不同过程参数对搅拌摩擦焊接中材料流动以及残余应力分布的影响

通过有限元法建立了搅拌摩擦焊接的二维模型,并研究了不同工艺参数下搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的流动以及残余应力的分布。在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中,切向流动构成了材料流动的主要形式,并且材料流动最为剧烈的区域发生在后退侧。在材料的切向流动中,材料的流动方向不是单一的,可能会形成漩涡。搅拌头平移速度和转速的增加,都能使材料在后退侧的流动变得更为剧烈,但是在材料流动速度较小的区域,参数的改变对材料流动的影响很小。纵向残余应力的最大值始终发生在热影响区的边界,并且纵向残余应力在靠近焊缝中心线的附近一般为正值,而在靠近焊接构件边界的地方,残余应力则表现为负值。纵向残余应力的最大值随着搅拌头平移速度的增加而有所增加,但是搅拌头转速的变化对纵向残余应力的分布影响不大。     

温度对搅拌摩擦焊接接头摩擦磨损性能的影响

通过对搅拌摩擦焊过程中铝合金板上各特征点在不同焊接参数的温度变化规律的检测,研究搅拌摩擦焊接参数对焊接过程温度场的影响,搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头的摩擦磨损行为,以及搅拌摩擦焊接头的摩擦磨损性能随温度的变化趋势。结果表明:在搅拌头旋转速度一定时,各特征点的温度峰值会随焊接速度的增加而降低,在焊接速度一定时,特征点的温度峰值会随搅拌头旋转速度的增加而升高;搅拌摩擦焊接头磨损表面呈现轻微的疲劳磨损特征,无明显的表层剥落开裂迹象;试样的磨损量与接头区域的焊缝成型有密切关系,而焊缝的成型质量与温度场的分布有密切联系,试验表明温度场梯度越小,磨损量越小。     

预热时间对搅拌摩擦焊接的影响

基于固体力学的有限元方法建立搅拌摩擦焊接过程的热力耦合分析模型,并以此为基础,研究预热时间对搅拌摩擦焊接过程的影响,与试验测量的温度和试验观测到的材料流动现象的对比证明了该模型的有效性和正确性.数值模拟结果显示预热时间需要控制在1.000～3.281 s之间,在采用压紧力控制搅拌头轴向自由度的情况下,预热时间过短会导致孔洞缺陷的形成,而预热时间过长会导致飞边现象变得非常严重.搅拌摩擦焊接所需的有效功率不会随预热时间的变化发生明显改变.随着预热时间的延长,搅拌摩擦焊接中的最高温度略有增加,同时,焊接材料温度的升高使材料的流动应力下降,导致随搅拌头一起流动的物质点略有增加,说明搅拌头的搅拌效应随着预热时间的延长而变得明显.     

搅拌摩擦焊接中搅拌头疲劳应力计算方法

采用计算流体动力学模型(CFD)模拟AA6061-T6搅拌摩擦焊接过程。基于得到的流场压力分布,计算出搅拌头受力。搅拌头受力分为轴肩下表面摩擦阻力、搅拌针阻力和搅拌针底部摩擦力,通过与试验结果的比较验证了方法的有效性。进一步提出计算搅拌针根部疲劳应力的解析方法,并与有限元数值解对比验证了其正确性。结果表明,搅拌头受力和搅拌针疲劳应力随焊接转速增大而减小,随焊速的增加而增加。但较大的转速,导致较高的疲劳应力交变频率。     

铝合金液冷冷板窄台阶搭接搅拌摩擦焊工艺研究

文中研究了铝合金液冷冷板窄台阶搭接搅拌摩擦焊工艺。冷板基底材料为6063 铝合金,盖板材料为3A21 铝合金。设计了窄搭接搅拌头,减小了轴肩宽度和焊接压力,增加了接头焊接时材料的流动性,针对不同焊深窄台阶冷板进行了窄搭接焊接工艺试验。研究表明,通过优化搅拌头形貌尺寸和工艺参数能够实现4-2（焊缝深度–台阶宽度,mm）、6-4 和9-6 的窄搭接搅拌摩擦焊焊接,焊接过程中进行定位预焊能有效避免产生焊缝S 型曲线,前进侧为6063 或3A21 时均能形成良好的焊缝。     

锻造ZK60镁合金的搅拌摩擦焊工艺

采用搅拌摩擦焊焊接工艺对4 mm厚的锻造ZK60镁合金板进行了焊接试验,研究了搅拌头轴肩尺寸、旋转速度及焊接速度等对焊缝质量及接头抗拉强度的影响,并得到了较佳焊接工艺参数。结果表明:在其他条件一定时,焊接接头的抗拉强度随搅拌速度的增加而增大,随焊接速度的增加而先增大后减小;当搅拌头轴肩直径为15 mm、旋转速度为1 170 r.min-1,焊接速度为36 mm.min-1时,所得焊缝表面光滑,无裂纹、孔洞、疏松及未焊透等缺陷,接头的抗拉强度最大,为271.2 MPa,约为母材的85%。     

基于CFD模型的搅拌摩擦焊接搅拌头受力分析

搅拌头作为搅拌摩擦焊接的核心部件,其工作状态与使用寿命,对焊接过程起着决定性作用,而其受力与应力值,将直接影响搅拌头的磨损和疲劳分析。建立了AA6061-T6搅拌摩擦焊接计算流体力学模型,对搅拌头附近压力场进行分析,计算搅拌头横向受力,包括轴肩表面阻力,搅拌针上压力和搅拌针底部阻力。基于得到的搅拌针上载荷分布,进一步计算出多种转速工况下搅拌针根部危险截面疲劳应力变化规律。     

超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊的热力行为及微观组织特征

为了利用超声振动降低搅拌摩擦焊过程中金属材料的屈服应力和流动应力,研发超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊试验装置,开展6061-T6铝合金的焊接工艺试验。采用实时采集焊机电参数并将其转化成力矩和力的方法,测试超声振动作用下搅拌摩擦焊的焊接载荷,利用热电偶测试施加超声时的焊接热循环,通过体视显微镜和金相显微镜分别观测焊缝截面尺寸和接头微观组织,并与相同参数下常规搅拌摩擦焊的情况进行比对。研究结果表明,超声振动能够显著降低焊接轴向压力和搅拌头转矩,增大焊缝横截面尺寸,细化和均匀焊核区和热力影响区的晶粒组织。热循环的测量结果显示,超声振动的施加略微降低了测量点的焊接热循环峰值温度。分析认为,超声振动与搅拌头附近的塑性变形材料相互作用,降低了金属材料的屈服应力和流变应力,进而改变了原有的温度场,从而产生了优异的工艺效果。     

焊接工艺参数对5383铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头耐腐蚀性的影响

在制备不同焊接工艺条件下的5383铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的基础上,利用扫描电镜与能谱分析方法研究搅拌摩擦焊接头典型区域的宏观形貌特征与显微形貌特征,得到焊接速度、搅拌头转速及搅拌头压力等焊接工艺参数对接头耐腐蚀性的影响规律,结果表明:在特定的焊接工艺条件下,焊缝区域会产生S线。S线是接头腐蚀最严重的区域,其原因是由Mg元素偏聚、大量微孔的聚集与锰铁化合物的形成等三方面因素造成的;除S线及其附近区域外的焊缝其他区域的耐腐蚀性优于母材。同时,分析三种因素导致焊接接头耐腐蚀性降低的原理,阐述不同焊接工艺参数对5383铝合金搅拌摩擦时接头中S线形成的影响,提出利用减少焊接速度、增加搅拌头转速与提高搅拌头压力的方法来改善5383铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的耐腐蚀性。     

搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊焊接接头的残余应力

利用X射线衍射法测量了铝合金搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊(TIG)焊接接头表面的残余应力分布.结果表明:两种接头在焊缝区及其周围的残余应力存在着明显的变化,在平行于焊缝方向,应力呈"W"型的分布,焊缝外残余应力值迅速下降;钨极氩弧焊焊接接头残余应力的最大值位于热影响区;在热影响区,搅拌摩擦焊接接头残余应力平均值比TIG焊接接头的约低15%～25%.     

航空发动机石墨圆周密封接触特性分析

基于结构受力分析,利用ANSYS分析某型在役航空发动机石墨圆周密封的接触特性,研究不同工况参数对密封环最高温度、最大变形、最大应力及接触压力作用规律。结果表明:石墨圆周密封环主密封面应力分布比较均匀,密封环接头处应力最大,这与应用时接头处磨损较重的实际情况相符;辅助密封面和密封跑道应力分布均匀,密封座端面应力沿径向呈梯度分布,最大应力位于密封座靠近密封跑道边缘处;随滑动速度的增大,密封环主密封面最高温度增大,而最大变形、最大应力和接触压力表现为先减小后增大;石墨密封环主密封面最高温度、最大变形、最大应力和接触压力随密封压差增大而增大。     

Material behaviors and mechanical features in friction stir welding process

This paper presents the 3D material flows and mechanical features under different process parameters by using the finite element method based on solid mechanics. Experimental results are also given to study the effect of process parameters on joining properties of the friction stir welds. Numerical results indicate that the tangent flow constitutes the major part in the material flow. The shoulder can accelerate the material flow on the top half of the friction stir weld. The distribution of the equivalent plastic strain can correlate well with the microstructure zones. Increasing the angular velocity of the pin, the material in the nugget zone can be more fully mixed, which improves the joining quality of the two welding plates. The increase of speeds, including the rotational speed and the translational speed, can both accelerate the material flow, especially in front of the pin on the retreating side where the fastest material flow occurs. The contact pressure on the pin-plate interface is decreased with the increase of the angular velocity. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Thermo-mechanical finite element model of friction stir welding of dissimilar alloys

A thermo-mechanical finite element model is developed based on Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian method to simulate the friction stir welding of dissimilar Al6061-T6 and Al5083-O aluminum alloys using different tool pin profiles. The model is validated using published measured temperatures and weld microstructure. The finite element results show that maximum temperatures at the weld joint were below the materials’ melting point. Placing the harder alloy (Al6061-T6) at advancing side led to a decrease in maximum process temperature and strain rate, but increased tool reaction loads. Featured tool pin produced better material mixing resulting in enhanced joint quality with reduced volumetric defects.     

Influence of testing method on the contact pressure distribution and its effect on coefficient of friction in polymeric bearings

Influence of contact pressure distribution on the coefficient of friction was investigated for some polymeric bearings in dry and lubricated conditions. Reciprocal pin on plate sliding test and Soda pendulum type sliding tests were carried out. It was found that the contact pressure distribution had a significant effect on the coefficient of friction in lubricated condition. The coefficient of friction became smaller when the pin was sliding with the lower contact pressure side ahead. The coefficient of friction in dry condition does not depend on sliding direction regardless of contact pressure distribution. Furthermore a parametric equation was derived to calculate contact pressure in polymeric journal bearings. The accuracy of the equation was confirmed by Finite Element Method (FEM).     

基于MS功能的超高压2K型斯特封有限元分析

利用ABAQUS软件的Map Solution（MS）功能对2K型斯特封进行有限元仿真分析,该功能通过重启动分析和网格重构技术,解决了由网格畸变引起计算中断的问题,得到超高压工况下的收敛解。根据流体压力14、28、35、42、56 MPa下斯特封内、外行程的应力应变云图和密封面接触压力分布曲线,研究流体压力对密封件主应力、主应变和接触压力分布的影响规律;同时对比未使用MS功能的高压工况（35 MPa）下仿真结果,验证了MS功能分析网格大变形问题的可靠性。结果表明：在超高压工况下,斯特封的最大主应力集中分布于空气侧PTFE阶梯形环与活塞沟槽、缸筒的接触区域,最大主应变出现在PTFE阶梯形密封环的卸荷角处;随着油液压力的增加,接触压力分布曲线趋势发生明显变化,空气侧的接触压力梯度减小;在相同流体压力下,外行程时密封面接触宽度大于内行程的接触宽度。     

Solid mechanics-based Eulerian model of friction stir welding

A new Eulerian model is established based on solid mechanics. With comparisons to the experimental data and the ALE model, the current model is validated. The power and the heat generations from pin side surface, pin tip surface, and shoulder contact surface in different rotating speeds are studied. Results indicate that the ratio of the heat input powers from the pin and the shoulder keeps constant in different rotating speeds. The velocity of the material flow around the welding tool and the slipping velocity are both increased with the increase of the rotating speed. The increase of the slipping velocity is the main reason for the increase of the heat input with the increase of the rotating speed. The torque from the shoulder contact surface is the major part of the total torque. The contribution to the total torque from the pin tip surface is the smallest.     

Importance of pin geometry on pin-on-plate wear testing of hard-on-hard bearing materials for artificial hip joints

The contact mechanics between the pin and the plate used in simple wear screening tests were investigated in this study. Both soft-on-hard, such as ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)-on-metal or UHMWPE-on-ceramic, and hard-on-hard, such as metal-on-metal, bearing couples were considered. The effect of the pin geometry and the misalignment between the pin and the plate were investigated on the predicted contact pressure distribution at the bearing surfaces using the finite element method. It was demonstrated that in the case of soft-on-hard bearing couples, neither the geometrical discontinuity of the pin surface nor the misalignment could cause a significant increase in the contact stress. However, for hard-on-hard combinations, even with a very small misalignment of 0.5 degrees between the pin and the plate, the geometrical discontinuity could lead to a more than tenfold increase in the predicted contact stress. This elevated contact stress may lead to a large scatter in the wear data and, even more importantly, structural damage of the bearing surfaces.     

考虑O形圈初始安装变形的浮动油封接触特性*

为研究浮动油封O形圈初始安装变形的影响,基于Ansys Workbench平台建立浮动油封的二维轴对称有限元模型,并考虑O形圈初始安装变形进行非线性接触分析,研究不同油压、安装间隙、硬度对于O形圈的应力、接触压力、接触摩擦力以及浮封环端面支反力的影响。结果表明：考虑安装过程的情况下,O形圈并不是位于浮动油封中相对居中的位置,而是在浮动油封中部偏上位置,且O形圈的最大von Mises应力相比不考虑O形圈安装过程时更大,因此考虑O形圈安装过程更符合实际情况;油压升高造成最大von Mises区域变小变窄会加大裂纹失效的风险;最大接触摩擦力集中于浮封环端面处,且接触长度随油压增大不断增加;浮封环端盖y方向作用力的增速远超x方向作用力的增速;在恒定油压的情况下,应力随安装间隙的减小而增大,应力随硬度的增加而增大;浮动油封在2 MPa油压范围内,最大接触压力均大于油压,能保证浮动油封的自密封性。     

充气密封的非线性有限元分析

基于大型非线性有限元处理软件MSC.Marc,考虑结构的材料非线性、几何非线性和接触非线性,建立了充气式气囊密封的轴对称有限元模型,对其充气密封机制进行了分析,得到了唇口法向接触应力的分布规律;讨论了充气压力、密封压力与充气压力比、轴径对法向接触应力的影响。结果表明,法向接触应力是实现有效密封的关键,该应力随充气压力和轴径的增大而增大;被密封介质压力使得靠近介质一侧的接触应力减小而另一侧的接触应力增大;最大等效Cauchy应力主要集中于气囊壁内的增强纤维层,且随充气压力的增大而增大;为保证密封的效果和密封的可靠性,必须选择合适的结构型式(包括气囊和密封间隙等)和充气压力;利用有限元软件MSC.Marc进行充气密封气囊的仿真设计是可行的。