TWEAK在子宫内膜异位症在位和异位内膜上的表达

目的:探讨肿瘤坏死因子样凋亡的微弱诱导剂(TWEAK)在子宫内膜异位症(EMs)发病的关系。方法:采用实时定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(Real-time RT-PCR)和免疫组化、Western Blot方法检测EMs患者在位内膜、异位病灶中TWEAK mRNA和蛋白的表达,并与正常对照子宫内膜比较。结果:TWEAK蛋白表达于子宫内膜的腺上皮细胞和间质细胞的胞浆内。与正常对照组内膜和在位组内膜相比,TWEAK mRNA和蛋白在异位内膜上表达量下调(P<0.05),且无论是EMs在位内膜还是对照组内膜,其增生期TWEAK mRNA表达明显低于分泌期(P<0.05)。结论:TWEAK在子宫内膜中表达,表达量在分泌期明显升高。EMs患者异位子宫内膜TWEAK表达降低,可能导致子宫内膜细胞的凋亡水平下降,参与EMs的发生发展过程。     

Aberrant expression of glutathione peroxidase in eutopic and ectopic endometrium in endometriosis and adenomyosis

OBJECTIVE:To determine the expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the eutopic and ectopic endometria during the menstrual cycle in endometriosis and adenomyosis. DESIGN:Immunohistochemical identification of GPx in endometrial tissues identified using the polyclonal antibody. SETTING:Department of obstetrics and gynecology in a university hospital. PATIENT(S):One hundred fourteen women divided into three groups: 33 patients with endometriosis, 34 patients with adenomyosis, and 47 fertile control subjects. INTERVENTION(S):Endometrium biopsied throughout the menstrual cycle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S):Endometrial cells: semiquantitative immunostaining (evaluation nomogram) score. RESULT(S):The analyses revealed phase-dependent changes of GPx expression in the surface and glandular epithelia in the eutopic endometrium during the menstrual cycle in the fertile controls, i.e., the expression was weak in the early proliferative phase, gradually increased, was most marked in the early secretory phase, and decreased thereafter. The expression of GPx in the eutopic endometrium in endometriosis lost the variation during the menstrual cycle. The expression of GPx in adenomyosis was persistently marked over the control levels throughout the menstrual cycle. CONCLUSION(S):The aberrant expression of GPx in the eutopic endometrium throughout the cycle suggests a pathological role in endometriosis and adenomyosis.     

Relationship between apoptosis and the number of macrophages in eutopic endometrium from women with and without endometriosis

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between apoptotic cells and macrophages in the eutopic endometrium of women with and without endometriosis. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of archival uterine endometrial biopsy specimens. SETTING: Institute for the Study and Treatment of Endometriosis, and university-based pathology and research laboratories. PATIENT(S): Fifty-one women with endometriosis and 24 healthy control subjects without endometriosis. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The number of TUNEL+ (terminal deoxynucleotide transferase [TdT]-mediated deoxyuridine triphospate [dUTP] nick end-labeling-positive) (apoptotic) cells and CD68+ (CD68 positive) (macrophages). RESULT(S): Apoptotic cells and macrophage numbers were positively correlated in the eutopic endometrium of women with and without endometriosis. However, the number of apoptotic cells and the macrophage content in the endometrium of women with endometriosis was significantly reduced compared with that of healthy control subjects without endometriosis. Differences between apoptosis and macrophage numbers between the two populations were observed predominantly during the early proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. CONCLUSION(S): The reduction in apoptosis described for endometrial cells in women with endometriosis may be related to reduced macrophage trafficking into the eutopic endomtrium during the early-proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle.     

Oral contraceptives suppress cell proliferation and enhance apoptosis of eutopic endometrial tissue from patients with endometriosis

Objective: To evaluate the effects of administering combination oral contraceptives (COCs) to patients with endometriosis on the regulation of cell growth in the eutopic endometrium.

Design: Prospective study.

Setting: Research institute and clinical fertility center.

Patient(s): Thirteen women with untreated endometriosis and 13 controls.

Intervention(s): Biopsy specimens of the eutopic endometrium were obtained from all subjects. Apoptosis, cell proliferation, and Bcl-2 and Bax expression were examined at the epithelial and stromal levels in the eutopic endometrium from patients with endometriosis before and after 30 days of daily exposure to COCs and from controls.

Main Outcome Measure(s): Apoptotic cells were detected by using the dUTP nick-end labeling assay; Ki-67, Bcl-2, and Bax expressions were assessed by using immunohistochemical techniques.

Result(s): After exposure to COCs, apoptosis was significantly increased in the eutopic endometrium compared with before COC administration, both at epithelial and stromal levels. Cell proliferation was significantly lowered by COCs.

Conclusion(s): COCs showed a positive effect on patients with endometriosis by down-regulating cell proliferation and enhancing apoptosis in the eutopic endometrium.     

Involvement of catalase in the endometrium of patients with endometriosis and adenomyosis

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of catalase in eutopic and ectopic endometria in patients with endometriosis or adenomyosis. DESIGN: Retrospective randomized study. SETTING: Department of obstetrics and gynecology in a university hospital. PATIENT(S): Thirty-three patients with endometriosis, 36 with adenomyosis, and 47 fertile controls (total, 116 women). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Semiquantitative immunostaining of endometrial cells obtained by biopsy sampling, followed by calculation of an evaluation nomogram score. RESULT(S): The score of catalase in the glandular epithelium of controls group fluctuated during the menstrual cycle; it was lowest in the early proliferative phase and peaked in the late secretory phase. In patients with endometriosis, catalase scores did not fluctuate during the cycle, and scores were high compared with controls throughout the menstrual cycle. Catalase scores did not vary in patients with adenomyosis, and scores in this group were consistently higher than those in patients with endometriosis throughout the cycle. CONCLUSION(S): Abnormal expression of catalase in the eutopic and ectopic endometrium strongly suggests pathologic involvement of free radicals in endometriosis and adenomyosis.     

Xanthine oxidase in eutopic and ectopic endometrium in endometriosis and adenomyosis

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of xanthine oxidase in eutopic and ectopic endometrium in endometriosis and adenomyosis. DESIGN: Immunohistochemical identification of xanthine oxidase in endometrial tissues by using polyclonal antibody. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENT(S): Thirty-four women with endometriosis, 34 women with adenomyosis, and 44 fertile control women. INTERVENTION(S): Biopsy samples were obtained from the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Semiquantitative immunostaining (evaluation nomogram) score of endometrial cells. RESULT(S): The level of xanthine oxidase expression in the glandular epithelium of control varied according to menstrual phase, but no such variation in expression was seen in endometriosis. Variation in xanthine oxidase expression was observed during the menstrual cycle in patients with adenomyosis; this variation differed completely from that in controls. Xanthine oxidase expression was found in ectopic endometrial tissue in all cases. The mean evaluation nomogram levels in the glandular epithelium in adenomyosis tissue were as high as those in the early secretory phase in the eutopic endometrium. CONCLUSION(S): Aberrant expression of xanthine oxidase in eutopic and ectopic endometrium appears to play a pathologic role in endometriosis and adenomyosis.     

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in deep endometriosis and matched eutopic endometrium

OBJECTIVE: To identify any relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 expression and the intensity of severe, endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENT(S): Patients with deep endometriosis. INTERVENTION(S): During surgery, paired samples of tissue representing deep endometriosis and eutopic endometrium were obtained from 46 patients. Control endometrial tissue samples were obtained from 34 fertile women who underwent laparoscopic tubal ligation or reversal of tubal sterilization. Pain assessment for dysmenorrhea was done with a 10-point linear analogue scale. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The percentage of surface immunostained for Cox-2 was determined by an immunohistochemical technique. Relationships between pain score for dysmenorrhea and Cox-2 expression were analyzed. RESULT(S): Cox-2 expression was significantly higher in eutopic endometrial stromal cells from patients with deep endometriosis than in stroma from controls during the early, mid, and late secretory phases. In endometriosis patients, Cox-2 expression in eutopic endometrial stromal cells was significantly higher in women with more severe dysmenorrhea (pain score > or =7 vs. <7) during early and mid secretory phases. CONCLUSION(S): Elevated Cox-2 expression in stromal cells in eutopic endometrium from patients with deep endometriosis may play a role in severe, endometriosis-related dysmenorrhea.     

Apoptosis and differential expression of apoptosis-related proteins in endometriotic glandular and stromal cells

OBJECTIVE: Apoptosis is an important regulator of eutopic endometrial function. Endometriosis, the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, could result from increased cellular proliferation or decreased apoptosis in response to appropriate stimuli. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of apoptosis and the expression of apoptosis-related Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in endometriotic tissues within the glandular and stromal compartments, according to the phase of the menstrual cycle and the stage of disease. METHODS: Ovarian endometriosis samples were evaluated in 75 women who had surgery at a university hospital. Apoptotic cells were detected with the use of the dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Bcl-2 and Bax expression were assessed by immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS: The percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly higher in endometriotic stromal cells (73.3%) compared with glandular cells (48%; P =.002). In contrast, the expression of the apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2 and Bax was significantly lower in the endometriotic stroma (17.3% for both) than in the glandular epithelium (38.6% and 41.3%, respectively; P <.004). No significant menstrual cycle phase-dependent changes or endometriosis stage-related changes were observed in TUNEL, Bcl-2, or Bax positivity within ovarian endometriotic tissues. CONCLUSION: Apoptosis occurs in ovarian endometriotic lesions at significantly higher levels in the stroma than the glandular epithelium. However, Bcl-2 and Bax proteins are distributed preferentially in glandular epithelial cells. The apoptotic rate as well as Bcl-2 and Bax expression in ovarian endometriotic cells were not affected by the stage of endometriosis or the phase of the menstrual cycle.     

子宫内膜异位症患者内膜细胞中孕激素受体与凋亡因子Bcl-2、Bax表达的研究

目的:通过检测孕激素受体(PR)、凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2、促凋亡基因Bax(bcl-associated x protein)在子宫内膜异位症(EMT)中的表达,研究PR与Bcl-2、Bax的关系,探讨EMT的发病机制及选择更有效的药物治疗方案.方法:用免疫组织化学方法及图像分析技术检测PR、Bcl-2、Bax在EMT患者异位及在位内膜细胞中的表达情况.结果:两种检测方法检测结果一致,异位内膜PR、Bcl-2表达低于在位内膜(P<0.05),异位内膜Bax表达高于在位内膜(P<0.05),在位内膜与异位内膜PR、Bcl-2、Bax增殖期与分泌期表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:无论是增殖期还是分泌期,EMT中在位内膜PR表达均高于异位内膜及正常内膜,使在位子宫内膜细胞持续低水平增殖,更易于迁徙和种植.在位内膜及异位内膜中Bcl-2和Bax的表达均与子宫内膜周期性改变无关,不受卵巢激素调节,EMT细胞凋亡持续性减弱,增殖性能持续性增强.     

子宫内膜异位症淋巴细胞亚群分布研究

目的:本研究检测子宫内膜异位症(EMs)患者在位和异位内膜组织中CD45RO,CD4和CD8阳性的T淋巴细胞数量表达,探讨免疫细胞在EMs中的作用,为免疫治疗提供依据。方法:采用CD45RO,CD4和CD8单克隆抗体,应用免疫组织化学法标记EMs患者的在位和异位子宫内膜组织中CD45RO,CD4和CD8阳性细胞,观察其分布特点并计数其密度,并与正常妇女子宫内膜对照。结果:EMs组和正常对照组的增殖期与分泌期子宫内膜组织中均存在CD45RO,CD4和CD8阳性的淋巴细胞,EMs组在位和异位内膜中CD45RO,CD8阳性细胞数量均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且在异位内膜中的表达较在位内膜升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);在位和异位内膜中CD4阳性细胞较对照组略有升高,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在位和异位内膜中CD4/CD8的比值均较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在位和异位内膜之间比较CD4阳性细胞、CD4/CD8的比值无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在位内膜的CD45RO,CD4和CD8阳性细胞表现为由增殖期到分泌期增加的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);异位内膜中CD45RO,CD4及CD8阳性细胞无明显增殖期与分泌期的改变(P>0.05);对照组中CD45RO及CD4阳性细胞从增殖期到分泌期有增多的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。EMs组异位和在位内膜Ⅰ～Ⅱ期病例和Ⅲ～Ⅳ期病例之间CD45RO,CD4和CD8阳性细胞未发现明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:EMs患者在位和异位内膜中T淋巴细胞亚群分布的改变为EMs的发生提供条件,并对EMs的发生、发展和维持起重要作用。     

Effect of mifepristone on estrogen and progesterone receptors in human endometrial and endometriotic cells in vitro

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expressions of estrogen (E) receptor and progesterone (P) receptor in human eutopic and ectopic endometrium and the effect of mifepristone (RU486) on them. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENT(S): Twenty-two patients with ovarian endometriosis and 13 patients with uterine leiomyoma were recruited. INTERVENTION(S): Samples of ovarian endometrioma cyst tissue and endometrium were obtained from the 22 patients. A sample of endometrium was obtained from the 13 patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Expressions of E and P receptors were determined using immunocytochemical method. RESULT(S): P receptor expression in endometrial epithelial cells with endometriosis was significantly higher than that without endometriosis in the early secretory phase. Estrogen receptor and epithelial P receptor expressions in endometriotic cells were significantly lower than those of endometrial cells during the proliferative phase, similar with the latter during the early secretory phase and significantly higher during the late secretory phase. RU486 down-regulated the expressions of E and P receptors in both the eutopic and the ectopic endometrial cells, and in some cases this down-regulating effect was more apparent when the concentration of RU486 was higher. CONCLUSION(S): Different steroid receptor expressions indicate different hormonal regulation between endometriotic and endometrial cells. The down-regulating effect on E and P receptors may be one of the therapeutic mechanisms of RU486 on endometriosis.     

子宫内膜异位症中整合素表达的研究

目的 :研究整合素α4、α5、β1亚单位及αvβ3在子宫内膜异位症中的表达。 方法 :采用免疫组化法分析子宫内膜异位症 2 7例的在位内膜和异位内膜整合素α4、α5、β1及αvβ3的表达 ,并选择同期正常育龄 13例子宫内膜进行对照。 结果 :整合素α4、α5、β1及αvβ3在正常子宫内膜以及内异症患者的在位内膜和异位内膜腺上皮均有不同程度表达 ,α5在内异症中表达显著低于正常子宫内膜 ;而αvβ3在血管内皮细胞中有极显著性的阳性表达 ,以增生期异位灶为甚。结论 :推测内异症中整合素α5的低表达和血管内皮细胞中αvβ3的高表达可能与内异症发病有关。     

Bcl-2和Bax在子宫腺肌病中的表达及意义

目的:探讨Bcl-2和Bax在子宫腺肌病的表达及意义。方法:应用免疫组化技术检测子宫腺肌病组织43例(实验组)和正常子宫内膜45例(对照组)中Bcl-2和Bax的表达情况。结果:Bcl-2蛋白在实验组中异位内膜的阳性率要高于在位内膜及正常子宫内膜,Bcl-2在对照组中增生期要高于分泌期;在AM中,其原位子宫内膜和异位子宫内膜中Bax的表达要高于对照组正常子宫内膜组织,AM中增生期和分泌期内膜Bax表达无显著性差异。结论:Bcl-2和Bax的表达可能与子宫腺肌病的发生、发展具有密切的关系。     

二甲双胍诱导子宫内膜异位症在位内膜细胞凋亡的研究

目的:研究二甲双胍对大鼠子宫内膜异位症模型在位内膜细胞凋亡的影响。方法:采用手术自体移植法建立大鼠子宫内膜异位症模型,随机将成模鼠分为A组(二甲双胍50mg/kg·d),B组(二甲双胍100mg/kg·d)和C组(二甲双胍200mg/kg·d)各10只,D组(0.9%氯化钠溶液对照)8只。用药4周后采用TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡指数,逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)技术分别检测在位子宫内膜组织中Bcl-2、Bax和P53基因转录水平;Westernblotting检测磷酸化AMPK和磷酸化mTOR蛋白的表达;流式细胞仪分析细胞周期的分布情况。结果:A、B、C组凋亡率均高于D组(P<0.05),其中B组效果更显著;A、B、C组Bcl-2mRNA、BaxmRNA、P53mR-NA、Bcl-2mRNA/BaxmRNA比值、P-AMPK、P-mTOR与D组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A、B、C组在位内膜细胞G0/G1期比例明显高于D组(P<0.05),且B组高于A组(P<0.05)、A组高于C组(P<0.05)。结论:二甲双胍调节Bcl-2、Bax和P53基因表达,从而诱导在位内膜细胞凋亡,以100mg/kg·d效果最明显。     

Peritoneal fluid-mediated enhancement of eutopic and ectopic endometrial cell proliferation is dependent on tumor necrosis factor-alpha in women with endometriosis

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of autologous peritoneal fluid and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on proliferation of endometrial cells from women with endometriosis. DESIGN: Endometrial cells from eutopic and ectopic endometrium were cultured in vitro with peritoneal fluids or recombinant TNF-alpha for 72 hours before DNa synthesis determination by 3H-thymidine labeling and liquid scintillation counting. SETTING: An institute for the study and treatment of endometriosis and university-based research laboratories. PATIENT(S): Thirty-five women with endometriosis and 17 controls without endometriosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): In vitro incorporation of 3H-thymidine in endometrial cells was examined. RESULT(S): Peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis enhanced proliferation of autologous and heterologous endometrial cell cultures from women with endometriosis. The soluble TNF-receptor etanercept blocked the ability of peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis to enhance proliferation of eutopic or ectopic endometrial cells. Recombinant TNF-alpha also enhanced proliferation of eutopic and ectopic endometrial cells from women with endometriosis. In contrast, autologous peritoneal fluid, heterologous peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis, and recombinant TNF-alpha failed to enhance, and often inhibited, the proliferation of eutopic endometrial cells from controls without endometriosis. CONCLUSION(S): Endometrial cells from women with endometriosis can utilize factors in peritoneal fluids, such as TNF-alpha, to facilitate proliferation in ectopic environments. Endometrial cells from women without endometriosis do not share this ability, suggesting that this abnormality is etiologically related to development of the disease. Therapy with agents that block the effects of TNF-alpha may be warranted.     

白细胞介素1α、β及γ干扰素mRNA在子宫内膜异位症患者异位和在位子宫内膜巨噬细胞中的表达

目的探讨白细胞介素(IL)1α、β mRNA和γ干扰素(IFN-γ)mRNA在子宫内膜异位症(内异症)患者异位和在位内膜巨噬细胞中的表达变化及意义.方法采用原位杂交技术检测40例内异症患者(内异症组)异位和在位内膜(增生期18例,分泌期22例)和15例子宫肌瘤患者(对照组)的内膜(增生期8例,分泌期7例)巨噬细胞中IL-1α、β和IFN-γmRNA表达水平.结果(1)内异症组患者异位、在位内膜及对照组内膜巨噬细胞中IL-1α mRNA阳性表达率分别为70%(28/40)、38%(15/40)和20%(3/15),表达水平分别为3.12±0.32、2.65±0.34、1.32±0.23;IL-1βmRNA阳性表达率分别为75%(30/40)、40%(16/40)和20%(3/15),表达水平分别为3.45±0.43、2.74±0.39、1.45±0.18;内异症组IL-1α、β mRNA的表达水平较对照组明显升高,内异症组异位内膜较在位内膜的表达水平也明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2)内异症组在位内膜和对照组内膜巨噬细胞中IL-1α、β mRNA表达分泌期高于增生期,差异也有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(3)内异症组内膜巨噬细胞中IFN-γmRNA的表达水平与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),且无周期性变化.结论内异症患者在位内膜和异位内膜巨噬细胞IL-1表达明显增强,而IFN-γ表达则无明显变化,推测内膜巨噬细胞及其分泌的细胞因子,可能参与了内异症的发生、发展过程.     

Sema3A及其受体在子宫内膜异位症中的表达及意义

目的 检测Sema 3A及其受体在子宫内膜异位症中的表达,探讨Sema 3A及其受体在子宫内膜异位症的发生和发展中的意义。方法 收集2013年1月1日至12月31日在中山大学附属第一医院妇科住院并行手术治疗的腹膜子宫内膜异位症（PEM）患者24例、卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿（OEM）患者24例和结直肠子宫内膜异位症（CREM）患者20例,采用免疫组化SP法检测异位病灶腺上皮细胞中Sema 3A、Plexin A1和NRP-1的表达,并与26例非子宫内膜异位症患者在位内膜（EuE-NEM）、22例子宫内膜异位症患者在位内膜（EuE-EM）中的表达进行比较。结果 Sema 3A在EuE-EM组腺上皮细胞中的表达比EuE-NEM组腺上皮细胞中的表达高（309.09±66.61、207.69±56.02）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。PEM、OEM、CREM的异位病灶腺上皮细胞之间的Sema 3A、Plexin A1、NRP-1的免疫组织化学HSCORE评分差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。PEM组、OEM组、CREM组中异位病灶腺上皮细胞中的Sema 3A、Plexin A1、NRP-1的表达均比内膜异位症患者组的在位内膜和非内膜异位症患者组的在位内膜腺上皮细胞中的表达高（P值均<0.05）。结论 Sema 3A及其受体在不同类型内膜异位症病灶腺上皮细胞中的表达增高,提示其高表达可能参与了子宫内膜异位症的发生发展。     

Spontaneous Apoptosis of Endometrial Tissue is Impaired in Women with Endometriosis

Objective: To evaluate spontaneous apoptosis in single-cell suspensions of eutopic and ectopic endometrium from women with endometriosis and in eutopic endometrium from fertile controls without endometriosis.

Design: Paired specimens of eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue from patients with endometriosis and eutopic endometrium from controls were assessed for spontaneous apoptosis.

Setting: Institute for the Study and Treatment of Endometriosis and university-based research laboratories.

Patient(s): Fertile controls (n = 10) and women with untreated endometriosis (n = 16).

Intervention(s): None.

Main Outcome Measure(s): Spontaneous apoptosis assessed with an ELISA-based cell death detection kit.

Result(s): Spontaneous apoptosis (monitored by absorbance) of eutopic endometrium from patients with endometriosis and fertile controls was 0.63 ± 0.1 and 1.43 ± 0.11, respectively. Among patients with endometriosis, spontaneous apoptosis of ectopic endometrium was 0.26 ± 0.06. Decreased apoptosis of ectopic versus eutopic endometrium was observed independent of cycle phase.

Conclusion(s): The susceptibility of endometrial tissue to spontaneous apopoptosis is significantly lower in women with endometriosis than in fertile controls. We suggest that decreased susceptibility of endometrial tissue to apoptosis contributes to the etiology or pathogenesis of endometriosis.