沈阳北站深基坑工程的变形监测与数值模拟分析

以沈阳北站综合交通枢纽Ⅰ区深基坑工程为研究对象,对基坑围护结构及其变形进行了现场监测,分析了基坑施工过程中围护结构的变形随基坑开挖深度和时间的变化规律。运用有限差分软件FLAC3D,对深基坑开挖支护的全过程进行了三维模拟,分析了基坑开挖后,围护结构的变形特性,并与现场监测结果进行了对比分析。数值计算结果与现场实测结果比较一致。可通过数值模拟研究深基坑工程的变形规律。     

深基坑地下连续墙施工期变形特性分析——以武汉光谷广场地铁站施工为例

为了探索施工期深基坑的变形特性,结合武汉市地铁光谷广场站深基坑工程实际,采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件,考虑基坑的实际施工开挖步序,对深基坑工程地下连续墙在相应支护体系下开挖过程中的变形特性进行了数值模拟,得到了采用地下连续墙支护结构的基坑开挖至不同深度时的变形场.根据变形场,分析得出了基坑各部位的变形特性,及最大水平、沉降变形量.通过对比分析发现,数值模拟结果与前期现场监测结果基本吻合,说明数值模拟分析结果对深基坑施工具有一定的指导意义,支护结构设计参数能够满足施工要求,可为其他类似基坑工程支护参数的选取提供参考.     

深基坑地下连续墙施工期变形特性分析

为了探索施工期深基坑的变形特性，结合武汉市地铁光谷广场站深基坑工程实际，采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件，考虑基坑的实际施工开挖步序，对深基坑工程地下连续墙在相应支护体系下开挖过程中的变形特性进行了数值模拟，得到了采用地下连续墙支护结构的基坑开挖至不同深度时的变形场。根据变形场，分析得出了基坑各部位的变形特性，及最大水平、沉降变形量。通过对比分析发现，数值模拟结果与前期现场监测结果基本吻合，说明数值模拟分析结果对深基坑施工具有一定的指导意义，支护结构设计参数能够满足施工要求，可为其他类似基坑工程支护参数的选取提供参考。     

基坑桩锚支护变形监测与数值模拟研

以郑州某主要采用桩锚支护形式基坑为研究对象,对基坑的坡顶水平位移、坡顶竖向位移、支 护桩深层水平位移、周边建筑物的沉降进行监测,通过对监测项目的变形展开分析,探索了其发展趋势 及稳定性。同时运用有限差分软件ＦＬＡＣ３Ｄ对基坑开挖进行数值模拟,并将模拟结果与现场实测结果进 行对比,结果表明模拟值和实测值在数值和变化规律上基本保持一致,支护桩的位移沿深度方向大致呈 “弓”字形变化,为该支护形式下的基坑设计与施工提供一定参考。     

软土深基坑双排桩-锚耦合支护技术研究

基于数值软件FLAC3D,以某软土深基坑为例,对双排桩-锚耦合支护进行数值计算,分析耦合支护结构力学变形特性,并与现场监测进行对比分析。计算结果显示,前排桩最大水平变形位于桩长8 m处;桩长小于8 m时,其水平变形与开挖深度呈正相关;桩长8~16 m时,其水平变形与开挖深度呈负相关。后排桩最大水平变形位于其顶部,约23.6 mm;桩长小于16 m时,支护结构水平变形与开挖深度呈负相关。数值计算表明,在软土深基坑开挖中,采用耦合支护结构是可行的。     

FLAC3D在深基坑工程开挖中的数值模拟分析

使用FLAC3D三维快速拉格朗日差分程序,对中天广场深基坑支护工程的开挖与支护进行了数值模拟研究,模拟结果显示基坑内土体沉降随着基坑开挖深度的增加而加大,基坑底部隆起位移也是随着基坑开挖深度的增加而加大,基底中部的隆起量最大,靠近基坑壁处较小;基坑土体水平位移同样是随着基坑开挖深度的增加而加大,基坑壁向坑内的水平位移变化趋势仍然是中间部分最大,边角处最小,而且基坑壁的长边由于开挖的范围相对较大,其变形量相对于短边也增大,这充分体现了基坑开挖过程中的时空效应,数值模拟计算结果可以为工程设计提供指导和参考。     

加筋水泥土桩锚支护基坑侧向位移设计要素模拟分析

针对尚水花园项目基坑存在长且厚淤泥质黏土土层等地质特点,为解决淤泥质土层和微承压含水层软基边坡支护问题,采用加筋水泥土桩锚支护技术对基坑进行支护。结合GTS NX有限元软件,通过改变加筋水泥土桩的设计要素,对基坑侧向位移进行数值模拟。模拟结果表明:改变水泥土桩嵌入深度、H型钢截面尺寸和嵌入深度等设计要素,对基坑侧向位移影响不大;改变斜向锚体与水平面夹角、斜向锚体根数等设计要素,对基坑侧向位移影响较明显。夹角越大,侧向位移越小;增加斜向锚体道数,可有效降低基坑变形。     

基于FLAC3D的深基坑开挖变形数值模拟研究

结合沈阳北站综合交通枢纽改扩建工程的地下新建工程Ⅱ区基坑工程实例,运用有限差分软件FLAC3D模拟了基坑在4种不同支护方案下开挖过程,对4种开挖过程所引起的基坑坡顶和坡底的位移、坑壁水平方向的位移进行了分析。数值模拟结果表明：坑底隆起是由于垂直方向卸载而引起的,采用混凝土围护桩和预应力锚索联合支护可以有效地控制基坑的变形。研究结果和工程实践证明本工程的支护方案是有效可行的。     

基于FLAC3D深基坑开挖变形数值模拟研究

结合沈阳北站综合交通枢纽改扩建工程的地下新建工程Ⅱ区基坑工程实例,运用有限差分软件FLAC3D模拟了基坑在4种不同支护方案下开挖过程,对4种开挖过程所引起的基坑坡顶和坡底的位移、坑壁水平方向的位移进行了分析。数值模拟结果表明:坑底隆起是由于垂直方向卸载而引起的,采用混凝土围护桩和预应力锚索联合支护可以有效地控制基坑的变形。研究结果和工程实践证明本工程的支护方案是有效可行的。     

深基坑土钉墙与桩锚联合支护数值模拟分析

运用FLAC3D数值分析软件对友好中心改扩建工程深基坑的土钉墙与桩锚联合支护进行了整体的数值模拟,计算出基坑变形、支护结构的内力分布规律、模型塑性区分布范围,并与规范法计算结果进行对比分析,指出规范法的不足。将数值模拟分析方法作为规范法一种补充理论,既减少基坑工程事故,又节约基坑工程投资。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.