RETHINKING THE FINANCING OF POST‐COMPULSORY EDUCATION

Throughout the world, the financing of education is in a state of crisis, a condition made even more acute by the simultaneous appearance of a doctrinal crisis with regard to the ends and the utility of education. For European higher education, the situation calls for the diversification of funding mechanisms. The public authorities which up until now have born most of the burden of higher education financing must transfer a goodly portion of the burden to users, i.e., students and parents, and to the private sector. Various methods for financial diversification are explored as well as different formulae for user‐financing.     

高职院校经费筹措的研究

本文结合高职院校目前经费筹措的现状及国外发达国家高校经费筹措的先进经验,提出争取更多的财政拨款、加强现有资金管理、加快多元化筹资渠道（如制定捐赠鼓励政策,利用项目融资、引入外资办学、发行高等教育彩票、运用BOT模式筹资及加强高校自身创收）等高校筹资渠道改善对策。     

经济危机背景下美国高等教育财政政策的调整及其启示

面对经济危机给公立高校造成的经费困境,美国联邦政府积极调整高等教育财政政策,通过加大高等教育投入、改进高校学生财政资助政策、加大对高校基础科研和科技创新的经费拨款、推动以职业教育为导向的两年制学院发展等措施,美国的高等教育取得了长足的发展。在我国正式颁布《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》,并着手制定＂十二五＂教育规划的过程中,我国的高等教育财政政策应借鉴＂他山之石＂,作出战略性、前瞻性的部署。     

普及化背景下高职校园文化建设的挑战与应对

随着高职百万扩招政策的实施,我国正式迈进了高等教育普及化阶段,高等职业教育开始处于不断增长和提高教育质量的两难境地。校园文化建设作为高职院校加快内涵发展、提高教育质量的必然选择,正面临着四大危机挑战,即弱中心化导致校园文化建设的认知危机,学生异质化导致校园文化的认同危机,教学组织多样化导致校园文化功能弱化的危机,办学多校区化导致校园文化割裂的危机。为此,高职院校要积极应对,通过文化整合与创新,实现以文化人的功能,助推高职教育质量的提升。     

金融危机影响下我国高等教育面临的机遇与挑战

国际金融危机分别从高校融资、教育需求、大学生就业和教育结构等诸多方面间接地对我国高等教育产生了重大影响。为了更好地应对此次危机带来的机遇和挑战,我国高等教育应积极发挥自身的科教人才优势,扩大对外销售和服务收入来源,以寻求高校融资之突破口。同时要以人才需求为导向调整专业结构,创新高校人才培养模式。     

民办高等教育的困境与出路

我国民办高等教育正处由起步至完善阶段,面临着社会认可、法律保障、师资队伍建设、经费筹措、内部管理、教学质量、自身缺陷等诸多方面的问题。民办高校要健康规范发展,须由政府营造和谐规范环境,完善法律保障,加强师资队伍建设,突出品牌战略,健全教学质量评估机制,建立全国性行业组织,建立经费筹集机制,拓展筹集渠道,坚持多样化办学,面向农村,开辟新途径。     

Shifting The Burden: Public and Private Financing of Higher Education in the United States and Implications for Europe

Over the last two decades, there has been a significant change in the financing of higher education in the United States. A decrease in student and institutional support in real terms, tuition increases at all types of institutions, along with the view that students are the primary beneficiaries of higher education has resulted in policies that reduce the proportion of higher education costs borne by the federal and state governments. This paper will describe this financing shift in the United States, and analyse its impact on college participation with a particular focus on equity and opportunity. It will also provide an analysis of some questions that European countries should address as they implement their own policies that shift the burden of paying for college from the government to individuals, and as they consider various forms of financial assistance to help students pay for college.     

Higher education as a self‐guiding society

Abstract

Over the last two decades, there has been a significant change in the financing of higher education in the United States. A decrease in student and institutional support in real terms, tuition increases at all types of institutions, along with the view that students are the primary beneficiaries of higher education has resulted in policies that reduce the proportion of higher education costs borne by the federal and state governments. This paper will describe this financing shift in the United States, and analyse its impact on college participation with a particular focus on equity and opportunity. It will also provide an analysis of some questions that European countries should address as they implement their own policies that shift the burden of paying for college from the government to individuals, and as they consider various forms of financial assistance to help students pay for college.     

政府与家庭的教育经费分担:寻求适当的平衡

尽管在大多数国家 ,政府仍然有望承担教育的主要费用 ,但政府将和家庭、社区和其他社会团体及个人共同分担资助教育经费的责任。本文通过数据比较 ,考察一些国家中政府和家庭分担教育费用的情况。关注的重点是初等和中等教育 ,文中成本的概念包括直接成本和机会成本 ,其中一部分具体讨论到家庭课外补习。与此同时 ,文中还着重讨论了国际机构政策倡议的变革 ,成本分担的替代选择以及在寻求政府和家庭之间教育经费分担平衡时所必须考虑的主要因素     

市场经济发展与高等教育经费来源多元化

随着社会主义市场经济的发展 ,我国高等教育经费来源格局发生了深刻的变化。计划经济时代形成的国家单一拨款的经费来源被多渠道筹措高等教育经费的格局所取代。这种变化反映了我国社会主义市场经济的客观要求 ,不仅具有其理论基础 ,而且具有现实的必要性和可行性。     

International trends in the public and private financing of higher education

Beginning by analyzing the major qualitative and quantitative changes in higher education around the world, this article examines international trends in their financial implications. It then demonstrates the state’s inability to bear the entire rising financial burden, and explores the role of self-financing, and of the non-profit and for-profit private sectors, in sharing the enrolment and the cost burden. Examples of cost-sharing from around the world are given, with an analysis of the complexities and ambiguities of the meanings of public and private in reference to financing higher educational institutions. A discussion of private–public partnerships follows, and of the role that non-profit and for-profit cross-border higher education plays in financing. The conclusion offers eight policy themes for coping with the underlying situation of financial strategy and the simultaneous need to supplement scarce public revenues with private revenues, meanwhile increasing access to and participation in higher education for those not yet benefiting from it.     

Financing higher education in India

This paper is an attempt to analyse the present pattern of funding higher education in India and to discuss the desirability and feasibility of various alternative methods of funding the same. Higher education in India is basically a state funded sector. But as higher education benefits not only society at large, but also individuals specifically, and as it attracts relatively more privileged sections of the society, there is a rationale for shifting the financial burden to the individual domain from the social domain.It is argued here that given the resource constraints and equity considerations, financing higher education mostly from the general tax revenue may not be a desirable policy in the long run. Accordingly some of the alternative policy choices are discussed, including financing higher education from the public exchequer, student loans, graduate tax, student fees, and the role of the private sector. Among the available alternatives, it is argued that a discriminatory pricing mechanism would be relatively more efficient and equitable. While given the socioeconomic and political realities, the government has to continue to bear a large responsibility for funding higher education, instead of relying on a single form of funding, efforts should be made to evolve a model of funding that provides a mix of the various methods. It is also argued that fee and subsidy policies need to make distinctions across various layers and forms of higher education.     

The State Policy of Funding Higher Education Under Public Budget Constraints1

This article describes the changing face of institutions of higher education in Russia in comparison with other countries. It is shown that the ratios of funding sources for higher education in Russia are similar in structure to those in other countries. However, the absolute amounts of funding from these sources are three times less in Russia than the level of the OECD countries. We analyze the following two strategies that Russian universities have used to cope with reduced public funding: diversification of sources of income and changing the structure of expenses. These strategies have been borrowed from the experience of foreign universities that have reformed their financial management. We identify the following main trends in the financing of Russian higher education: concentration of support on leading universities, reliance on public support for higher education as a main source of funding, and the weak use of public-private partnership mechanisms as well as endowment funds. We provide an assessment of the impact of these trends on the economic position of universities.     

民办高职院校面临的危机及应对措施

民办高职教育由于体制问题和发展的落后等因素,在与公办职业院校的市场竞争中很难取得优势,许多民办高职院校甚至面临着生存的危机。在国家新一轮高等教育改革的大好形势下,民办高职院校应抓住契机,统一思想、深化改革,积极拓宽融资渠道,灵活应对市场需求,努力改善办学环境,突出特色,趁势发展。     

Higher education reform in Romania

This paper reviews the crisis in Romanian universities since the country's political transition in 1989, and describes the government's strategy for revitalizing the higher education system. Attention is drawn to the expansion of access to higher education, the dramatic increase of enrollments in social science fields, the spontaneous establishment of private higher education institutions, and to the many difficulties institutions are experiencing in coping with these changes especially because of resource constraints. Comprehensive reform of the role of the state in the financing and governance of higher education are proposed. The government's reform strategy involves accreditation of public and private institutions, establishment of open transparent mechanisms for allocating institutional and research funding, as well as changes in the structure of academic employment. Successful implementation will require strengthening the fragile management capacity of the Ministry of Education and the higher education institutions.     

金融危机旋涡中的美国高等教育

美国经济危机给美国高等教育带来的影响正在显现,危机给美国大学造成财产损失,给学生带来求学的困难,使学校管理面临挑战.危机引起了学校管理者的反思,人们正在努力应对可能造成的各种影响.     

农村义务教育经费"挤出效应"研究

确保农村义务教育经费需要是农村税费改革的一个主要目标。目前，各地主要通过上级财政转移支付来确保农村义务教育经费。本文对109个农业县(市)农村税费改革前后教育经费和县级财政统计数据进行实证研究发现，县级财政获得上级转移支付大幅增加的同时，教育经费占全县财政支出的比例反而下降了，农村义务教育经费出现“挤出效应”。进一步的研究表明，造成这种“挤出效应”的主要原因就是农村税费改革政策。由于农村税费改革并没有给予地方政府足够的激励，造成了地方政府不完全执行政策，从而出现了“挤出效应”。     

Social Demand Versus Political Economy in Higher Education at the Turn of the Century Higher Education Financing: Policy Options

This article gives a broad outline of policy issues in the financing of higher education given the major quantitative expansion of higher education in recent years, its diversification, financial constraints, internationalization, democratization, globalization, regionalization, polarization, marginalization, and fragmentation. Policy options bearing these trends in mind should be judged in terms of efficiency and equity, bearing in mind such basic sources of funding as taxpayers, students, parents, and higher education institutions. Regardless of the source of funding, the single most important policy issue facing those concerned with overall policy responsibility for the operation of higher education systems is the proper formulation of the rules and mechanisms used to allocate resources from governments to institutions. The various financial mechanisms are classed according to four principal dimensions: institutional/student finance, full/partial finance, budget/formula finance, and input/output finance. Choosing the right funding formula is a complex process that is always beset with the need for trade‐offs for various reasons.     

From State Control to Governance: Decentralization and Higher Education in Guangdong, China

In China there has been a strong trend to diversification and decentralization of education in the post-Mao period. This paper examines how the policy of decentralization has affected the governance of universities in Guangdong. More specifically, the paper focuses on reform of the financing and management structure, the merging of universities, and joint development programmes to enhance competitiveness. Despite these changes, the state's role as a regulator and overall service coordinator has been strengthened rather than weakened under the policy of decentralization. This paper not only examines the recent developments in Guangdong's higher education but also analyses such developments in light of the global trend towards decentralization in educational governance.     

From State Control to Governance: Decentralization and Higher Education in Guangdong,China

In China there has been a strong trend to diversification and decentralization of education in the post-Mao period. This paper examines how the policy of decentralization has affected the governance of universities in Guangdong. More specifically, the paper focuses on reform of the financing and management structure, the merging of universities, and joint development programmes to enhance competitiveness. Despite these changes, the state's role as a regulator and overall service coordinator has been strengthened rather than weakened under the policy of decentralization. This paper not only examines the recent developments in Guangdong's higher education but also analyses such developments in light of the global trend towards decentralization in educational governance.