樟芝的药用保健价值及开发应用(综述)

樟芝是一种原产于台湾的药用真菌,具有解毒抗癌、保肝强心、提高免疫力等功效。本文介绍樟芝的生物学特性、主要化学成分及药用保健价值,并对今后樟芝的开发应用提出建议。     

半枝莲化学成分及药理活性研究进展(综述)

半枝莲Scutellaria barbata为我国传统中药,具清热解毒、化瘀止痛、排石利尿等多重功效。化学成分研究表明,半枝莲含有大量黄酮类、二萜类、挥发油类及多糖等化学成分;药理研究表明,半枝莲具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗菌及免疫调节等药理活性。本文综述半枝莲的化学成分及其药理活性研究概况,为其进一步开发利用提供参考。     

螺旋藻保健功能的研究(Ⅰ)——免疫调节保健功能的检验与评价

本研究对螺旋藻产品的免疫调节保健功能进行了检验和评价。小鼠实验结果显示 ,饲喂螺旋藻可以增强其体液免疫、细胞免疫、自然杀伤细胞和巨噬细胞等免疫系统的重要组成部分的活力。研究表明 ,螺旋藻能协调地改善免疫系统的功能 ,它不愧是优秀的保健食品。     

紫萁的药用及食用价值(综述)

本文阐述蕨类植物紫萁的药用及食用价值。     

醋的保健功能及其制品的研究现状

食醋是我国传统调味品,是以粮食或水果为原料,经多种微生物天然发酵酿造而成的调味品,其营养成分丰富,含有维生素、微量元素,天然盐、氨基酸和非挥发性有机酸（醋酸、乳酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸）等多种有益成分。这些有益成分不仅能使菜肴增添滋味,而且在医学上也具有重要的作用。     

紫山药的营养保健价值及产品开发

紫山药又称为\"紫人参\",其肉色亮紫,富含特有的多糖、粘液质、蛋白质、淀粉、多种氨基酸、矿物元素等营养性成分,还具有多种功能性成分,如薯蓣皂苷(天然的DHEA)、尿囊素、多酚、植物固醇,有8种类黄酮物质花青素等。因此,紫山药具有较高的营养价值和保健功能,是集美味和保健养生作用于一体的珍贵药食兼用的绿色食品。在食品、化妆品、医药方面已显示出巨大的应用潜力。本文对紫山药的营养性成分、保健功能性成分及产品开发等方面已有的研究进行分析总结和展望。旨在提高人们对紫山药保健功能的认识,为今后科学地开发利用紫山药资源,促进紫山药营养和保健功能的开发提供参考。     

雪峰虫草的研究现状、问题及展望

虫草是我国具有特殊意义的重要药用真菌资源,其人工培育、药效成分和药理作用等相关研究备受学者关注。雪峰虫草是近年来在湖南省雪峰山系发现的一种新虫草资源,与冬虫夏草亲缘关系近,在洞口县民间替代冬虫夏草用于治疗癌症、咳嗽及提高免疫力等。结合自身研究工作,对近年来雪峰虫草的发现与生长习性调研、虫草菌分离、虫菌复合体培育、子座人工培育、化学成分分析以及药理作用研究等方面进行了详细阐释。根据雪峰虫草的特性,以及当前虫草研究趋势,分析了目前雪峰虫草存在的问题,提出了雪峰虫草研究的新思路和价值。     

小球藻高附加值生物活性物质“小球藻热水提取物”的研究现状与展望

小球藻是一种食用历史久、营养丰富的微藻功能食品,其中蛋白核小球藻已于2012年被我国批准为新资源食品,并成为国内外正在大力发展与培育的微藻能源及微藻固碳这一战略性新兴产业的主要藻种之一。在积累油脂的同时,小球藻自身还能合成高附加值生物活性物质,其合理利用可平衡微藻能源的高成本。小球藻热水提取物(CE),即商业上宣称的\"小球藻生长因子(CGF)\",是小球藻有别于其他微藻的主要生物活性物质,在促进生长、调节免疫等方面具有良好功效,且市场售价高。但迄今,有关CE的认识尚不清晰,尚未见CE方面的系统评述。本文对近年来CE的活性研究状况进行了系统的文献调查与梳理,综述了CE在增强免疫、抑制肿瘤、改善代谢综合征、清除自由基、抵御紫外损伤、螯合重金属以及保肝护肠等多个方面的功效,并分析了CE活性研究中存在的问题及CE的发展前景。     

功能食品科学与消化道的生理及功能(二)

5.7　结直肠癌(Faivre,etal.1985)在工业化国家,它是最常见的三大恶性肿瘤之一,生存率在过去几十年内几乎没有提高,五年生存率约40%。高发病国家最常见发病部位是左结肠和直肠,而右结肠癌则在低发病国家较常见。约5%的结直肠癌是真基因性疾病,通过常染色体遗传。但大部分结直肠癌发病是分散的,并主要受环境因素尤其是饮食的影响,基因因素与饮食之间存潜在的相互影响。西方国家约70%-80%的左结肠、直肠癌遵循所谓的腺瘤-腺癌途径发展,而右结肠癌则较少见该途径。这点很重要,它为研究癌前病区,从病因学研究如病例对照和队列研究,到人干预试验…     

海洋贝类(牡蛎、扇贝、文蛤等)功能性食品的开发利用

主要阐述牡蛎提取物的抗癌、防老化等功能以及贝类多肽的生理活性 ,并介绍贝类保健饮料和功能性调味品的研制概况     

A scoping review and research synthesis on financing and regulating oral care in long-term care facilities

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00575.x A scoping review and research synthesis on financing and regulating oral care in long‐term care facilities Background: Oral health care for frail elders is grossly inadequate almost everywhere, and our knowledge of regulating and financing oral care in this context is unclear. Objective: This scoping study examined and summarised the published literature available and the gaps in knowledge about regulating and financing oral care in long‐term care (LTC) facilities. Methods: We limited the electronic search to reports on regulating and financing oral care, including reports, commentaries, reviews and policy statements on financing and regulating oral health‐related services. Results: The broad electronic search identified 1168 citations, which produced 42 references, including 26 pieces of grey literature for a total of 68 papers. Specific information was found on public and private funding of care and on difficulties regulating care because of professional segregation, difficulties assessing need for care, uncertainty on appropriateness of treatments and issues around scope of professional practice. A wide range of information along with 19 implications and 18 specific gaps in knowledge emerged relevant to financing and regulating oral healthcare services in LTC facilities. Conclusions: Effort has been given to enhancing oral care for frail elders, but there is little agreement on how the care should be regulated or financed within the LTC sector.     

Beyond health care reform: immigrants and the future of medicine

Abstract

I first discuss the fundamental responsibilities of physicians and relate them to an increasingly fragmented medical system made even more complex by government regulations. I focus on trust as a vital component in the doctor–patient relationship, and note the difficult conditions surrounding the treatment of poor and marginal populations. Subsequently, I sketch the elements of a new vision to extend medical services to neglected populations. In that pursuit, the part played by physicians is only as important as the willingness of neighbourhoods and communities to support health as a public good.     

仙人掌属植物的化学成分、药理作用及开发利用(综述)

本文从生物学特性、分布、化学成分及用途等方面,对国内外仙人掌属植物的研究进展进行综述,对该属植物开发、医药研究具有一定的参考价值。     

Structural violence and compassionate compatriots: immigrant health care in South Florida

Abstract

Based on more than twenty in-depth interviews with health care professionals in Miami-Dade County clinics and hospitals, this study explores immigrant access to health care. We focus on some of the debates that took place during the 2009–10 process of US health care reform, which uncovered a pervasive public fear that immigrants illegitimately access health care. This study found the opposite: immigrants in South Florida often avoid primary health care even when offered freely and legally. This is because of bewilderment about bureaucratic requirements, fear of deportation and bills, and cultural folkways. We present the former two barriers as forms of structural and symbolic violence. We conclude by describing South Florida's compassionate compatriots, as a means by which immigrants can be guided through the health care system.     

Oral health care and aspiration pneumonia in frail older people: a systematic literature review

Objective: To systematically review the literature on oral health care interventions in frail older people and the effect on the incidence of aspiration pneumonia. Background: Oral health care seems to play an important role in the prevention of aspiration pneumonia in frail older people. Methods: Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched for eligible intervention studies. Only publications with regard to hospitalized or institutionalized older people, who were not dependent on mechanical ventilation were eligible. Two authors independently assessed the publications for their methodological quality. Results: Five publications were included and reviewed. Two studies showed that improvement of oral health care diminished the risk of developing aspiration pneumonia and the risk of dying from aspiration pneumonia directly. The three studies remaining showed that adequate oral health care decreased the amount of potential respiratory pathogens and suggested a reduction in the risk of aspiration pneumonia by improving the swallowing reflex and cough reflex sensitivity. Conclusions: According to the results of the current systematic literature review oral health care, consisting of tooth brushing after each meal, cleaning dentures once a day, and professional oral health care once a week, seems the best intervention to reduce the incidence of aspiration pneumonia.     

Rethinking the deserving body: altruism,markets, and political action in health care provision

Abstract

I seek to understand two dimensions in the evolution and practices of medical institutions in the USA. First, I ask, how and why do medical organizations limit, suspend, or redirect profit-oriented functions to abide by principles of altruism and still survive in a competitive market economy? Reaching out to poor and immigrant populations entails non-economic factors, including the deployment of religious and humanitarian narratives. Conversely, the extent and character of legislative actions supporting philanthropic endeavours is closely related to mobilization at the grassroots level. I investigate the ways in which community organizations bring about changes to support practices that confound, at least to some extent, market expectations and underscore the significance of political action to secure health care services on behalf of low-income populations, including immigrants.     

Oral health promotion among older persons and their care providers in a nursing home facility

Objectives: To assess oral health status and oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of residents in an extended care facility and to assess the care providers’ oral health attitudes and knowledge. Methods: Participants included 137 residents (58.1% female, age range 32–94 years, 91% African–American) and 22 care providers. Residents received an oral examination and completed the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14), an OHRQoL questionnaire. Care providers completed an oral health knowledge (OHK) questionnaire before and after the on‐site geriatric oral health education and training programme. Results: Oral examinations showed that 58% of the residents had extensive oral health needs. On the OHIP‐14, the mean severity was 9.2 (SD = 12.0), extent (number of items rated as ‘fairly often’ or ‘often’) was 1.2 (SD = 2.6) and prevalence (participants rating at least one item at least ‘fairly often’) was 37.8%. Most prevalent negative impact items were about ‘oral pain’, ‘appearance’ and ‘self‐consciousness’. Regarding OHK, caregivers’ knowledge improved following instruction from 65% correct on the pre‐test to 90% correct on the post‐test (p < 0.05). Subsequent to the eight in‐service workshops, providers reported that physical limitations, fear of getting bitten and time constraints were barriers to providing oral hygiene to their residents. Conclusion: Examination data showed a high level of dental needs among the majority of residents, accompanied by significantly reduced OHRQoL. Although care providers’ OHK improved following the geriatric service programme, they reported specific barriers regarding their provision of oral hygiene care to the residents.     

Measuring and improving the quality of mental health care: a global perspective

Mental disorders are common worldwide, yet the quality of care for these disorders has not increased to the same extent as that for physical conditions. In this paper, we present a framework for promoting quality measurement as a tool for improving quality of mental health care. We identify key barriers to this effort, including lack of standardized information technology‐based data sources, limited scientific evidence for mental health quality measures, lack of provider training and support, and cultural barriers to integrating mental health care within general health environments. We describe several innovations that are underway worldwide which can mitigate these barriers. Based on these experiences, we offer several recommendations for improving quality of mental health care. Health care payers and providers will need a portfolio of validated measures of patient‐centered outcomes across a spectrum of conditions. Common data elements will have to be developed and embedded within existing electronic health records and other information technology tools. Mental health outcomes will need to be assessed more routinely, and measurement‐based care should become part of the overall culture of the mental health care system. Health care systems will need a valid way to stratify quality measures, in order to address potential gaps among subpopulations and identify groups in most need of quality improvement. Much more attention should be devoted to workforce training in and capacity for quality improvement. The field of mental health quality improvement is a team sport, requiring coordination across different providers, involvement of consumer advocates, and leveraging of resources and incentives from health care payers and systems.     

Mental health care for older adults: recent advances and new directions in clinical practice and research

The world''s population is aging, bringing about an ever‐greater burden of mental disorders in older adults. Given multimorbidities, the mental health care of these people and their family caregivers is labor‐intensive. At the same time, ageism is a big problem for older people, with and without mental disorders. Positive elements of aging, such as resilience, wisdom and prosocial behaviors, need to be highlighted and promoted, both to combat stigma and to help protect and improve mental health in older adults. The positive psychiatry of aging is not an oxymoron, but a scientific construct strongly informed by research evidence. We champion a broader concept of geriatric psychiatry – one that encompasses health as well as illness. In the present paper, we address these issues in the context of four disorders that are the greatest source of years lived with disability: neurocognitive disorders, major depression, schizophrenia, and substance use disorders. We emphasize the need for implementation of multidisciplinary team care, with comprehensive assessment, clinical management, intensive outreach, and coordination of mental, physical and social health services. We also underscore the need for further research into moderators and mediators of treatment response variability. Because optimal care of older adults with mental disorders is both patient‐focused and family‐centered, we call for further research into enhancing the well‐being of family caregivers. To optimize both the safety and efficacy of pharmacotherapy, further attention to metabolic, cardiovascular and neurological tolerability is much needed, together with further development and testing of medications that reduce the risk for suicide. At the same time, we also address positive aging and normal cognitive aging, both as an antidote to ageism and as a catalyst for change in the way we think about aging per se and late‐life mental disorders more specifically. It is in this context that we provide directions for future clinical care and research.