cholesterol (FC), cholesteryl esters (CE) and triglycerides (TG). The normal mean intracellular concentrations of FC, CE and TG were 48.3, 1.7 and 2.4 micrograms/mg cell protein, respectively. All monocyte lipid levels were similar in patients and controls, with the exception of a decreased content of FC (30.8 micrograms/mg) in monocytes of HD patients. We conclude that moderate increases in serum lipoprotein lipid levels are not associated with lipid accumulation in monocytes.     

Platelet surface receptor activation in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and those with successful kidney transplantation

Hemostatic disorders associated with chronic renal failure (CRF) include hemorrhagic and/or thrombotic manifestations, which were ascribed, in part, to uremic platelet dysfunction including abnormalities of expression of platelet glycoprotein receptors. There is, however, still no general agreement on the exact characterization of these platelet abnormalities. This study aims at characterizing the platelet glycoprotein abnormalities associated with CRF, by recording the effect of the three renal replacement therapies, hemodialysis (HD), chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and renal transplantation, on these receptors. The study, which was mainly cross-sectional, included two groups: (i) Patient groups (n = 50): HD patients (n = 20), CAPD patients (n = 10) and successful renal transplant patients (n = 20); (ii) Healthy Controls (n = 34): 23 were men and 11 were women who were age- and sex-matched with the patients. Flow cytometric quantitation of CD41, CD42a, CD42b and CD61 was carried out using a Becton-Dickinson FACScan. The expression of CD41 levels showed a highly significant increase in HD and CAPD patients when compared with the normal control levels. However, levels in transplant patients were comparable to the normal control levels. On the other hand, the expression of CD42a, CD42b, and CD61 showed no significant change in HD and CAPD patients when compared with normal control levels, but there was a significant decrease in transplant patients when compared to the normal control levels. In conclusion, there was evidence of increased expression of one glycoprotein receptor (GpIIb-IIIa) pre-dialysis whether HD or CAPD. In transplant patients, no evidence of platelet activation could be demonstrated.     

End-state renal failure in diabetic nephropathy: pathophysiology and treatment

Forty percent of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes will develop nephropathy during the course of their disease, thus being the most important single disorder leading to end-stage renal failure (ESRF). Intensive metabolic control delays onset of diabetic nephropathy, the first omen of which is appearance of subclinical albuminuria, also termed microalbuminuria. Moreover, it is now established that intensive treatment of hypertension reduces rate of decline in GFR and thus postpones ESRF. When uremia eventually sets in, a range of biochemical and endocrine abnormalities can be included among those characteristics of diabetes mellitus per se. These include elevated plasma levels of growth hormone, glucagon and free fatty acids, which may participate in the uremic insulin resistance superimposed on the preexisting diabetic carbohydrate intolerance. Hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are two established modalities of renal replacement therapy in diabetes mellitus. Controlled clinical trials for comparison of CAPD versus HD treatment of diabetics are, however, still needed. The survival rate is approximately 80 and 65-95% in insulin-dependent diabetic patients at 1 year during treatment with HD and CAPD, respectively. However, it is general experience that diabetics on CAPD exhibit a glycemic control, superior to that attained during HD. It has not been proved that patient survival after cadaveric renal transplantation is better than on dialysis. The degree of vascular heart disease seems to be the major determinant for survival of kidney-transplanted diabetic patients.     

Platelet surface receptor activation in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis,peritoneal dialysis and those with successful kidney transplantation

Hemostatic disorders associated with chronic renal failure (CRF) include hemorrhagic and/or thrombotic manifestations, which were ascribed, in part, to uremic platelet dysfunction including abnormalities of expression of platelet glycoprotein receptors. There is, however, still no general agreement on the exact characterization of these platelet abnormalities. This study aims at characterizing the platelet glycoprotein abnormalities associated with CRF, by recording the effect of the three renal replacement therapies, hemodialysis (HD), chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and renal transplantation, on these receptors. The study, which was mainly cross-sectional, included two groups: (i) Patient groups (n?=?50): HD patients (n?=?20), CAPD patients (n?=?10) and successful renal transplant patients (n?=?20); (ii) Healthy Controls (n?=?34): 23 were men and 11 were women who were age- and sex-matched with the patients. Flow cytometric quantitation of CD41, CD42a, CD42b and CD61 was carried out using a Becton-Dickinson FACScan. The expression of CD41 levels showed a highly significant increase in HD and CAPD patients when compared with the normal control levels. However, levels in transplant patients were comparable to the normal control levels. On the other hand, the expression of CD42a, CD42b, and CD61 showed no significant change in HD and CAPD patients when compared with normal control levels, but there was a significant decrease in transplant patients when compared to the normal control levels. In conclusion, there was evidence of increased expression of one glycoprotein receptor (GpIIb–IIIa) pre-dialysis whether HD or CAPD. In transplant patients, no evidence of platelet activation could be demonstrated.     

Effect of dialysis on plasma total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation products in patients with end-stage renal failure

Dialysis is associated with an impairment of antioxidant defense and an overproduction of oxidative stress markers. This study focuses on the comparison of plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation products in patients on hemodialysis (HD) before and after treatment and in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Plasma TAC, malonaldehyde (MDA), and 4-hydroxyalkenal concentrations were measured in 31 HD patients, in 24 PD patients, and in 17 normal controls (NC). It was found that before HD, TAC and MDA levels were higher than those in the NC (p < 0.001). After HD, these levels decreased significantly but were higher than in NC and lower than in PD patients (p < 0.001). The levels of 4-hydroxyalkenals were elevated in patients as compared with NC, but did not differ between HD and PD patients. The MDA concentrations correlated positively with the TAC in the patients. It is concluded that the oxidative status of patients on HD is similar to that of patients on PD and that the susceptibility to oxidative stress is strongly related to the levels of MDA produced in plasma.     

Alteration in plasma antioxidant capacities in chronic renal failure and hemodialysis patients: a possible explanation for the increased cardiovascular risk in these patients

OBJECTIVE: The high incidence of cardiovascular diseases in chronic renal failure (CRF) and hemodialyzed (HD) patients is now well established and the involvement of oxidative stress has been hypothesized in these phenomena. The aim of our study was to evaluate the level of oxidative stress in healthy controls (CTL) compared with CRF and HD patients before (pre-HD) and after (post-HD) the dialysis session, carried out on a high biocompatible polyacrylonitrile membrane AN69. METHODS: Several indicators of the extracellular redox status were evaluated in plasma. The ascorbyl free radical (AFR) was directly measured using electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and expressed with respect to the vitamin C level to obtain a direct index of oxidative stress. Indirect plasma parameters such as vitamin E, thiol and uric acid levels were also quantified. The plasma antioxidant status (PAS) was evaluated by the allophycocyanin test. Nitric oxide (NO) stable-end metabolites: nitrites and nitrates (NO(x)), were measured in plasma. RESULTS: In CRF patients, vitamin C and thiol levels were low, and the AFR/vitamin C ratio high compared with the CTL. On the other hand, PAS and uric acid levels were shown to be higher in CRF patients. After the dialysis session, vitamin C level decreased and AFR/vitamin C ratio increased. The thiol levels were shown to be increased, in return PAS and uric acid levels were significantly lower after the dialysis session. NO(x) levels rose during CRF, but were significantly decreased after the dialysis procedure. No differences in vitamin E status were observed between CTL, CRF and HD patients. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that profound disturbances in the extracellular redox system occur during the course of chronic renal failure and hemodialysis, and may provide an explanation for the cardiovascular complications in these patients.