牛心线粒体ATP酶抑制蛋白对酶的催化部位构象的影响

以标记在ＡＴＰ酶（Ｆ１）催化部位的ＴＮＰ－ＡＴＰ为荧光探针,比较测定了Ｆ１与其抑制蛋白（ＩＦ１）结合前后的ＴＮＰ－ＡＴＰ荧光光谱,荧光寿命和荧光偏振光谱,结果表明在ＩＦ１的作用下,酶分子催化部位的极性下降,ＴＮＰ－ＡＴＰ分子的自由度减小,提示ＩＦ１引起了Ｆ１催化部位的构象改变。     

牛心线粒体ATP酶与其抑制蛋白结合特性的研究

利用荧光偏振光谱和生物分子相互作用分析技术（ＢＩＡ）对线粒体ＡＴＰ酶（Ｆ１）与其抑制蛋白（ＩＦ１）的结合特性进行了研究。结果表明,在弱酸性条件下Ｍｇ－ＡＴＰ能够大大促进ＩＦ１与Ｆ１的结合,结合的ＩＦ１对Ｆ１－ＡＴＰ酶表现出最大的抑制活性。在弱酸性没有Ｍｇ－ＡＴＰ存在的条件下,ＩＦ１也可与Ｆ１发生一定量的结合（２０～３０％）,Ｆ１的水解活性也受到同等程度的抑制,ＩＦ１的抑制活性与ＩＦ１、Ｆ１的结合其间显示了密切的量效关系,提示在ＩＦ１与Ｆ１的作用过程中不存在无抑制活性的结合过渡态。Ｚｎ２＋能够抑制ＩＦ１组氨酸残基的质子化,从而阻断ＩＦ１与Ｆ１之间的结合反应     

铝和铝＋钙对小麦幼苗根尖质膜,液泡膜微囊ATP酶和膜流动性？…

研究了铝和铝＋＿钙对小麦功苗根尖质膜、液泡膜微囊Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶、Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶、Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性及共动力学参数和膜流动性的影响。在质膜和液泡膜微囊制剂中加入１．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＡＩ＾３＋（ＡＩＣＩ３）时,Ｈ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ囊制剂中加入１．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＡＩ＾３＋（ＡＩＣＩ３）时,Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶、Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶、Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活笥和酶促反应的Ｖｍａｘ及膜流动性下降,而酶     

H~＋－ATPase单位点水解过程中Fo构象的变化

利用Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶复合体（也称ＡＴＰ合成酶）中的Ｆｏ的色氨酸荧光,观察了复合体中Ｆ１结合ＡＴＰ或ＡＤＰ（酶蛋白与底物分子比为１：１）时,Ｆｏ的荧光猝灭常数的变化（用竹红菌乙作为膜区蛋白荧光的猝灭剂）结果表明Ｆ１结合ＡＴＰ或ＡＤＰ时Ｆｏ可得到不同的猝灭常数（Ｋｓｖ）,也就是Ｆｏ会产生不同的构象变化。加入二价金属离子起动ＡＴＰ水解反应结束后：ＡＴＰ＋Ｈ２Ｏ→ＡＤＰ＋Ｐｉ,这时可以在Ｆｏ观察到与ＡＤＰ加Ｍｇ２＋时相同猝灭常数Ｋｓｖ;用荧光强度随时间进程变化的实验可观察到Ｆ１水解过程中导致Ｆｏ构象变化的动力学过程。这些结果说明了Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶复合体ＡＴＰ合成的过程中Ｆ１与Ｆｏ之间存在着构象之间的通信与传递。     

玉米叶绿体atpB基因表达产物的特性及其抗体对CF_1功能的影响

利用大肠杆菌获得玉米叶绿体ａｔｐＢ融合基因及非融合基因的高效表达。从大肠杆菌中部分分离纯化得到的这些ａｔｐＢ基因表达产物都表现出微弱的水解ＡＴＰ的活力。由其中一种融合蛋白β_１制备得到的抗血清对菠菜叶绿休偶联因子的光合磷酸化功能影响不明显,对游离ＣＦ_１的Ｃａ~（２＋）－ＡＴＰ酶活力也无明显影响,但却能明显地促进它的Ｍｇ~（２＋－）ＡＴＰ酶活力。     

内皮素和ATP敏感性钾通道介导缺氧所致家兔窦房结起搏细胞的电生理效应

用细胞内微电极技术研究了ＡＴＰ－敏感性钾（Ｋ_（ＡＴＰ））通道和内皮素（ｅｎｄｏｔｈｅｌｉｎ,ＥＴ）在缺氧所致窦房结起搏细胞负性频率中的作用,主要结果如下：（１）缺氧引起窦房结起搏细胞的ＲＰＦ降低和ＡＰＤ缩短,这一效应随时间延长而加重。（２）Ｋ_（ＡＴＰ）通道开放剂ｃｒｏｍａｋａｌｉｍ浓度依赖性地对窦房结起搏细胞有负性频率作用,且明显缩短ＡＰＤ_（５０）。该通道的阻断剂格列苯脲能部分阻断缺氧对起搏细胞的上述效应,表明缺氧效应中有Ｋ_（ＡＴＰ）通道的参与。（３）ＥＴ－１可显著加重缺氧所致的ＲＰＦ降低,使起搏细胞停跳时间前移;而以ＥＴ_Ａ受体阻断剂ＢＱ－１２３预处理窦房结标本后,则能有效地缓解缺氧对起搏细胞的效应,提示内源性ＥＴ－１的释放在缺氧效应中的作用。上述结果表明,缺氧所致起搏细胞的负性频率作用和ＡＰＤ缩短,与Ｋ_（ＡＴＰ）通道的激活和内源性ＥＴ－１的释放有关。     

鼠脑突触体Mg^2＋—ATP酶质子泵活性的研究

位于突触体质膜的外向型（ｅｃｔｏ）Ｍｇ＾２－ＡＴＰ酶具有水解ＡＴＰ活性,能量偶联的ＡＣ－ＭＡ荧光淬灭实验表明Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶水解ＡＴＰ时向膜内转移质子,建立跨膜质子梯度,跨膜质子梯度可以被电中性Ｋ＾＋／Ｈ＾＋离子载体Ｎｉｇｅｒｉｃｉｎ消除,利用Ｈ＾＋敏感的ＢＣＥＣＦ荧光分子测定突触的ｐＨｉ变化,结果表明水解ＡＴＰ产生的质子转移突触体ｐＨｉ下降了光分子测定突触的ｐＨｉ变化,结果表示水解ＡＴＰ产生     

ATP合成酶的结合变化机制和旋转催化──1997年诺贝尔化学奖的部分工作介绍

保罗博耶（Ｐ．Ｄ．Ｂｏｙｅｒ）教授为阐明ＡＴＰ酶作用机制所提出的结合变化机制有两个基本要点：一是ＡＴＰ合成所需要的能量原则上是用于促进酶上紧密结合的ＡＴＰ的释放和无机磷、ＡＤＰ的结合;二是在净ＡＴＰ形成过程中,酶上的各催化部位是高度协同地顺序起作用的．γ亚基在Ｆ１ＡＴＰ酶中的旋转运动使三个催化部位构象不对称是实现结合变化的基础．高分辨率牛心线粒体Ｆ１ＡＴＰ酶的晶体结构发表以后,出现了一些支持旋转催化机制的直接实验证据     

V-ATP酶

在八十年代,Ａｎｒａｋｕ及其同事首次在酵母细胞的液泡膜上发现了一种运输质子的ＡＴＰ酶［１］。由于这种ＡＴＰ酶最早是在液泡中发现的,所以命名为液泡（ｖａｃｕｏｌａｒ）ＡＴＰ酶,简称Ｖ－ＡＴＰ酶。此后在各种动植物和真菌中陆续发现了这种ＡＴＰ酶。由此可见,...     

大肠杆菌精氨酰－tRNA合成酶变种ArgRS381KA的基本性质

本文研究了Ｌｙｓ３８１变为Ａｌａ的精氨酰－ｔＲＮＡ合成酶（ＡｒｇＲＳ）变种ＡｒｇＲＳ３８１ＫＡ的最适ｐＨ和稳态动力学性质;比较了此酶与天然酶ＡｒｇＲＳ的荧光光谱性质和热稳定性。实验结果表明ＡｒｇＲＳ３８１ＫＡ的氨酰化活力和ＡＴＰ￣ＰＰｉ交换活力的最适ｐＨ分别为８．０和７．０,与天然酶相同;ＡｒｇＲＳ３８１ＫＡ的氨酰化活力对精氨酸、ＡＴＰ和ｔＲＮＡＡｒｇ的Ｋｍ分别为１２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ、０．３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１．１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｖｍａｘ为１６０００Ｕ／ｍｇ,ｋｃａｔ为１６ｓ－１;ＡＴＰ￣ＰＰｉ交换活力对精氨酸、ＡＴＰ和ＰＰｉ的Ｋｍ分别为９２．９μｍｏｌ／Ｌ、０．８５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和８０．１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｖｍａｘ为２８０００～３００００Ｕ／ｍｇ,ｋｃａｔ为３２ｓ－１．ＡｒｇＲＳ３８１ＫＡ的荧光激发光谱和发射光谱与ＡｒｇＲＳ基本相同。热失活速度比天然酶慢。     

Regulatory role of the ATPase inhibitor protein on proton conduction by mitochondrial H+-ATPase complex

This study shows that the natural inhibitor protein of mitochondrial H+-ATPase complex (IF1) inhibits, in addition to the catalytic activity, the proton conductivity of the complex. The inhibition of ATPase activity by IF1 is less effective in the purified F1 than in submitochondrial particles where F1 is bound to F0. No inhibition of H+ conductivity by F0 is observed in F1-depleted particles.     

The binding mechanism of the yeast F1-ATPase inhibitory peptide: role of catalytic intermediates and enzyme turnover

The mechanism of inhibition of yeast mitochondrial F(1)-ATPase by its natural regulatory peptide, IF1, was investigated by correlating the rate of inhibition by IF1 with the nucleotide occupancy of the catalytic sites. Nucleotide occupancy of the catalytic sites was probed by fluorescence quenching of a tryptophan, which was engineered in the catalytic site (beta-Y345W). Fluorescence quenching of a beta-Trp(345) indicates that the binding of MgADP to F(1) can be described as 3 binding sites with dissociation constants of K(d)(1) = 10 +/- 2 nm, K(d2) = 0.22 +/- 0.03 microm, and K(d3) = 16.3 +/- 0.2 microm. In addition, the ATPase activity of the beta-Trp(345) enzyme followed simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a corresponding K(m) of 55 microm. Values for the K(d) for MgATP were estimated and indicate that the K(m) (55 microm) for ATP hydrolysis corresponds to filling the third catalytic site on F(1). IF1 binds very slowly to F(1)-ATPase depleted of nucleotides and under unisite conditions. The rate of inhibition by IF1 increased with increasing concentration of MgATP to about 50 mum, but decreased thereafter. The rate of inhibition was half-maximal at 5 microm MgATP, which is 10-fold lower than the K(m) for ATPase. The variations of the rate of IF1 binding are related to changes in the conformation of the IF1 binding site during the catalytic reaction cycle of ATP hydrolysis. A model is proposed that suggests that IF1 binds rapidly, but loosely to F(1) with two or three catalytic sites filled, and is then locked in the enzyme during catalytic hydrolysis of ATP.     

Inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase by water-soluble carbodiimide]

Modification of the carboxyl group with pK 6,8-7,0 of isolated factor F1 by N-cyclohexyl-N'-beta-(4-xethylmorpholine) ethylcarbodiimide (CMCD) leads to the inhibition of the ATPase activity of the enzyme. The reaction rate of factor F1 with CMCD drops in the presence of ATP. It has been shown that during the first stage of the reaction reversible binding of CMCD with factor F1 occurs, forming a stable "enzyme--inhibitor" complex (Kdis=2.10(-4) M). N-cyclohexyl-N'-beta-(4-methylmorpholine) ethylcarbamide, a close analog of CMCD, is a competitive inhibitor of the ATPase reaction with Ki=9.10(-4) M. It is assumed that the carboxyl group, which reacts with CMCD, is located in the catalytic site of factor F1 and serves as the ligand of Me2+ in binding the substrate of the ATPase reaction Me-ATP. The reaction of factor F1, which was modified by CMCD, with proflavine, is accompanied by the covalent binding of the fluorescent label to the enzyme. The binding of proflavine to factor F1 leads to a sharp drop in the solubility of the enzyme in water.     

Organotin-flavone complexes: a new class of fluorescent probes for F1F0ATPase.

Fluorescent 5-coordinate organotin-flavone complexes of 3-hydroxy-flavone (Hof) and 3,5,7,2',4',-pentahydroxyflavone (morin) are good inhibitors of mitochondrial F1F0ATPase but do not inhibit F1-ATPase and they have been examined as possible fluorescent probes of F1F0ATPase. R2SnX (morin) complexes exhibit low fluorescence enhancement on binding to mitochondrial membranes with no displacement by equimolar tributyltin. In contrast R2SnX (of) complexes exhibit high fluorescence enhancement whose extent is variable and is displacable by equimolar tributyltin. Fluorescence enhancement by R2SnX (of) complexes correlates with the ATPase I50 values. Dialkyltin-3-hydroxy flavone, R2SnX(of), complexes act as a new class of fluorescent probes which titrate the F0 segment of F1F0ATPase.     

The interaction of mitochondrial F1-ATPase with the natural ATPase inhibitor protein

The interaction of soluble mitochondrial ATPase from beef heart with the natural ATPase inhibitor was studied. It was found that the phosphorylation of small amounts of ADP by phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate kinase, and an ensuing catalytic cycle supports the binding of the inhibitor to the enzyme. The association of the inhibitor with F1-ATPase does not increase the content of ATP in the F1-ATPase-inhibitor complex. The inhibitor of catalytic activity bathophenanthroline-Fe2+ chelate prevents the interaction, while the association of the inhibitor with F1-ATPase is delayed if the reaction is carried out in 2H2O. The date indicate that a transient state involved in the catalytic cycle is the form of the enzyme that interacts with the inhibitor. The proton-motive force-induced dissociation of the inhibitor from particulate ATPase is prevented by bathophenanthroline-Fe2+ chelate and nitrobenzofurazan chloride, which indicates that a functional catalytic (beta) subunit is required for the proton-motive force-induced release of the inhibitor. The data suggest a direct involvement of catalytic (beta) subunit in the mechanism by which the F1-ATPase senses the proton-motive force.     

Functional role of soluble mitochondrial ATPase subunits.

A preparation of soluble mitochondrial ATPase (coupling factor F1) containing no gamma and delta minor subunits has been isolated. The minor-subunits-deficient F1 was found to be competent in ATP hydrolysis. However, it did not demonstrate a "coupling" effect in EDTA-submitochondrial particles. A portion of the ATPase activity of EDTA particles, stimulated by the minor-subunits-deficient F1, was insensitive to oligomycin. ATPase activity of Na+-particles was changed only slightly by this F1. It is suggested that gamma and delta subunits are necessary to form specific contacts between the F1 molecule and components of the mitochrondrial membrane.     

Spontaneous aggregation of the mitochondrial natural ATPase inhibitor in salt solutions as demonstrated by gel filtration and neutron scattering. Application to the concomitant purification of the ATPase inhibitor and F1-ATPase

(1) The natural ATPase inhibitor (IF1) from beef heart mitochondria has a tendency to form aggregates in aqueous solutions. The extent of aggregation and the structure of the aggregates were assessed by gel filtration and small-angle neutron scattering. IF1 polymerization was found to depend on the salt concentrations, pH of the medium and concentration of IF1. The higher the salt concentration, the lower the aggregation state. Aggregation of IF1 was decreased at slightly acidic pH. It increased with the concentration of IF1 as expected from the law of mass action. (2) Neutron scattering showed the aggregation of IF1 in 2 M ammonium sulfate solutions. The predominant species is the dimer which has a somewhat elongated shape. (3) The Sephadex G-50 chromatography that is supposed to deprive beef heart submitochondrial particles of loosely bound IF1 (Racker, E. and Horstman, L.L. (1967) J. Biol. Chem. 242, 2547-2551) was shown to have a limited effectiveness as a trap for IF1. The reason was that IF1 released from the particles formed high molecular weight aggregates that were not separated from the membrane vesicles by Sephadex G-50 chromatography. (4) The above observations provide the basis for a simple method of purification of beef heart IF1 which combines the recovery of the supernatant from submitochondrial particles with the last three steps of the IF1 preparation described by Horstman and Racker (J. Biol. Chem. (1970) 265, 1336-1344). The particles recovered in the sediment were deprived of IF1 and could therefore be used for preparation of F1-ATPase. The advantage of this method is that both IF1 and F1-ATPase can be prepared from the same batch of mitochondria.     

Inhibitory and Anchoring Domains in the ATPase Inhibitor Protein IF1 of Bovine Heart Mitochondrial ATP Synthase

The inhibitor protein IF1 is a basic protein of 84 residues which inhibits the ATPase activity of the mitochondrial FoF1-ATP synthase complex without having any effect on ATP synthesis. Results of cross-linking and limited proteolysis experiments are presented showing that in the intact FoF1 complex "in situ," in the inner membrane of bovine heart mitochondria, the central segment of IF1 (residues 42-58) binds to the alpha and beta subunits of F1 in a pH dependent process, and inhibits the ATPase activity. The C-terminal region of IF1 binds, simultaneously, to the OSCP subunit of Fo in a pH-independent process. This binding keeps IF1 anchored to the complex, both under inhibitory conditions, at acidic pH, and noninhibitory conditions at alkaline pH.     

Functional transitions of F0F1-ATPase mediated by the inhibitory peptide IF1 in yeast coupled submitochondrial particles.

The mechanism of inhibition of yeast F(0)F(1)-ATPase by its naturally occurring protein inhibitor (IF1) was investigated in submitochondrial particles by studying the IF1-mediated ATPase inhibition in the presence and absence of a protonmotive force. In the presence of protonmotive force, IF1 added during net NTP hydrolysis almost completely inhibited NTPase activity. At moderate IF1 concentration, subsequent uncoupler addition unexpectedly caused a burst of NTP hydrolysis. We propose that the protonmotive force induces the conversion of IF1-inhibited F(0)F(1)-ATPase into a new form having a lower affinity for IF1. This form remains inactive for ATP hydrolysis after IF1 release. Uncoupling simultaneously releases ATP hydrolysis and converts the latent form of IF1-free F(0)F(1)-ATPase back to the active form. The relationship between the different steps of the catalytic cycle, the mechanism of inhibition by IF1 and the interconversion process is discussed.     

Interaction of ATPase from submitochondrial fragments and a natural inhibitor protein during delta-mu-H+ generation on a membrane

An addition of the inhibitor protein (IF1) to submitochondrial particles (SMP) essentially free of endogenous IF1 (AS-SMP) results in a synchroneous inhibition of ATP hydrolysis and ATP-dependent reduction of NAD+ by succinate without any effect on the oxidative phosphorylation rate. The binding of IF1 to the membrane-bound ATPase leads to the loss of the inhibitor protein sensitivity to trypsin despite the delta mu H+ generation. The data obtained are consistent with a model according to which there exist the hydrolase and synthetase forms of F1 and contradict the generally accepted concepts on the delta mu H+-dependent dissociation of the F1-IF1 complex.