超声波微波协同组合酶法制备玉米多孔淀粉

多孔淀粉是生淀粉酶在低于淀粉糊化温度下水解各种淀粉形成的一种中空的变性淀粉。作为一种高效、无毒、安全的新型有机吸附剂被广泛用于食品、医药、农业、化妆品、造纸等行业。超声波微波协同组合条件下改进传统酶水解法来制备玉米多孔淀粉。超声波微波协同组合条件下改进传统酶水解法来制备玉米多孔淀粉。采用单因素和L18(37)正交实验,考察温度、时间、超声波功率等对吸油率的影响。结果表明:时间45min,微波功率150W,超声波功率400W,温度56℃,α-淀粉酶加酶量为8U/g,糖化酶与α-淀粉酶配比为6∶1,柠檬酸缓冲液pH为5.4,此时吸油率最高。通过SEM观察,发现多孔淀粉呈蜂窝状,表面孔的数目较多,孔密度均一,孔径不大但孔深适中,同时比表面积增大,颗粒较完整。     

多孔淀粉在食品微胶囊化中应用

多孔淀粉是利用具生淀粉酶活力的酶在低于淀粉糊化温度下水解生淀粉所形成一种新型变性淀粉,可用为微胶囊芯材、及脂肪替代物和吸附剂等。该文综述近年来多孔淀粉制备方法及其在食品微胶囊中一些应用。     

酶复合处理制备多孔淀粉的研究

多孔淀粉是一种酶处理变性淀粉,是指由具有生淀粉酶活力的酶在低于淀粉糊化温度下作用生淀粉颗粒后形成的多孔性淀粉载体。实验根据生淀粉酶的水解作用机理,并结合扫描电子显微镜观察,从而确定酶复合处理制备多孔淀粉的最佳工艺条件和参数。     

微孔淀粉研究进展

微孔淀粉是应用具有生淀粉酶活力的酶在低于淀粉糊化温度下水解生淀粉形成一种新型变性淀粉。微孔淀粉经交联、表面活性处理后,能改善其机械性能和表面性质。目前微孔淀粉主要用作微胶囊芯材、吸附剂和脂肪替代物等。     

酶法制备多孔玉米淀粉的影响因素研究

多孔淀粉是生淀粉酶在低于淀粉糊化温度下水解各种淀粉形成的一种中空的变性淀粉。作为一种高效、无毒、安全的新型有机吸附剂被广泛用于食品、医药、农业、化妆品、造纸等行业。本文以玉米淀粉为原料,采用酶水解法来制备多孔淀粉。以吸水率、吸油率为指标来评价酶的来源、淀粉的预处理条件、酶解条件等因素对多孔淀粉形成的影响。研究结果表明,选择玉米淀粉颗粒的粒度为100目,经过湿热处理后采用复合酶(α-淀粉酶与糖化酶配比为1:3)来制备多孔淀粉。通过正交试验确定酶解最佳工艺条件:酶用量 2．0％,时间20h,温度42℃,pH值4．2,搅拌速率120r·min-1,Ca2+浓度0．15％。     

用β-淀粉酶制备蜡质大米糊精及其性质研究

以蜡质大米淀粉为原料,经过β-淀粉酶处理得到不同水解程度的糊精,并对其理化性质进行了研究。研究表明,在实验设定的条件下,控制β-淀粉酶用量为65 U/g不变,处理时间为20 h时淀粉水解率达到最大为56.7%;扫描电镜测试显示,蜡质大米淀粉为多角形的小颗粒,经糊化-酶解后的样品颗粒形貌被破坏,随着水解程度的增加,碎片数量越多;经过β-淀粉酶的水解,淀粉-碘吸附曲线的最高吸收峰位置偏移,样品与碘的吸附能力均低于原淀粉,且随着水解程度增加吸附能力下降;随着水解程度的增加糊精的大分子部分逐渐减少,小分子部分增加;在同一温度下酶解后淀粉样品的溶解度高于原淀粉,膨胀度则相反,随着水解程度和温度的增加溶解度和膨胀度呈增加趋势;酶解后淀粉样品的透明度明显高于原淀粉,但随水解程度的增加透明度下降。     

微孔淀粉的制备性质及应用

微孔淀粉是用具有生淀粉酶活力的酶在低于淀粉糊化温度下水解生淀粉形成的一种新型变性淀粉。微孔淀粉经交联、表面活性处理后，能改善其机械性能和表面性质。目前微孔淀粉主要用作微胶囊芯材、吸附剂和脂肪替代物等。     

多孔淀粉研究Ⅱ淀粉开孔后的物性变化

本文详细研究了玉米和籼米淀粉在形成多孔结构后的物性变化，发现淀粉开孔后，除了吸油率提高，堆积密度下降以外；平均粒径降低；比表面积增大；糊化性能基本与原淀粉一致，糊化温度、吸热焓没有明显变化，但糊化温度范围变窄；多孔淀粉基本仍保持原淀粉的结晶形态，但结晶度下降；另外，直链淀粉含量下降。这些特性数据的获得将有助于有效应用多孔淀粉。     

脉冲电场协同酶解提高多孔淀粉制备效率及吸油率

以蜡质玉米淀粉为原料,采用脉冲电场(PEF)协同酶解制备多孔淀粉,探究其对多孔淀粉制备效率及吸油率的影响。结果表明:通过PEF改性后,淀粉水解率达到24.28%时所需的酶解时间缩短一半;在相同加酶量的条件下,通过PEF改性后,淀粉水解率为23.11%,较原淀粉显著提高,表明通过PEF改性可降低加酶量;在酶解6 h和加酶量为0.8×10~(-2) mL/g淀粉干基的条件下,经PEF改性协同酶解制备的多孔淀粉水解率为23.11%、吸油率为145.11%、比表面积为1.25 m~2/g,总孔容为4.31 cm~2/g×10~(-3),原淀粉酶解制备的多孔淀粉上述指标分别为18.38%、119.47%、1.16 m~2/g,4.15 cm~2/g×10~(-3),表明通过PEF改性提高酶解淀粉的水解率、吸油率、比表面积和总孔容。扫描电镜结果显示,PEF改性可使淀粉表面产生凹槽状结构;激光共聚焦显微镜观察显示,PEF改性提高了淀粉颗粒对淀粉酶的敏感性;热力学性质测试结果显示,PEF改性多孔淀粉的焓值低于原淀粉,表明PEF改性破坏了淀粉颗粒内部分致密的结晶区。本项研究揭示了PEF改性对淀粉颗粒及其酶解制备多孔淀粉的构效关系,为高效制备多孔淀粉提供了一个新思路,并拓展了PEF可应用的领域。     

多孔淀粉的应用

介绍了一种新型有机吸附材料。用能作用于生淀粉的酶在低于淀粉糊化温度下水解各种生淀粉,形成一种中空的多孔淀粉。报导了应用该多孔淀粉吸附各种物质的实例以及改良方法。主要用作微胶囊芯材、吸附剂,吸附各种功能性物质。     

酸法制备多孔淀粉及其特性研究

以玉米淀粉为原料,分别用不同浓度的盐酸溶液和复合酶在一定条件下制备多孔淀粉。对制得的多孔淀粉进行形态结构和部分性质的测定,并对两种方式处理所得产品的吸水性和吸油性进行对比。结果显示,料液比1∶4、8%浓度的盐酸溶液、45℃下水浴反应20h制备的多孔淀粉在吸水和吸油性能上与酶法制备的多孔淀粉较为相似,同时相对于原淀粉性能有很大的提高。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)显示,酶法制备的多孔淀粉表面布有类似蜂窝状的孔洞或凹坑,而酸法制得的多孔淀粉颗粒具有随机性,效果不如酶法处理。与原淀粉相比,酸法制备的多孔淀粉糊化开始温度略微升高,而峰值黏度有很大降低。酸法制备多孔淀粉的方法简单廉价,相对酶法具有工业生产价值及较高的价格优势。     

Effect of heat-moisture treatment on the formation and physicochemical properties of resistant starch from mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus) starch

Mung bean starch was subjected to a range of heat-moisture treatments (HMT) based on different moisture contents (15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%) all heated at 120 °C for 12 h. The impact on the yields of resistant starch (RS), and the microstructure, physicochemical and functional properties of RS was investigated. Compared to raw starch, the RS content of HMT starch increased significantly, with the starch treated at 20% moisture having the highest RS content. After HMT, birefringence remained at the periphery of the granules and was absent at the center of some granules. The shape and integrity of HMT starch granules did not change but concavity was observed under scanning electronic microscopy. Apparent amylose contents of HMT starch increased and the HMT starch was dominated by high molecular weight fraction. Both the native and HMT starches showed A-type X-ray diffraction pattern. Relative crystallinity increased after HMT. The gelatinization temperatures (To, Tp, and Tc), gelatinization temperature range (Tc–To) and enthalpies of gelatinization (ΔH) increased significantly in HMT starch compared to native starch. The solubility increased but swelling power decreased in HMT starches. This study clearly shows that the HMT exhibited thermal stability and resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis owing to stronger interactions of starch chains in granule.     

挤压剪切活化对添加耐高温α-淀粉酶脱胚玉米淀粉结构和理化特性的影响

本研究通过偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、热台显微镜、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热分析、傅里叶变换红 外光谱分析等手段,研究原脱胚玉米、挤压脱胚玉米和添加耐高温α-淀粉酶挤压脱胚玉米的淀粉结构及性质变化, 并探究其相互关系,揭示挤压剪切活化对脱胚玉米的淀粉颗粒机械力化学效应。研究表明：与原脱胚玉米和挤压脱 胚玉米相比较,挤压处理对添加耐高温α-淀粉酶脱胚玉米的淀粉结构及性质产生显著影响,酶解力和糊化度增大,碘 蓝值、直链淀粉含量减小。添加耐高温α-淀粉酶挤压脱胚玉米淀粉颗粒形貌破坏,偏光十字破坏,结晶度变小;升温糊 化过程中,焓变降低;挤压使淀粉颗粒的结晶结构破坏,淀粉颗粒发生聚集,破损淀粉颗粒易糊化和裂解。     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of granular native and mildly heat-treated tapioca and sweet potato starches at sub-gelatinization temperature

The effect of mild heat treatment (below gelatinization temperature) towards the susceptibility of granular starch to enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated. Tapioca and sweet potato starches were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with a mixture of fungal α-amylase and glucoamylase at 35 °C for 24 h. Starches were hydrolyzed in native (granular) state and after heat treatment below gelatinization temperature (60 °C for 30 min). The dextrose equivalent (DE) value of heat-treated starch increased significantly compared to native starch, i.e., 36–50% and 27–34% for tapioca and sweet potato starch, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy examination showed that enzymatic erosion occurred mainly at the surface of starch granules. Hydrolyzed heat-treated starch exhibited rougher surface and porous granules compared to native starch. X-ray analysis suggested that enzymatic erosion preferentially occurred in amorphous areas of the granules. The amylose content, swelling power and solubility showed insignificant increase for both starches. Evidently, heating treatment below gelatinization temperature was effective in enhancing the degree of hydrolysis of granular starch.     

Amylolytic Hydrolysis of Native Starch Granules Affected by Granule Surface Area

ABSTRACT: Initial stage of hydrolysis of native starch granules with various amylolytic enzymes, α‐amylase from Bacillus subtilis, glucoamylase I (GA‐I) and II (GA‐II) from Aspergillus niger, and β‐amylase from sweet potato showed that the reaction was apparently affected by a specific surface area of the starch granules. The ratios of the reciprocal of initial velocity of each amylolytic hydrolysis for native potato and maize starch to that for rice with the amylolytic enzymes were nearly equivalent to the ratio of surface area per mass of the 2 starch granules to that of rice, that is, 6.94 and 2.25, respectively. Thus, the reciprocal of initial velocity of each enzymatic hydrolysis as expressed in a Lineweaver–Burk plot was a linear function of the reciprocal of surface area for each starch granule. As a result, it is concluded that amylolytic hydrolysis of native starch granules is governed by the specific surface area, not by the mass concentration, of each granule.     

绿豆微孔淀粉酶法制备工艺优化研究

以水解率为指标,研究α-淀粉酶与糖化酶复合水解绿豆淀粉制备微孔淀粉工艺条件,通过单因素和正交试验确定酶解最佳工艺条件：α-淀粉酶：糖化酶=1：3,酶用量2．0%,时间20 h,温度42℃,pH4．2。经吸水、吸油率测试,对酶解前后绿豆淀粉进行性质分析表明,微孔淀粉吸水、吸油能力明显大于原淀粉。     

筛分细度对糯玉米淀粉理化特性的影响

以糯玉米为材料,分析了不同筛分细度(100目、200目和400目)对淀粉理化特性的影响。结果表明,随着分样筛孔径的变小,淀粉中小颗粒的比例增多,结晶度升高,但淀粉颗粒并未受到破坏。淀粉的膨胀势和溶解度以过细筛(400目)处理下最大。筛分细度对淀粉的峰值时间、糊化温度和析水率影响较小,但细筛使其他黏度特征值显著升高。DSC研究表明,起始温度、峰值温度和终值温度以过200目筛时较高,过100目和400目时较低,过细筛(400目)处理下淀粉热焓值较高,回生值较低。     

干热处理辅助酶法制备多孔淀粉及其对淀粉微观结构和理化性质的影响

为了探讨干热处理对酶解制得多孔淀粉颗粒结构和理化性质的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、比表面及空隙度测试仪、热重分析仪等对不同处理的淀粉进行测定,分析比较了干热处理(Dry heat treatment,DHT)对天然淀粉及多孔淀粉的影响。结果表明,经DHT的淀粉表面出现破损,相对结晶度减小;而经DHT制得的多孔淀粉颗粒表面孔洞数量增多,淀粉结晶度提高,耐热性增强;DHT提高了多孔淀粉的比表面积和总孔容,分别从1.16m2/g和21.22×10-3 cm3/g 增大至3.14m2/g和31.41×10-3 cm3/g,使得吸附能力增强。研究结果表明干热处理结合酶解可以改善多孔淀粉的性能。