竹叶黄酮与VC、VE复配对冷却猪肉品质的影响

以竹叶黄酮与VC、VE复配对冷却猪肉进行保鲜研究.在感官模糊综合评定基础上,通过L9(33)正交试验优化配比,并测定冷藏期间猪肉肉色、滴水损失、pH值、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和丙二醛(MDA)含量变化.结果表明:浓度为0.15％竹叶黄酮,0.20％ VC,0.10％ VE复配时对冷却猪肉保鲜效果良好.冷藏9d时,猪肉a*(红度)、b*(黄度)和pH值与对照组之间差异显著(P＜0.05),其感官质量明显优于对照组;冷藏12 d时,肉样的MDA、TVB-N值分别为0.40 nmol/mg·PROT、11.72 mg/100 g,显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).竹叶黄酮复配剂能延长冷却肉货架期,提高了其保鲜效果.     

第35届国际肉类科学技术会议论文题录

<正>第一部分 评定肉和胴体质量的方法1.1 用于测猪肌肉质量的色度反射仪的评定(加拿大)1.2 在现场条件下使用肉色度探针对PSE猪肉进行检测(加拿大)1.3 不同年龄的猪屠宰后pH值下降速度以及测肌肉pH值时所用的两种方法的比较(芬兰)1.4 在生产线上测量猪肉内部色度的装置     

宰后不同贮藏温度和时间对猪肉色泽变化的影响

试验比较研究了宰后不同贮藏温度和时间对注水猪肉和未注水猪肉色泽变化的影响。从猪屠宰场选取宰杀后的注水猪、未注水猪各6头,选取后腿肉,经简易包装后分别在室温(20～25℃)和冷藏(0～4℃)下0、12、24、36、48、60、72h时测定肉色。结果表明,室温下,注水肉和未注水肉的L*、a*、b*、ΔEab*变化趋势一致,注水肉在48h、非注水肉在12h的肉色(ΔEab*)与其他时间点存在显著差异(p<0.05)。冷藏下L*、b*变化一致,a*、ΔEab*变化不一致,注水肉各时间点差异不显著,未注水肉在0h的肉色与其他时间点存在显著差异(p<0.05)。正常肉在销售过程中,室温贮藏时间最好不超过12h,否则会影响销售,而冷藏肉色在72h内不会影响销售。     

宰后成熟过程中冷却牛肉、猪肉色泽和嫩度的变化

本实验比较研究了冷却牛肉和猪肉在宰后120h内色泽和剪切力的变化.分别从牛屠宰厂和猪屠宰厂选取牛、猪各4头,按规范工艺屠宰后取背最长肌,分切成8个肉块,经简易包装后在0～4℃下18、48、96、120h,之后测定肉色、剪切力值及其他相关指标.结果表明,牛肉和猪肉的pH值、肉色(L*、a*、b*)、水分含量、剪切力值等指标存在显著差异(p<0.05).随着成熟时间延长,亮度增加、红度下降、剪切力下降;宰后120h内,猪肉嫩度的变化比牛肉更明显.     

高铁肌红蛋白含量和高铁肌红蛋白还原酶活性与冷鲜肉肉色稳定性关系的研究

以皖白Ⅲ背最长肌和腰大肌为研究对象,研究了冷藏1～9d肉样肉色稳定性与高铁肌红蛋白含量和其还原酶活性的关系.结果表明,腰大肌亮度(L*值,P＜0.01)极显著低于背最长肌,而红度(a*值,P＜0.05)显著高于背最长肌;a*值随储藏期延长呈下降趋势,L*值和b*值呈整体上升趋势;三者表明储存期越长,肉色将越暗.a*值与高铁肌红蛋白含量呈弱负相关性;而与还原酶活性呈中等程度正相关,其中3、5、7d二者正相关达到显著性水甲(p＜0.05).根据研究结果建议冷鲜肉储藏期不宜超过5d.     

转谷氨酰胺酶改善PSE 猪肉西式香肠质构特性的研究

探讨转谷氨酰胺酶(transglutaminase,TG)及处理工艺对PSE 猪肉香肠质构特性的影响。测定在不同TG 质量分数、TG 处理时间、加热方式的条件下PSE 肉和正常肉(red,firm and non-exudative,RFN)肉糜蒸煮损失、凝胶强度和色度指标。结果表明：添加0.3% 的TG 可显著提高香肠的凝胶强度,但蒸煮损失也会增加;4℃条件下TG 处理的时间以2h 为宜;在20℃热水中升温加热比在75℃热水中直接加热所形成的凝胶强度大、蒸煮损失小;TG 质量分数和处理时间对凝胶色泽无显著影响,加热方式对凝胶的亮度(L*)和红度(a*)有显著影响。TG 处理可促进猪肉蛋白质的交联,改善PSE 猪肉西式香肠的质构品质。     

注射水和氯化钙溶液对宰后猪肉肉色及其稳定性的影响

目的：探讨注射水和氯化钙溶液对宰后冷藏期间猪背最长肌肉色及其稳定性的影响。方法：猪背最长肌于宰后1.5h注射肉质量分数5%的水和200mmol/L氯化钙溶液,分别测定其冷藏期间肉色a*值、总色素含量、高铁肌红蛋白(MetMb)相对百分含量、MetMb还原酶活性等指标。结果：注射氯化钙溶液能降低肉中a*值、总色素含量、MetMb还原酶活性和乳酸脱氢酶-B(LDH-B)活性,增加MetMb相对百分含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量。注水能降低肉中总色素含量和MetMb还原酶活性,增加MetMb相对百分含量。结论：注射水和氯化钙溶液均能降低宰后冷藏期间猪背最长肌中总色素含量,增加MetMb相对百分含量,从而加快猪背最长肌的褪色,不利于其冷藏期间新鲜肉色的维持。     

多源复合天然保鲜剂对冷却猪肉的保鲜效果

为寻求安全、有效的纯天然复合保鲜液,保证冷却猪肉货架期的品质,将6%(质量分数)的丁香与桂皮提取液各12.5mL与壳聚糖5g、蜂胶1g、Nisin 0.75g、溶菌酶0.75g、茶多酚5g混合,配制成2%复合天然保鲜剂,浸泡冷却猪肉,真空包装,(4±1)℃低温冷藏。通过测定冷却猪肉在冷藏过程中的微生物指标、理化指标和肉色指标,考察复合保鲜剂对冷却猪肉的保鲜效果。试验同时设阳性对照(2%乳酸处理组)和阴性对照(无菌蒸馏水处理组)。试验结果表明,在同一贮藏期内2%复合天然保鲜剂和2%乳酸处理组的各项指标均优于无菌蒸馏水处理组,且以2%复合天然保鲜剂对冷却猪肉的保鲜效果最好;贮存3周时,2%保鲜剂处理组细菌总数的对数值[lg(cfu/mL)]6.58,pH6.5,TRA值0.30,TVB-N值16mg/100g,TBARS值0.05mg/100g,MMb含量60%和汁液流失率0.06%,肉色暗红,风味较好,达到保鲜目标要求。     

宰后成熟过程中猪肉色泽变化研究

研究了正常未注水猪肉和注水猪肉在室温(25℃)和冷藏(4℃)条件下色泽(L*、a*、b*、ΔE*)的变化,在宰后成熟过程中(0,12,24,36,48,60,72 h)进行测定。结果表明:在试验时间范围内,正常肉和注水肉在室温和冷藏下L*值均下降(p<0.01);未注水肉红度值(a*)变化不明显,注水肉显著升高(p<0.05);未注水肉黄度值(b*)先上升后下降(p<0.01),而注水肉黄度值(b*)上升(p<0.01);ΔE*值无论注水与否室温下差异显著,冷藏不显著。     

溶液环境对PSE猪肉肌原纤维蛋白溶解度及热诱导凝胶强度的影响

以正常猪肉和PSE 猪肉背最长肌为材料,采用分光光度法、物性测定法和SDS-PAGE 凝胶电泳法研究pH值、NaCl 浓度和三聚磷酸钠(TPP)浓度对肌原纤维蛋白溶解度和凝胶强度的影响。结果表明：pH 值、NaCl 浓度和三聚磷酸钠浓度对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白质的溶解性和凝胶强度均有显著影响(P ＜ 0.05),改善体系环境、提高蛋白质溶解度可提高PSE 肉凝胶功能特性。     

Discoloration of Fresh Pork as Related to Muscle and Display Conditions

Pale, soft, exudative (PSE), normal, and dark, firm, dry (DFD) pork was held 7 days at 4°C under light or dark then color was evaluated instrumentally and visually. Change in reflectance (R630-R580) was used to estimate color changes due to oxymyoglobin. PSE pork was lighter (high L*) than normal and DFD pork, but did not change over time. An increase in a* and R630-R580 occurred the first day for normal and DFD, but not for PSE samples. A subsequent increase in hue angle and decrease in R630-R580 (loss of redness) occurred in PSE and normal, but not in DFD samples. Changes in hue angle and R630-R580 were more rapid in PSE than in normal samples. Light exposure accelerated all changes except L*. Visual redness inversely correlated with L* value.     

Effect of ionizing radiation on quality characteristics of vacuum-packaged normal,pale–soft–exudative,and dark–firm–dry pork

Normal, pale–soft–exudative (PSE), and dark–firm–dry (DFD) pork Longissimus dorsi muscles were vacuum-packaged, irradiated at 0, 2.5 or 4.5 kGy, and stored at 4 °C for 10 days. The pH, color and lipid oxidation of pork were determined at 0, 5 and 10 days of storage. Volatile production from pork loins was determined at Day 0 and Day 10, and sensory characteristics at Day 7 of storage. Irradiation increased the redness of vacuum-packaged normal, PSE and DFD pork. However, the 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values of three types of pork were not influenced by irradiation and storage time. Irradiation increased the production of sulfur (S)-containing volatile compounds, such as mercaptomethane, dimethyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, methyl thioacetate, and dimethyl disulfide, as well as total volatiles in all three types of pork. Normal pork produced higher levels of total and S-containing volatile compounds than the PSE and DFD pork did. The volatiles produced by irradiation were retained in the vacuum packaging bag during storage. Although the odor preference for the three meat types of pork was not different, the panelists could distinguish irradiated meat from the non-irradiated. Industrial relevance: Several US meat companies have already started test-marketing irradiated meat products. Irradiation and the subsequent storage of pork improved the color of PSE and DFD pork, and showed generally similar effects on the production of volatiles, except that there appeared to be a lower level of S-volatiles in the PSE than in the other two samples. This indicated that irradiation can increase the utilization of low-quality pork (PSE and DFD). DFD pork, in particular, which has shorter shelf-life than the others, could benefit the most from irradiation because the shelf-life of DFD meat can be extended significantly by both the methods of vacuum packaging and irradiation.     

Lipid Oxidation, Color, Volatiles, and Sensory Characteristics of Aerobically Packaged and Irradiated Pork with Different Ultimate pH

ABSTRACT: Irradiation and storage increased lipid oxidation of normal and pale-soft-exudative (PSE) muscles, whereas dark-firm-dry (DFD) muscle was very stable and resistant to oxidative changes. Irradiation increased redness regardless of pork-quality type, and the increases were proportional to irradiation dose. Irradiation increased the production of sulfur-containing volatiles, but not lipid oxidation products. The total volatiles produced in normal and PSE pork were higher than the DFD pork. Some volatiles produced in meat by irradiation evaporated during storage under aerobic packaging conditions. Nonirradiated normal and DFD pork had higher odor preference scores than the nonirradiated PSE, but irradiation reduced the preference scores of all 3 pork-quality types.     

EFFECTS OF INJECTION OF A DILUTE PHOSPHATE-SALT SOLUTION ON PORK CHARACTERISTICS FROM PSE, NORMAL AND DFD CARCASSES

Phosphate-salt pump effects were evaluated on sensory characteristics of pale, soft, exudative (PSE) pork, normal and dark, firm and dry (DFD) pork. Water-holding capacity, instrumental color (L*, a*, b*), pH, and muscle color scores were determined at 24 h postmortem on pork loin pairs (n=21 pairs). Based on color score, paired loins were assigned to PSE, normal or dark, firm, dry groups. PSE muscles were lighter, redder and more yellow than normal or DFD muscles; hue angle indicated that DFD muscles were actually closer to the true red axis of the CIE Lab Color Space. Drip and purge losses were higher (p<0.05) in PSE muscles. Paired loins were pumped with water (controls) or 0.3% tripolyphosphate solution (0.25% salt) to 110% of original weight, vacuum packaged, frozen, cut into chops, and cooked to 70 or 80C. Phosphate-salt pumped loins were juicier and more tender (p<0.05) than water-pumped loins regardless of muscle condition. Loins cooked to 70C were juicier, were more tender (sensory) but required more force to shear than those cooked to 80C.     

Variations in Rate of Water Loss as Related to Different Types of Post-rigor Porcine Musculature During Storage

The changes in percent drip loss (PDL), total water content, and shrinkage at different postmortem (PM) stages were examined in four pork quality classes: pale, soft, exudative (PSE); reddish-pink, soft, exudative (RSE); reddish-pink, firm, non-exudative (RFN); and dark, firm, dry (DFD). The PDL of PSE and RSE samples rapidly decreased with time, whereas those of RFN and DFD did not. Although the PDL of RSE showed a decrease (p < 0.05) with time, the percentage of total water did not change. Large pieces of loin exhibited less shrink than smaller pieces. These results indicated that water-holding capacity, as expressed by shrinkage, improved at extended PM times.     

皮质醇激素和血液生化指标变化对猪肉劣质肉的指示作用

为寻找猪肉劣质肉的指示指标,比较了不同质量猪肉对应皮质醇激素和血液生化指标的变化。结果表明,劣质肉中白肌肉(PSE)对应生猪血糖浓度显著高于正常肉(RFN)(P<0.05),劣质肉中黑干肉(DFD)对应生猪皮质醇浓度显著高于RFN肉(P<0.05)。说明血糖可作为劣质肉中PSE肉的重要指示指标,当宰前血糖浓度达到(17.21±3.12)mol/L时,可能产PSE肉;皮质醇可作为劣质肉中DFD肉的重要指示指标,当宰前皮质醇浓度达到(512.70±49.9)nmol/L时,可能产生DFD肉。     

Use of visible spectroscopy to assess colour development during ageing of fresh pork from different quality classes

The objective of this research was to study the entire visible spectra evolution during meat ageing in different pork meat quality classes (PSE, DFD and RFN). The potential use of the visible spectra for discriminating low meat quality classes during the 24 hours postmortem (hpm) was also analysed. For these purposes, 26 pork loins were used: 3 PSE (pale, soft and exudative), 3 DFD (dark, firm and dry) and 20 RFN (red, firm and non‐exudative). At 12, 24, 48 h and 7 days postmortem, reflectance spectra (400–700 nm) were obtained by a spectrocolorimeter Minolta CM‐3600D after one and a half hour of blooming time. It was demonstrated that the ageing time has an influence in colour parameters and in blooming ability of RFN loins. The evolution of visible spectra was influenced by ageing time in PSE and RFN loins, while the visible spectra of DFD loins showed no variation with postmortem time. The results showed the possibility of separating PSE meats from the other classes by using visible reflectance spectra at 24 hpm.     

Metmyoglobin Reducing Capacity of Fresh Normal, PSE, and DFD Pork During Retail Display

Fresh pale, soft, exudative (PSE), dark, firm, dry (DFD), and normal pork were stored under light or dark conditions at 4°C for 7 days. Sample pH, metmyoglobin reductase activity, oxygen consumption rate, and relative surface metmyoglobin and oxymyoglobin contents were determined. DFD pork had the highest metmyoglobin reductase activity and oxygen consumption rate. Enzyme activity of PSE was lower than that of normal pork, but no difference existed in oxygen consumption rate between PSE and normal samples. Metmyoglobin reductase activity dropped slowly during meat storage; oxygen consumption rate sharply decreased during the first day of storage. Both metmyoglobin reductase activity and oxygen consumption rate declined more rapidly in the light. Results can help develop guidelines for display and packaging of pork.     

A simple,reliable and reproductive method to obtain experimental pale,soft and exudative (PSE) pork

The inferior quality and economic risk of pale, soft and exudative (PSE) pork warrant continuing research. However, such research efforts are often hindered by the challenge to obtain reliable PSE muscle samples with similar quality characteristics. The objective of this study was to establish a reliable and convenient method to produce PSE-like pork. A PSE condition was induced by incubation of 30-min postmortem Longissimus muscle at 35 °C for 7 h followed by chilling to 4 °C. Compared to normal red, firm and non-exudative (RFN) pork (kept at 4 °C), PSE muscle had consistently lower pH_2h (5.46 vs. 5.74) and pH_4h (5.35 vs. 5.52), higher L* (lightness) value (56.5 vs. 51.0), and reduced protein solubility and thermal stability (enthalpy and temperature) than RFN muscle (P < 0.05). The highly reproducible results indicate that incubation of muscle immediately postmortem at 35 °C offers a simple and consistent method to produce PSE pork.     

Effects of pork muscle quality on bacterial growth and retail case life

The effects of muscle quality (PSE, normal, DFD) upon the bacteriology and retail case life of pork chops were determined. Pork loin chops were processed from boneless backs after 90 days of frozen storage at -30°C. Variation in bacterial numbers was due to a highly significant (p < 0·001) storage time by muscle quality interaction. During simulated retail display, total psychrotrophs, Pseudomonas spp., Brochothrix thermosphacta and Enterobacteriaceae were lowest on PSE pork and highest on DFD pork in comparison to normal pork. Differences in bacterial densities were due to a longer lag phase in PSE pork and a shorter lag phase in DFD pork than in normal pork. Of the three muscle quality groups, DFD was most susceptible to the development of spoilage odours, while PSE pork was most sensitive to deterioration in appearance.