季风常绿阔叶林土壤种子库的恢复动态

通过对云南普洱地区季风常绿阔叶林原始林、恢复15年及30年群落的野外调查及土壤种子库的萌发试验,探讨其土壤种子库的基本特征、变化规律及与地上植被的关系。结果表明:试验中共有1667粒种子萌发,分属30科65属76种;恢复15年群落土壤种子库密度最高,每m2达(361±69.87)粒,原始林次之,为(142.5±27.5)粒,恢复30年群落最低,为(108.33±30.01)粒;恢复30年群落土壤种子库多样性最高。种子生存策略与群落结构是土壤种子库物种组成变化的主要原因,3种群落类型土壤种子库生活型主要由草本植物组成,恢复15年群落中1年生草本植物种子密度要显著高于恢复30年群落。恢复15年与30年群落土壤种子库与地上植被相似性系数要高于原始林群落;草本层对土壤种子库物种组成的影响要高于乔木层,幼苗库物种组成则与乔木层联系更加紧密。     

湖南近自然森林经营主要林分类型土壤种子库特征研究

采用野外取样与种子萌发相结合的方法对湖南近自然森林经营主要林分类型(杉木、马尾松林)土壤种子库特征进行了研究。结果表明,杉木林土壤种子库主要由16种植物组成,其物种组成以草本为主,马尾松林20种,其种子库组成包括乔、灌、草生活型的物种。地上植被作为土壤种子库中种子来源,与种子库物种组成具有较高的相似性。种子库萌发过程呈现先草本植物种子萌发后木本植物的现象。杉木林、马尾松林土壤种子库密度具有一定相似性,杉木林、马尾松林最大值均出现在0~10 cm土壤层,分别为434.7粒/m2、523.6粒/m2。杉木林、马尾松林土壤种子库Margalef丰富度指数在10~20 cm土壤层中最低,最大值均出现在0~10cm土壤层中。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数存在一定差异,在10~20 cm土壤层中,杉木林多样性指数为1.56,而马尾松林为1.34,为各层取样中多样性指数最低值。杉木林多样性指数最低值出现在枯枝落叶层,为0.70,多样性指数最高值均出现在0~10 cm土壤层中,分别为1.72、2.01。马尾松林土壤种子库在数量及质量上高于杉木林土壤种子库,马尾松林已逐渐演变为以马尾松占优势,青冈栎、香樟等乔木伴生的次生林,具有一定的林分自然更新能力。     

大兴安岭干旱阳坡各退化阶段土壤种子库研究

通过对大兴安岭地区阳坡草丛、阳坡灌草丛、阳坡蒙古栎林、阴坡次生林等4个立地类型土壤种子库萌发实验数据统计分析,结果表明:萌发实验显示各退化阶段的土壤种子密度均较低(275~977粒·m-2),优势科以菊科、蔷薇科等草本为主;种子库与地上植被相似性表现为阳坡草丛阳坡灌草丛阳坡蒙古栎林阴坡次生林;各植被类型之间,阳坡草丛与阳坡蒙古栎林土壤种子库相似性最高,干旱阳坡和阴坡次生林土壤种子库相似性相对较低;土壤种子库密度与土壤指标没有明显关系。     

长白山杨桦次生林采伐林隙种子库特征

研究长白山杨桦次生林不同大小采伐林隙的土壤种子库特征.结果表明:杨桦次生林非林隙林分中种子库储量远高于林隙,但多样性比林隙低;不同大小林隙内的种子库储量差异显著,其中50～100 m2大小的林隙内种子库储量最大;随林隙形成时间的延长,林隙内的种子库储量减少,但多样性有所增加;林隙内不同部位间的种子库储量变化较大,且丰富度大小同个体密度大小的变化不一致;种子库中优势种突出,水曲柳、紫椴、山槐与色木槭4个树种的种子数量占种子总量的74.3%以上;地表凋落物层对种子落入土壤有明显的阻滞作用;在林隙形成初期,种子库的组成及数量主要由腐殖质层种子库决定,但随时间的推移枯枝落叶层种子库对整个种子库的贡献越来越大;林隙内土壤种子库同地上更新幼苗相似性不大.     

滇西北亚高山地区落叶松-高山栎混交林土壤种子库初步研究

采用随机取样的方法,对滇西北高山地区落叶松-高山栎针阔混交林的土壤种子库进行了研究。结果表明:亚高山地区落叶松-高山栎针阔混交林土壤种子库由分属9科17属的18种植物的种子组成,种子密度343粒/m2,其中75%的种子分布在0~5 cm的土层中。土壤种子库的物种组成与其地上植被物种组成相关不明显,相关系数仅为0.042 6。其树木群落种子雨由云杉、白桦和高山松等5个树种组成,密度为3 520粒/m2,发生时间集中在每年的9~11月。     

马占相思人工林土壤种子库和地上天然植被关系研究

通过土壤种子库培育试验研究,探讨了海南省尖峰岭马占相思人工林的土壤种子库与地上植被的关系。结果表明：（1）马占相思人工林的土壤种子库中种子的垂直分布特征是0～5cm土层>5cm～10cm土层>枯枝落叶层,枯枝落叶层特别少;（2）土壤种子库乔灌木植物种类并不丰富,与地上植被的相似性很低,共有种中以先锋种（包括长寿命先锋种）为主;（3）土壤种子库与幼苗库（即H<1.5m植被）和成幼年树（H≥1.5m植被）的相似性差异不大,表明着土壤种子库与地上天然植被的相似性将随着群落演替而变化不大。     

香格里拉亚高山大果红杉—高山栎群落种子雨与土壤种子库研究

采用随机取样的方法对香格里拉亚高山大果红杉、高山栎群落的种子雨和土壤种子库进行分析研究,结果表明,群落的种子雨由5个主要组成树种的种子组成,发生在每年的9~11月,强度为3 520粒/m2.土壤种子库由分属9科15属的17种植物组成,主要以多年生草本为主,且大约75%的种子均分布在较浅的土层.土壤种子库的物种组成与地上植被物种组成的相似性系数仅为0.042 6,表明土壤种子库与地上植被的相关性不明显.     

火干扰强度对兴安落叶松林物种组成及多样性的影响

以大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松林为研究对象,采用群落调查方法,分析不同火强度对大兴安岭地区落叶松林物种组成及物种多样性的影响。结果表明,重度火干扰对兴安落叶松林物种组成影响较大,火烧迹地的演替从喜光、耐旱的草本及灌木开始,形成以草本层占主要优势的白桦灌草林群落;中度火干扰保留了少量的兴安落叶松,白桦萌条形成更新层和演替层,促进森林群落由针叶林向针阔混交林演替的过程;轻度火干扰不能改变原有的树种组成,林分群落结构变化只是在灌木层和草本层中一些物种的更替。随着火干扰强度的增加,落叶松林物种多样性指数和均匀度而呈现线性下降趋势,优势度呈现乘幂性上升趋势。     

兰坪铅锌矿区植被恢复初期土壤种子库的季节动态

通过萌发实验的方法对兰坪铅锌矿区3种尾矿恢复初期的植物群落(以下简称恢复群落,包括魁蒿群落、马桑灌丛、草地早熟禾人工草地)和1种对照群落(云南松林)土壤种子库的季节变化进行比较研究,结果显示:各群落雨季末期土壤种子库储量均高于旱季末期,其中,3种恢复群落种子库储量季节变化显著(p0.05),对照群落季节变化不显著(p0.05);各群落雨季末期土壤种子库物种多样性均高于旱季末期,3种恢复群落物种多样性均低于相应对照群落;各群落土壤种子的垂直分布均为上层中层下层;各群落土壤种子库优势种季节变化均较大,一些优势种仅出现于雨季末期或旱季末期;3种恢复群落2个季节土壤种子库的相似性指数高于对照群落。     

甘肃兴隆山主要森林类型凋落物累积量及其影响因子

[目的]为了阐明森林凋落物累积量与主要影响因子的关系。[方法]2013-2014年,采用时空互代法和标准样地调查法,研究了兴隆山山杨-白桦-青杄林演替过程中山杨-白桦-青杄中龄林、青杄中龄林和青杄近熟林3种森林群落凋落物累积量及其主要影响因子。[结果]表明:1)随森林正向演替的进行,森林凋落物层厚度和总累积量先减小后增加,3种森林群落凋落物层厚度均值依次为5.26、5.03和5.59 cm,总累积量均值依次为57.08、51.44、56.34 t·hm^-2; 2)随海拔高度的升高,青杄近熟林凋落物总累积量不断增加,海拔2300、2400和2500 m均值依次为48.56、55.93和64.55 t·hm^-2;林分密度大的、坡度小的青杄中龄林凋落物总累积量较大,林分密度为2133、1705和1065株·hm^-2的均值依次为49.87、48.59和45.36 t·hm^-2,坡度为22°、32°和41°的均值依次为58.35、49.90和48.59 t·hm^-2; 3)凋落物未分解层与林分胸径、树高、针叶树密度呈显著相关性。[结论]森林凋落物累积量影响因子较多,其大小是众多因子共同作用的结果。在林分和立地因子中,海拔影响较为明显,随海拔高度的升高而不断增加;林分密度、坡度等因子均有影响,但作用不明显;林分胸径、树高、针叶树密度与未分解层累积量呈显著负相关性,而与已分解层呈显著正相关性。     

Soil seed banks in four 22-year-old plantations in South China: Implications for restoration

To better understand the potentials of the soil seed banks in facilitating succession towards a more natural forest of native tree species, we quantified the size and composition of the soil seed banks in established plantations in South China. The seed banks were from four typical 22-year-old plantations, i.e., legume, mixed-conifer, mixed-native, and Eucalyptus overstory species. Species diversity in the seed banks was low, and the vegetation species differed from those found in the seed bank in each plantation. A total of 1211 seedlings belonging to eight species emerged in a seedling germination assay, among which Cyrtococcum patens was most abundant. All species detected were shrubs and herbs, and no viable indigenous tree seeds were found in soil samples. Size and species composition of the seed banks might be related to the overstory species compositions of the established plantations. The seed bank density in soils was highest in the mixed-conifer plantation followed by Eucalyptus, mixed-native, and legume plantations. Species richness among the seed banks of plantations was ranked as follows: Eucalyptus > mixed-conifer > mixed-native = legume. The results indicated that the soil seed banks of the current plantations are ineffective in regenerating the former communities after human disturbances. Particularly, the absence of indigenous tree species seeds in the seed banks would limit regeneration and probably contribute to arrested succession at the pioneer community stage. It would appear from these data that the soil seed banks under the current plantations should not be considered as a useful tool leading the succession to more natural stages. Introduction of target indigenous species by artificial seeding or seedling planting should be considered to accelerate forest regeneration.     

Mangrove community recovery potential after catastrophic disturbances in Bangladesh

The objective of this study was to compare the variation in the soil seed banks and the aboveground vegetation in relation to three habitats, i.e., swamp forests, grassland and sand dunes within the Sundarbans mangrove forests of Bangladesh. We collected vegetation data (species and their percentage cover) by using quadrat sampling: 10 m × 10 m for swamp forests and 5 m × 5 m for grassland and sand dunes. We estimated the density of viable seeds of species in the seed bank by counting germinants from soil cores in a germination chamber. Species richness and composition of both aboveground vegetation and the soil seed banks differed significantly among habitats. We identified a total of 23 species from the soil seed bank. Of these, two were true mangrove species and the remaining were non-mangrove species, including halophytic grasses, herbs and mangrove associate species. Our results confirm that mangrove species do not possess a persistent soil seed bank. The presence of high-density non-mangrove and associated mangrove species in the soil seed bank implies that after frequent catastrophic disturbances which limit incoming propagules from adjacent forest stand, large canopy gaps can easily become invaded by non-mangrove and mangrove associate species. This would result in the formation of a cover of non-mangrove species and cryptic ecological degradation in mangrove habitats. We suggest that forest managers should actively consider gap plantations with mangrove species in the large canopy gaps created after catastrophic disturbances to counteract the invasion of non-mangrove species and cryptic ecological degradation.     

尼加拉瓜废弃农田次生演替后的土壤种子库

定量分析了被废弃4年、9年和14年的农田地上派生的次生林土壤中种子组成和密度,从而检测在次生林演替形成过程中,土壤种子库是否能随着植物种群的集成而集成。分别在废弃了4年、9年和14年的农田地里（15cm&#215;15cm样方、9cm土层深）,掘取了18,37和48份土壤样品。在废弃了4,9和14年的农田地上,分别发现了3,5和9个物种。在这些不同的生命形态中,在9年和14年的迹地上,土壤种子树木占主要成分,分别为60%和33%,而4年废弃迹地主要被非木本植物所占领。三块废弃地里,4年废弃迹地植物种子的总数为327粒,相应可发育的种子密度为141粒/m2,14年废弃迹地种子的总数为46粒,相应的可发育种子的密度为26粒/m^2,指明种子数、种子密度随废弃地龄成下降趋势。在9年和14年龄废弃地上,土壤种子植物种类与立地木本植物种类的相似度较低,而4年龄地上两者比较则完全不同。我们认为：土壤种子库的物种构成是在次生演替过程中逐渐形成的,但是,所获得的总体种子密度太低,仅仅依赖于这些种子来实现树木自然再生是不可靠的。为了加快这些废弃地次生林的恢复,既要依靠自然集成的土壤种子库,还需要通过直播、所需物种的强化种植和设定人工生长环境以利于种子传播。     

Characteristics of soil seed bank in plantation forest in the rocky mountain region of Beijing, China

We investigated characteristics (scales and composition) of soil seed banks at eight study sites in the rocky mountain region of Beijing by seed identification and germination monitoring. We also surveyed the vegetation communities at the eight study sites to explore the role of soil seed banks in vegetation restoration. The storage capacity of soil seed banks at the eight sites ranked from 766.26 to 2461.92 seeds·m -2 . A total of 23 plant species were found in soil seed banks, of which 63 80% of seeds were herbs in various soil layers and 60% of seeds were located in the soil layer at 0 5cm depth. Biodiversity indices indicated clear differences in species diversity of soil seed banks among different plant communities. The species composition of aboveground vegetation showed low similarity with that based on soil seed banks. In the above- ground plant community, the afforestation tree species showed high importance values. The plant species originating from soil seed banks represented natural regeneration, which also showed relatively high importance values. This study suggests that in the rocky mountain region of Beijing the soil seed banks played a key role in the transformation from pure plantation forest to near-natural forest, promoting natural ecological processes, and the role of the seed banks in vegetation restoration was important to the improvement of ecological restoration methods.     

Native woody species regeneration in exotic tree plantations at Munessa-Shashemene Forest,southern Ethiopia

Regeneration of native woody species was studied in the plantations and the adjacent natural forest at Munessa-Shashemene Forest Project Area, Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that tree plantations foster regeneration of native woody species. A total of 60 plots, having 10 × 10 m area each, were studied in monoculture plantations of 4 exotic species (Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus globulus, E. saligna, Pinus patula) and an adjacent natural forest. Ages of the plantations ranged between 9 and 28 years. Soil seed bank analysis was also undertaken from soil samples collected in each of the 60 plots to examine the similarity between the soil seed flora and aboveground vegetation. A total of 56 naturally regenerated woody species were recorded beneath all plantation stands with densities ranging between 2300 and 18650 individuals / ha in different stands. There was a significant difference among plantation stands with regard to understorey density (standard deviation: 4836 ± 1341). Vegetation diversity was assessed through analyses of floristic composition, species richness and abundance. Generally, seedling populations were the most abundant components of the regeneration in most of the plantation stands, forming 68 % of the total regeneration count in all stands. A total of 77 plant species represented by 44 herbs, 13 woody species, 8 grasses and 12 unidentified species were recorded in the soil seed bank from all stands. Similarity between the soil seed bank and aboveground flora was very low implying that the role of soil seed banks is negligible rather dispersal plays an important role in the process of regeneration. These results support the concept that forest plantations can foster the regeneration of native woody species, thereby increasing biological diversity, provided that there are seed sources in the vicinity of the plantations.     

凉风坳亚热带次生常绿阔叶林土壤种子库和种子雨的特征研究

选择四川省沐川县凉风坳亚热带次生常绿阔叶林为研究对象,在2004年5月、2004年12月和2005年5月对其林下土壤种子库、种子雨以及种子天然萌发状况等方面进行系统调查及分析研究。结果显示,种子下落前后土壤种子库储量,变动为643.2～889.2粒.m-2,物种和种子密度多年生草本物种均占优势。天然林土壤种子库Shannon-Wiener指数均在2004年5月最大,2004年12月次之,2005年5月最小;Simpson指数却和Shannon-Wiener指数H＇的变化趋势相反;Pielou均匀度指数在2004年12月有所降低,此后又升高。种子均呈明显垂直分布,其中0～2 cm土层种子数量最多,其次是枯枝落叶层,其数量随着土层加深而降低。土壤种子库年输入活力种子142.3粒.m-2,年输出活力种子268.9粒.m-2,动物取食是造成种子损失的主要原因。对照人工林土壤种子库物种和密度均低于天然林地;种子库与地上植被物种相似性系数,人工林较高,而天然次生常绿阔叶林较低。     

云南蒋家沟流域不同海拔梯度土壤种子库特征

为了解云南蒋家沟流域土壤种子库在不同海拔梯度上的变化特征,明确种子库对植被垂直带谱的响应性机制及群落恢复潜力,选取蒋家沟流域8条海拔带[Ⅰ(2700~2900 m)、Ⅱ(2500~2700 m)、Ⅲ(2300~2500 m)、Ⅳ(2100~2300 m)、Ⅴ(1900~2100 m)、Ⅵ(1700~1900 m)、Ⅶ(1500~1700 m)、Ⅷ(1300~1500 m)]为研究对象,对其植物群落土壤种子库的数量特征、物种组成、物种多样性及种子库相似性进行研究。结果表明:Ⅲ、Ⅱ海拔带的平均物种数和种子密度显著高于Ⅶ、Ⅷ海拔带,土壤种子库种子密度与物种数量随海拔降低而逐渐减少;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ海拔带的Margalef丰富度指数(M)大于5.000,Ⅶ、Ⅷ海拔带M小于3.000。种子库萌发物种以菊科和禾本科草本植物为主,海拔2300 m以上以多年生草本植物占优势,海拔2100 m以下则以1年和2年生草本植物占优势。各海拔带物种分布均匀性较好,除Ⅵ海拔带外,其余海拔带Pielou均匀度指数(J)均大于0.900。Ⅲ海拔带的Simpson优势度指数(D)和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)最高,分别为0.942和3.006;Ⅶ海拔带的D和H最低,为0.810和1.720。除Ⅶ、Ⅷ海拔带以外,其余海拔带的土壤种子库均与临近海拔带种子库相似性最高,Sorensen相似性系数(CS)为0.400≤CS<0.550,且整体上表现为随海拔升高CS逐渐减小的趋势。蒋家沟流域植被群落土壤种子库的变化受海拔梯度的影响,与蒋家沟流域内气候的垂直地带分布具有一定的关系。     

Endozoochory by European bison influences the build-up of the soil seed bank in subcontinental coniferous forest

The faeces of large herbivores include viable seeds of many plant species. With dung decomposition, some seeds migrate into the soil and influence seed bank build-up. However, only a few papers report evidence of this process, and only from grasslands. In forest studies, this subject has so far been neglected. Therefore, I ask in this paper whether seeds present in the dung of European bison migrate to the forest soil seed bank and influence its build-up. I sampled soil from underneath European bison dung pats and from surrounding areas (control samples). Samples were divided into shallow (0–5 cm) and deep (5–10 cm) series. Soil seed bank content was studied in the greenhouse for 2 years. The shallow seed bank under dung pats was characterized by the highest species richness (49 species) and seed density (>2,000 m^?2). Urtica dioica, Juncus effusus and Carex remota showed a demonstrable increase in seed density in the shallow seed bank underneath dung. Three years after dung deposition, seeds of endozoochoric origin influenced the soil seed bank of coniferous forest. U. dioica, J. effusus, C. remota and other species of deciduous forests and grasslands (Agrostis capillaris, Milium effusum, Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum mite, Scrophularia nodosa, Stachys sylvatica, Veronica chamaedrys) caused an increase in seed density (by 61 %) and species richness (by 33 %) of the shallow soil seed bank underneath dung in comparison with the control soil seed bank.     

林木抗旱生理研究进展

从林木的表型特征、生理生化特性、抗旱分子生物学与抗旱基因表达3方面对国内外林木抗旱性研究进行综述。当前国内外学者对植物叶茎根的表形特征、渗透调节、光合生理、叶绿素荧光变化、活性氧代谢、植物激素的研究较多, 而对受干旱胁迫下林木的分子生物学与基因表达研究相对较少。最后提出了林木抗旱生理研究的主要评价方法、研究指标、研究方法与内容。随着技术的发展及相关研究的深入, 抗旱分子生物学与抗旱基因等方面的研究将成为林木抗旱生理方面的热点。     

Seedling emergence of Betula maximowicziana following human disturbance and the role of buried viable seeds

We observed seed rain and seedling emergence of a pioneer tree species, Betula maximowicziana Regel., for 5 years at various sites differing in canopy and soil surface conditions, and clarified that a buried seed bank contributed to the recruitment of B. maximowicziana seedlings. More seedlings emerged at sites where the soil surface had been disturbed than at sites where the soil surface had not been disturbed. Within each soil surface condition, the densities of the emerged seedlings were generally proportional to the densities of the seeds dispersed the previous year. However, the seedling densities were disproportionately higher than the dispersed seed densities at the sites where the soil surface had been disturbed in the previous year. Soil samples taken during different seasons indicated that B. maximowicziana maintained a persistent seed bank in the soil below 1 cm deep, while it formed a more transient seed bank in the top 1 cm of the soil. The seed rain in the previous year was the primary contributor to the establishment of B. maximowicziana seedlings in a year after a mast seed year. On the other hand, the soil seed bank had a compensational role in a year after a poor seed year. Canopy cover did not affect seedling emergence. Therefore, the previously reported lack of a persistent seedling bank of B. maximowicziana under a canopy will be partially attributed to a relatively rare soil surface disturbance in a stable stand.